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The Mechano-Electrical Design of a Simplified Computer Numerical

Control Router
Ademiloye, I.B 1, Adekunle, A.A2, Ejiko, S O3, Adeoye, O.S4*
1
Assistant Chief Technologist, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal
Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
2
Professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Federal University of Oye – Ekiti, Ekiti State,
Nigeria
3
Principal Lecturer and Head of Department, Department Mechanical Engineering, Federal
Polytechnic Ado- Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
4
Head of Department, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal Polytechnic,
Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
*
Corresponding Author: adeoyesamuel2012@gmail.com

Received Date: July 24, 2023 Published Date: August 18, 2023

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
A router containing a tool component that
can be controlled by a computer numerical The creation of useful machines
control is referred to as a computer numerical heralded a turning point in the replacement of
control (CNC) router. It is a machine that people throughout human history. Computer
employs computer control to execute activities numerical control, or CNC, is the automation of
on varied materials, including drilling, machine tools that are operated by computer-
cutting, and milling. The mechatronics design controlled software to achieve a specified
of a condensed CNC router that can execute product shape. It is a computer-controlled
simultaneous three-axis interpolation machine that can cut numerous hard materials,
operations is demonstrated in this paper. The such as foams, composites, aluminum, steel, and
mechanical structure, electronics, stepper wood [1]. It is one of numerous tool types that
motors, G code sender software, stepper may be adjusted using CNC. It's a technique that
motor driver, coupler nut, threaded rod, and employs microcomputers to develop, analyze,
power functional components that make up and carry out the sequential control that
the CNC router's architecture are covered. determines the actions of the end effector. This
The USB port acts as the interface between
technology is presently being applied for
the devices' control and software. The
numerous activities in addition to turning,
success of this idea will promote interest in
drilling, and milling [2]. Because it contains a
Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
among engineers, technicians, and computer, a machine, and a switch to switch
engineering students. The machine was between the two, it is known as CNC.
intended to suit a workpiece whose tool could Characters, signs, and numerals are utilized to
move it up to a maximum of 16.03, 13.47, and arrange the activities of managing these
5.77 cm in the X, Y, and Z-axes, respectively. obligations [3]. A router, a networking device,
The stepper motors utilized had a capacity of routes data packets on computer networks.
4.8 to 70 watts and a torque of more than 3.2 Routers are liable for steering Internet
kg/cm. Focusing on performance assessment traffic. The essential building pieces of
of upgraded CNC router designs with information transferred through the internet,
sophisticated regression methods to develop such as a web page or email, are known as data
the best prediction model should be the future packets. A packet is commonly transmitted from
trend. one router to another over the networks that
make up an internetwork (like the Internet) to
Keywords- Computer numerical control (CNC), reach its target node [4-7]. Two or more data
Design, Integrated, Mechano-Electrical, Router, connections emerging from multiple IP networks
Software Technology are present on a router. The router confirms the
network address information in the packet

