TTKs_-_Unit_2

Definitions of the Derivative
Definition of the Derivative: Derivative at any point.

Answer will usually contain a variable.
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Definition of Derivative at a Point (version 1): Derivative for specific x-value, x = a.

Answer is a number.
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
Definition of Derivative at a Point (version 2): Derivative for specific x-value, x = a.

Answer is a number.
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
REMEMBER! The derivative is the slope of the tangent line at that point on the graph.
Tangent Line & Normal Line
Tangent Line
 The slope of the tangent line is the derivative of the function.
 To find the slope of the tangent line at a particular point, find the
derivative and then substitute the x-value into the result.
 To write the equation of the tangent line at a particular point, find the
slope and then use point-slope form to write the equation of the line.
Normal Line
 The normal line at a point is perpendicular to the tangent line at that
point.
 To find the slope of the normal line, first find the slope of the tangent
line. Then change the sign and take the reciprocal to determine the
slope of the normal line.
Differentiability
A function f(x) is differentiable at x = c if the derivative from the left of x = c is
equal to the derivative from the right of x = c. That is:
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐)

lim− = lim+
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥−𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥−𝑐
Some notes about differentiability

 You don’t have to find the derivative using limits. In most cases, you can
just take the derivative of the function.
 If the original function is undefined at a certain x-value, the function has

a discontinuity at that x-value (and is not differentiable there because
there is no point there).
 If the derivative of a function is undefined at a certain x-value, the

function is not differentiable at that x-value. The function may be
continuous at this x-value though as the original function may be defined
while the derivative is undefined.
 Piecewise functions are often not differentiable where the function

changes. For these, you will have to find the left and right derivative to
see if they match.
Relationship between differentiability & continuity

 If a function is differentiable, then the function is continuous.
 If a function is not continuous at a point, it is not differentiable at that

point.
 The converse is not necessarily true: A continuous function is not always

differentiable everywhere.
Horizontal & Vertical Tangents
Horizontal tangents occur where the numerator of the derivative equals zero.
Vertical tangents occur where the denominator of the derivative equals zero.
Critical Values & Relative Extrema
Definition of Critical Value
Let f be defined at c. If f ′(c) = 0 or f ′(c) is undefined, then c is called a critical
value of f.
1st Derivative Test

At a critical point c:
1. If f ′ changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a relative
maximum value at c.
2. If f ′changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a relative
minimum value at c.
3. If f ′ does not change sign at c, then f has no relative extreme value at c.
At an endpoint on a closed interval [a, b]:

1. Left endpoint:
 If f ′ < 0 for x > a, then f has a relative maximum at x = a. In other
words, if the function decreases from the left endpoint, then the left
endpoint is a relative maximum.
 If f ′ > 0 for x > a, then f has a relative minimum at x = a. In other
words, if the function increases from the left endpoint, then the left
endpoint is a relative minimum.
2. Right endpoint:
 If f ′ > 0 for x < b, then f has a relative maximum at x = b. In other
words, if the function increases into the right endpoint, then the right
endpoint is a relative maximum.
 If f ′ < 0 for x < b, then f has a relative minimum at x = b. In other
words, if the function decreases into the right endpoint, then the right
endpoint is a relative minimum.
Intervals of Increase & Decrease
A function f is increasing when f ′ > 0 (positive).
A function f is decreasing when f ′ < 0 (negative).
To find intervals of increase and decrease, find all points of discontinuity and
critical values. Then organize a sign chart.
Concavity and Points of Inflection
If f ′′ > 0 on (a, b), then f ′ is increasing and f is concave up on (a, b).
If f ′′ < 0 on (a, b), then f ′ is decreasing and f is concave down on (a, b).
f has a point of inflection at x if f ′′ changes sign at x.
2nd Derivative Test for Extrema
If f ′(c) = 0 and f ′′(c) > 0, then f(c) is a relative minimum of f.
If f ′(c) = 0 and f ′′(c) < 0, then f(c) is a relative maximum of f.
If f ′(c) = 0 and f ′′(c) = 0, then no conclusion regarding relative extrema is

possible. You must use the 1st Derivative sign chart instead.
Chain Rule
𝑑
Version 1 (most used): 𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))] = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Version 2: 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
Product Rule & Quotient Rule

𝑑
Product Rule: 𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) 𝐿𝑜𝑤∙𝑑𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ−𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ∙𝑑𝐿𝑜𝑤

Quotient Rule: [
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
] = [𝑔(𝑥)]2
= 𝐿𝑜𝑤∙𝐿𝑜𝑤
NOTE: The chain rule must often be used to take the derivatives in the product & quotient rule.
Derivative Rules (Version 1 – Don’t Glue Yet!)
Note: These include the chain rule:
Power Rule: Trig Derivatives:

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
[𝑢 ] = 𝑢′ ∙ 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 [sin 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Constant Rule: [cos 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ (−sin 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] = 0 [tan 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ sec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Scalar Rule: 𝑑
[cot 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ (− csc 2 𝑢)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
[𝑎 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑎 ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [sec 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
Where a is a constant 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[csc 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ (− csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
Motion
Velocity
 Velocity is the derivative of position: v(t) = s′(t)
 When velocity > 0, object is moving in a positive direction (right or up for linear
motion)
 When velocity < 0, object is moving in a negative direction (left or down for linear
motion)
 When velocity equals 0, the object is at rest.
Acceleration
 Acceleration is the derivative of velocity and the 2nd derivative of position:
a(t) = v′(t) = s′′(t)
 When acceleration > 0, the velocity of the object is increasing.
 When acceleration < 0, the velocity of the object is decreasing.
Speed & Speeding Up or Down

 Speed = |velocity|
 Speeding up when velocity and acceleration have the same sign.
 Slowing down when velocity and acceleration have opposite signs.
Derivative Rules (Version 2 – Still Don’t Glue!)
Note: These include the chain rule:
Power Rule: Trig Derivatives:

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
[𝑢 ] = 𝑢′ ∙ 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 [sin 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Constant Rule: [cos 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ (−sin 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] = 0 [tan 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ sec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Scalar Rule: 𝑑
[cot 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ (− csc 2 𝑢)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
[𝑎 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑎 ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [sec 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
Where a is a constant 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Exponential: [csc 𝑢] = 𝑢′ ∙ (− csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑢′ ∙ 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑢′ ∙ 𝑎𝑢 ∙ ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
Logarithmic:
𝑑 𝑢′
(ln 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 𝑢′
(log 𝑎 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ∙ ln 𝑎
Extreme Value Theorem (EVT) & Absolute Extrema
Extreme Value Theorem (EVT)

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f has both an absolute minimum and
an absolute maximum.
Finding Both the Absolute Maximum & the Absolute Minimum on a Closed Interval
1. Find the critical values of f on the interval (a, b).
2. Evaluate f at the critical values AND the endpoints x = a and x = b.
3. The smallest value is the absolute minimum. The largest value is the absolute
maximum.
Mean Value Theorem (MVT) & Rolle’s Theorem
Mean Value Theorem

If f(x) is continuous on [a, b], and differentiable on (a, b), then there exists an x =c in
the interval (a, b) such that:
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎
Rolle’s Theorem
If f(x) is continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b), AND f(a) = f(b), then there
exists an x =c in the interval (a, b) such that:
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = =0
𝑏−𝑎
NOTE: f(a) & f(b) don’t have to be 0. They just have to be the same. But when
Rolle’s applies, the derivative is set equal to 0.
L’Hôpital’s Rule
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
If lim 𝑔(𝑥) is indeterminate, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔′(𝑥) .
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
NOTE: The limit must be 0/0 or ∞/∞ to use L’Hôpital’s Rule.

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Definitions of the Derivative

Definition of the Derivative: Derivative at any point.

Definition of Derivative at a Point (version 1): Derivative for specific x-value, x = a.

Definition of Derivative at a Point (version 2): Derivative for specific x-value, x = a.

Tangent Line & Normal Line

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐)

Some notes about differentiability

 If the original function is undefined at a certain x-value, the function has

 If the derivative of a function is undefined at a certain x-value, the

 Piecewise functions are often not differentiable where the function

Relationship between differentiability & continuity

 If a function is not continuous at a point, it is not differentiable at that

 The converse is not necessarily true: A continuous function is not always

Horizontal & Vertical Tangents

1st Derivative Test

At an endpoint on a closed interval [a, b]:

Intervals of Increase & Decrease

A function f is increasing when f ′ > 0 (positive).

A function f is decreasing when f ′ < 0 (negative).

If f ′′ > 0 on (a, b), then f ′ is increasing and f is concave up on (a, b).

f has a point of inflection at x if f ′′ changes sign at x.

2nd Derivative Test for Extrema

If f ′(c) = 0 and f ′′(c) > 0, then f(c) is a relative minimum of f.

If f ′(c) = 0 and f ′′(c) < 0, then f(c) is a relative maximum of f.

If f ′(c) = 0 and f ′′(c) = 0, then no conclusion regarding relative extrema is

Product Rule & Quotient Rule

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) 𝐿𝑜𝑤∙𝑑𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ−𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ∙𝑑𝐿𝑜𝑤

Power Rule: Trig Derivatives:

Speed & Speeding Up or Down

Power Rule: Trig Derivatives:

Extreme Value Theorem (EVT)

Mean Value Theorem (MVT) & Rolle’s Theorem

Mean Value Theorem

NOTE: The limit must be 0/0 or ∞/∞ to use L’Hôpital’s Rule.

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