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header to determine the eventual destination products whose complexity is too great to be
when a data packet arrives on one of the lines. handled by conventional processes owing to
Using information from its routing database or machines with six or more axes [9]. CNC routers
routing policy, it then sends the packet to the may be highly handy for conducting the same,
next network on the route. repetitive tasks. A CNC router generally
The CNC router is operated by a enhances manufacturing efficiency and provides
computer. Coordinates are uploaded to the trustworthy, high-quality work. The usage of a
machine controller via a different program. CNC CNC router may minimize waste, the likelihood
routers utilize two software programs: one called of mistakes, and the time required to sell the
CAD produces designs, and the other called final product. Using a CNC router offers
CAM translates those drawings into a set of increased production flexibility [10]. Furniture,
machine instructions. CNC routers can be musical instruments, door carvings, interior and
manually programmed to work, but CAD/CAM exterior decorations, wood panels, sign boards,
enables more contouring options, speeds the frames, and moldings are just a few examples of
programming process, and, in some situations, the various products that may be manufactured
develops programs that would be impossible or from them. The trimming procedure is
extremely tough to interpret and apply with mechanized by the CNC router, which also
manual programming. CNC routers may be makes thermoforming polymers simpler. CNC
highly handy for conducting the same, repetitive routers assist to maintain component and
tasks. A CNC router generally enhances industrial production repeatability.
manufacturing efficiency and provides This paperwork concentrates on a well-
trustworthy, high-quality work. Cutting, cutting, simplified and more home-level of CNC
and drilling are just a few of the operations that machine design. This material outlines how to
this CNC router machine can execute on diverse make a tiny CNC machine that is economical,
materials. For varied techniques, many rotary easy to maintain, and completely functioning.
tool types may be applied [8]. The mechanical structure, electronics, stepper
The machine removes material from a motors, G code sender software, stepper motor
driver, coupler nut, threaded rod, and power
workpiece, and the time it takes to produce a
functional components are some of the design
piece relies on the complexity of the completed
features of the CNC router that are covered (Fig.
product as well as the volume difference
1).
between the workpiece's initial and final
volumes. Thanks to machines with six or more
axes, it is now viable to make goods whose
complexity is too enormous to be handled by
traditional procedures. CNC routers could be
highly beneficial for carrying out recurring
operations. The usage of a CNC router typically
boosts production efficiency and results in
dependable, high-quality work. Utilizing a CNC
router may decrease the time it takes to sell the
final product, eliminate waste, and boost
precision. Drilling, carving, and cutting are just a
few of the operations that this CNC router
machine can carry out on a variety of materials.
Different rotary tool types may be employed for
diverse procedures [8].
The machine operates by removing Figure 1: Diagram of a CNC machine [11].
material from a workpiece; the length of time
required to finish the piece relies on the intricacy CNC CONCEPT
of the completed item as well as the difference
between the workpiece's original and final There are three main components that
volumes. These days, it is feasible to make may be used to characterize a CNC system (Fig.
2).

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Figure 2: Concept of CNC machine [12].

 Hardware such as mortises and tenons. A CNC router and a

 Software CNC milling machine function on a similar
 Information basis. Instead of employing manual routing,
Hardware: Peripheral devices for data computer numerical control regulates tool
transmission, machine tool status monitoring, routes. The router is one of the various tool types
machine tool interface, as well as having CNC variants [11]. Computer Numerical
microprocessors that have an impact on control Control (CNC) is a procedure that automates
system operations, are all considered to be part machine tools so that they may be controlled by
of hardware. computer programs to generate a given product
Software: Various types of software are linked form. Computer-aided design (CAD) and
to CNC, and system microprocessors run these computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
programs to provide the desired results. applications are created in modern CNC
Information: Details on the dynamic properties systems. The application creates a computer file
of the machine as well as various other that is then transferred into CNC manufacturing
components of the process. When one of these equipment, where a postprocessor processes it to
deceptive components fails, the diagnostics extract the instructions required to run a specific
subsystem will rapidly isolate the defective machine [1, 12] (Fig. 3).
component from the system and activate the
superfluous component instead of the damaged
one so that the freshly installed component may
accomplish its role.
Computers control every numerical operation on
a CNC machine. The software required to
operate the device is saved on the computer.
Several machine characteristics, such as spindle
speed, feed rate, etc., are also presented on the
computer. It comprises electrical equipment to
measure the output.

Router CNC and General Application

Wood, composites, aluminum, steel,

plastics, glass, and foams may all be cut using a
computer numerical control (CNC) router, a sort
of computer-controlled cutting tool. A handheld
router is commonly mounted on the spindle of a
CNC router. The panel saw spindle molder and
boring machine are just a few of the
conventional carpentry shop instruments that
CNC routers have the potential to replace. They
may furthermore conduct the cutting of joinery, Figure 3: A block diagram for CNC router [11].

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CNC Machines' Features  Because the machine only has to be

equipped and adjusted during the initial
The following is a list of CNC machines' operation, the overall production time will
features: be reduced.
 For certain software, keyboard input is an  Cutting the cost of manufacturing. Due to
option. the lack of labor in manufacturing
 The component software is downloaded to  Production time is shortened throughout the
the computer, which then saves it in consumption process compared to
memory. It is then applied repeatedly. conventional machines.
 Typos or design changes may be made to  Offers the production of ultra-accurate
the component programming that was components.
submitted.  Being able to consistently reproduce several
 The cutter route and shape of the finished things across all of them
object may be shown visually before the  With control over the proper cutting
program is executed (simulation). circumstances.
 The wear on the tool may be compensated
 Simple changes between several product
for.
categories.
 It is also possible to utilize the sub-program
 Higher productivity, precision, shorter
feature for repeating machining processes.
operating times, longer tool lives, a
This includes gathering data on machine
decreased reliance on human elements, and
utilization, such as the amount of
lower production costs may be used to sum
components produced, the time necessary to
these up [5, 7].
make each component, the time required to
set up the job, etc.
Disadvantage of CNC Machines
The Advantages of CNC Machines
There is no such thing as flawless
Industry is the vitality of any producing innovation; all inventions have benefits and
country. The success of an industry is closely drawbacks, but the benefits of a good invention
tied to how heavily it relies on machinery. If always outweigh the drawbacks.
scientists begin to increase the employment of The CNC disadvantages:
electronic systems in the domain of mechanical  The machine's hefty price.
machines, the more exact these machines are at  To operate this kind of equipment,
work, the faster they are better. In addition, operators need to have the best possible
aimed to add a computer link to these devices to training.
allow consumers greater control. The CNC  Experts in this kind of equipment
advantages: maintenance are in short supply.
 Direct program input is available, and  Providing specialized equipment so that it
programs may be stored in the machine's may be operated and controlled remotely.
memory using the computer that is
connected to it. Stages of CNC Work
 The program is simple to review and
correct. The data is exchanged between the input
 There is a quicker rate of output production and output as the computer compares it in
and fewer input data. memory or on the machine, reads the sensors,
 This operator's safety equipment. and then sends it back to the computer for
 Because the system machine enables the further comparison. This process continues until
workers to do many tasks at once, there is a the CNC work reaches the stages of utmost
high level of activity. accuracy and highest quality, ensuring the error
 Using the same program to produce high- rate is minimized:
precision output for all parts.  CAD
 It creates intricate objects that are difficult  CAM
to create with conventional machinery.  Machine control and operation.

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Computer-Aided Design (CAD) manufacturing of an engineering item. Next, we

save the file in a format that CAM software can
The emergence of the notion of comprehend. The most widely recognized of
computer graphics has been directly associated these packages are:
with the computer design system. However, the  Autodesk inventor
notion of computer design extends beyond the  Solid works
bulk of computer graphics in terms of analysis  Catia
and modeling. Interactive computer graphics How to process CAD software is shown in Fig.
(ICG), however, acts as the computer design 4. The drawing starts from the beginning and
system's technological cornerstone. Using this changes settings. We choose the 2D symbol if
application, we may build the geometric forms we need to draw in two dimensions, and the 3D
that will be formed in all three dimensions and, icon if we need to draw in three dimensions.
if needed, translate the two-dimensional shapes Additionally, we may use the program to turn
into three dimensions. Additionally, it enables us 2D designs into 3D ones. After finalizing the
to distribute stresses, simulate the movement of design, we export it to programming languages
geometric components, and draw the curves of so that CAM can read it.
the moments and forces that impact the

Figure 4: Generic CAD process [12].

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) enabling the commencement of the production

stage. The transfer of GCODE to the CNC
Computer-aided manufacturing involves machine occurs either directly through a network
utilizing computer systems for the direct or connection or indirectly via Flash memory [13].
indirect interaction with production locations Among the various initiatives related to this
within the plant. Its primary purpose is to plan, field, a few stand out as the prominent. These
organize, and control manufacturing operations initiatives are:
efficiently. In the context of CNC machines,  PowerMill
CAM software plays a crucial role by converting  Hsm
engineering designs created using CAD software  Surfcam
into GCODE. This GCODE sets the CNC  Solidcam
machine's parameters and configurations,

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Figure 5: CAM process [12].

Fig. 5 demonstrates and summarizes the safety feature is helpful. At the junction of the
usual operation of a CAM system. The sequence positive ends of the axle movement zones, the
of the definition might be varied in various zero is placed. The most critical of them is to
CAM systems, but the definition of the specified locate the reference point of the occupied or zero
data is essential in every instance for suitable programs. The programmer then works to
work. The most significant use of the CAM incorporate more critical information that was
systems is the milling technology; hence, left blank by the programmer after the software
hereafter I concentrate on this application. is placed into the MCU Origin for the Zero-
Machine Homepage (CNC Machining
Machine Control and Operation Fundamentals 2014 Autodesk, Inc. copyright).
For CNC operation:
The linear sliding and rotating  Ensure a proper working environment.
movements of the CNC machine tool apparatus  Make sure that machine feeding is adequate
are employed to carry out operations. The maker and safe.
of the machine established some characteristic  Choose cutting tools that can have their
movements, which differ from machine to length changed to fit the machine.
machine. Because the machine automatically  Choose the metal that will be utilized.
learns how to move in reaction to a move  The way the device works.
command on an axis, it will move in the reverse  Download the work that will be made. The
direction (-X, -Y) in response to the axis moving CAM program is written in the machine-
signal (cutting tool) along the X + or Y + axis of friendly language.
the table. It doesn't need to be aware of whether  Duplicate the program to the machine
the machine's axis or table is moving. The only
memory.
thing that counts is that, by the program, the
 Modify the zero widget.
cutting tool axis or cutting tool reaches the
 Choose the suitable settings.
appropriate place. Unless the return to zero is
carried out, all control systems are deployed to  Run the file.
prevent the automation of the machine. This  Controlling work.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS done the gearbox process. Stepper motors

Methods of Design Router provided the radial movement, which linear
bearings turned into a linear movement. There
This CNC machine could be made of are three stepper motors in the router. In order to
mechanical and electrical materials. Three run the stepper motor utilizing L 297, the
different axes are powered by three nema17 auxiliary L 298 and L 6203 integrated circuits
motors. For stability, these Nema motors are were used, as well as L 297 itself. L 6203 was
fastened to the wood using bolts and 3D-printed the IC for Hybridge. Other materials don't
components. The model's horizontal Y-axis radiate as much heat as L 6203.
travels in this route. The vertical Z-axis is
parallel to the horizontal X-axis, which is Mechanical Design
perpendicular to both. The machine is kept
together by the galvanized pipes, which are also The mechanical design might be
employed as rails. To keep their position, the employed, depending on. Three linear axes or
pipes are secured in holes bored into the wooden any other system depending on type selection
pieces. After the holes have about halfway could make up the system. Linear bearings are
entered the wood, an 8 mm center hole is drilled utilized in the axes to provide motion
for the threaded rod. Threaded rods that are transmission. Radial movement produced by a
embedded inside the pipes and are used to stepper motor is transformed into linear
tighten the pipes are what hold the machine movement by linear bearings. Stepper motors are
together. In the wooden portions, where a 1 mm connected to linear bearings via couplings. Axes
deep carving is performed to secure the may work independently from one another, and
aluminum angles, they are maintained and fixed. interpolation may be done when numerous axes
The machine is relatively easy to move around are moving concurrently. Table 1 presents the
and is made less difficult by employing wood in router's technical specifications, and Fig. 5
its construction [14]. Linear bearings carried depicts the router's mechanical construction.

Table 1: Technical properties of the router [12].

Actuator Type Stepper Motors

X, Y, Z Limits 500 mm, 400 mm, 180 mm

Cutting Depth 2 mm

Cutting Velocity 1 m/min

Free Velocity 3 m/min

Necessary amount of motor power is calculated Pa = Motor power during acceleration (W)JL =
by regarding the general structure of the system Total inertia (kg-m2)
and axes weight (Kuilu, 2006). Using equation Tt = Total moment while cutting (Nm)
(1) as given by Kuilu, (2006). ta = Time of acceleration (sec)
Pa= (2π Nm / 60)2 (JL / ta) (1) Nm = Motor speed (rpm)
P = (2π Nm Tt) / 60 (2) As a consequence of calculations, discoveries
Where; concerning motor power needs are indicated in
P = Motor power while cutting (W) Table 2.

Table 2: Motor power requirements.

X Axis Y Axis Z Axis

During Acceleration (W) 16,03 13,47 5,77

During Cutting (W) 30,16 15,07 39,57

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Figure 6: Mechanical structure of the router [12].

Electronics Design step and half step modes. It is important to

employ auxiliary integrated circuits like L298
Three stepper motors make up the and L6203 in order to operate motors using
router, and Fig. 6 depicts the drivers for each of L297. L6203 includes drivers for Hybridge.
them. These combo drivers are L297 and L6203. There is only one bridge inside. This results in
The integrated circuit L297 is used to control the necessity for two L6203s to run a single
stepper motors. It receives step, direction, and stepper motor. It might generate higher current
enable signals as inputs and produces signals for while creating less heat than L298. It can offer
the step motor phases. There are functional full output current up to 5 A (Fig. 7).

Figure 7: Motor drivers [12].

COMPONENTS  Threaded Rod

 Power Functional Components
The schematic design of a simplified router is The design components of the CNC router are
presented in this paper by discussing its basic discussed below:
components. These components are;
 Mechanical Structure Mechanical Structure
 Electronics
 Stepper Motors The linear bearings and guide rods are
 Stepper Motor Driver employed in the mechanical system's assembly
 G Code Sender Software to offer the 3-axis movement. The motion is
 Coupler Nut produced by the stepper motors attached to each

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axis when the control signal from the electronics each axis. The regulated motion on each axis is
circuit is applied. Each stepper motor is linked to immediately achieved by adjusting the stepper
the screw rod that holds the nut using a coupling motor's spin. By directly manipulating the
bush. The screw rod and nut assembly turns the stepper motor's speed with the required control
spinning action of the stepper motor into linear signals, the speed of each axis of motion may
motion. The linear bearing and guide rod system, also be modified. By regulating the tool path of
which is connected to each axis, enables smooth the spindle attached to the end effector in each
linear motion of each axis. This arrangement can axis, this permits smooth carving or cutting of
support weights and provides linear motion in the work piece (Fig. 8).

Figure 8: A mechanical structure of CNC Router [11].

Linear rods, one of the mechanical components uno microcontroller board. Flash memory on the
that support linear motion, are strong, resilient microcontroller board contains the G-code
steel shafts that can carry a weight without interpreter code written in C. The control board
compromising the motion. The linear bearing generates the signal that the computer sends to
spreads the load throughout the linear rod and the stepper motors, which in turn controls the
produces low-friction slides. tool path's motion directly. The functioning of
the Arduino pins as exploited by GRBL is
Electronics represented in the image below. Stepper motors
are powered by the driver known as simple
As the controlling part in this project, an driver (Fig. 9). It receives the microcontroller's
Arduino uno r3 may be employed. The step signal and turns it into electrical voltage
ATmega328 processor is utilized in the Arduino signals that run the motor.

Figure 9: Arduino uno r3 [11].

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Stepper Motors rotor will complete one full rotation in 24

phases. Another way to put this is that the rotor
An electrochemical device called a will circle exactly 15⁰ for every power pulse that
stepper motor transforms electrical power into the motor gets.
mechanical power. It is also a brushless,
synchronous electric motor with a high number Nema 17 Stepper Motor
of steps per full rotation. The position of the
motor may be carefully controlled without the NEMA 17 hybrid stepping motors
need of any feedback systems as long as the provide 200 steps per revolution and 1.80 step
motor is the appropriate size for the application. angle. The holding torque is 3.2 kg-cm at 1.2 A
Stepper motors are comparable to switching at 4VA for each phase. MEMA 17 stepper
reluctance motors. The operating principle of the motors are often used in laser cutters, CNC
magnet is utilized by the stepper motor to move machines, and printers. Fig. 10 shows the Nema
the motor shaft exactly when an electrical pulse 17 stepper motor technical specifications [15-
is given. The stator contains eight poles. The 18].

Figure 10: Technical details about Nema 17 stepper motors [12].

 200 steps per rotation and 1.8 degrees full-, half-, quarter-, eighth-, and sixteenth-step
 Operating temperature ranges from -10 to modes for bipolar stepper motor control (Fig.
40 °C. 11).
 Unipolar Holding Torque: 22.2 oz-in
 P= 1.2 x4 = 4.8 W
 Rated voltage: 12 volts direct current
 Current: 1.2a at 4v
 Step angle is 1.8 degrees.
 Phases: 4, Motor Length: 1.54 Inches
 8-inch lead, 4 wires

Stepper Motor Driver

The A4988 is a full-featured Micro

stepping Motor Driver with an intuitively
designed built-in translator. The driver's
maximum power output is 35 V and ± 2 A. It has Figure 11: A4988 stepper driver module
features.

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 Minimum Operational Voltage: 8V  Limit switches

 Maximum Operational Voltage: 35V  2 cooling fans (50mm)
 Maximum Current Per Phase: 2 A
 Reverse voltage protection: No G-Code Sender Software
 Dimensions: 15.5 mm 20.5 mm (0.6′′ 0.8′′)
 Protection against shorting a load and On an Arduino Uno, the open-source
shorting to the earth application GRBL executes G-code instructions
 Low RDS(ON) outputs through Serial and translates them into motor
 Microstep resolution: Full step, ½ (half) signals. The Arduino IDE is used to flash GRBL
step, ¼ (quarter) step, 1/8 (eighth) and 1/16 directly to the Arduino board after the GRBL
(sixteenth) step source code has been uploaded to the Arduino
 Thermal shutdown circuitry library.
Software named Grbl Controller is meant to
 P=IV = 2X35 =70W
communicate G-code to CNC equipment like 3D
Other electronics for the machine consist of the
milling machines. It merely needs to give the
following components:
user an easy mechanism of transmitting
 Main power supply - 48VDC 6,6 Amp
instructions to their selected controller. The
 Relay - 25A, 230VAC output, 4-32VDC cross-platform Qt libraries were used to create
input Grbl Controller. It also receives help from the
 Main power switch QextSerialPort library to make picking the
 Power supply for breakout board - 5VDC correct USB serial port easier (Fig. 12).
 Power supply for cooling fans - 12VDC
 Breakout Board

Figure 12: Interface of a G-code sender software [11].

Coupler Nut span surpasses 144 inches or when a threaded

fitting is used in conjunction with a hung
Coupling nuts become necessary for threaded rod (Fig. 13).
fastening threaded rods when the application

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Power Functional Components

The power functional components consists of

 Power supply module
 Interface and control

Power Supply Module

The motor power supply is set up as a

full wave rectifier circuit. At the circuit input, a
Figure 13: Coupler nut [11]. 300W 24 Volt transformer is employed. A
1000V 50 amp bridge diode is used to control
Threaded Rod rectification at the circuit output. The output is
coupled with a parallel capacitor of 100V and
The tool holder moves along a track 1000uF. Fig. 15 and 16 show the complete
composed of threaded rods and rotates in power supply circuit and its schematic diagram,
synchronization with the stepper motor due to its respectively.
connection with the motor. The coupler spins on
its predefined axis while moving transversely.
The nut is connected to the tool holder for it to
travel in the direction and at the required
distance (Fig. 14).

Figure 15: Power supply [12].

Figure 14: Threaded rod [11].

Figure 16: Circuit of power supply [9].

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The control box (Fig. 17), which is movement indicators, X, Y, and Z manual
composed of the system's electrical parts, allows movement controls, as well as an on/off switch,
the user to regulate and alter system operations. are all located on the machine's front panel. A
A power supply, a driver, and other electronic motor and a few switch connections are
equipment are contained inside the box. A positioned on the back panel.
spindle switch, emergency stop button, axis

Figure 17: Control box [9].

Interfaces and Control Pulses are generated and supplied to the L6203
MOSFET driver in accordance with the signals
The router system has open loop control received. The driving motor performs the
as its control type. The L297 stepper motor necessary actions with the help of the driver.
driver gets the number of steps after a Fig. 18 depicts the system's block diagram.
microcontroller conducts important calculations.

Figure 18: Block diagram of driving motor with the aid of driver [9].

We have already examined the system's the USB. Therefore, the system may be utilized
mechanical, electrical, and programming by any computer that has a USB port. Data
interface components. Here is a breakdown of processing for the user-input G and M codes
the system's functioning. To send data, exploit takes place in the first step (Fig. 19, 20).

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Figure 19: Isometric view of the router designed with autodesk inventor.

Figure 20: Autographic view of the router designed with autodesk inventor.

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CONCLUSION Technology, 6(3), 1452-1455, Available at:

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i3/IRJET-
The Simplified Mechatronics CNC V6I3274.pdf.
Router was explored to demonstrate the benefits 4. S.O. Ejiko, A. P. Elegbeleye and D. Olaniyi
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Using less sophisticated equipment that will in developing countries and the way
provide high working efficiency, this paper has forward. Proceedings 7th Engineering
shown that local workshop tasks like marking Forum, School of Engineering, the Federal
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be readily carried out. To entice local users, the https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Proc
design elements of the CNC router—which eedings_7th_Engineering_Forum_School.ht
include the mechanical framework, electronics, ml?id=ZifilAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y#:~:tex
stepper motors, G code sender software, stepper t=issue%20%2D%20Help%20%2D%20Go
motor driver, M8 coupler nut, M8 threaded rod, ogle%C2%A0-,Home.
and power supply—were explained in plain 5. M P Groover (2016), Automation,
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CITE THIS ARTICLE

Adeoye, O.S, et al. (2023). The Mechano-Electrical Design of a Simplified Computer

Numerical Control Router, Journals of Mechatronics Machine Design and Manufacturing,
5(2), 22-37.

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