Linking words, also known as transition words, are words and phrases like however or on the

other hand that connect clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or other words. The purpose of linking
words (which are different from linking verbs) is to make communication smoother and more
logical when moving from one idea to another. Linking words are an essential part of writing to
“link” all your ideas in a way that flows without interruption.

What are linking words?

Linking words and phrases like however, additionally, or for example are used to connect
different ideas in a way that makes writing smoother and more fluid. To understand why linking
words are important, it’s best to see what writing looks like without them.

She was running late. She stopped for coffee.

These two sentences are correct in their grammar, but they are a little difficult to read. Logically,
they seem contradictory—if she was late, why did she stop for coffee? The change from one
idea to another is too abrupt.

Let’s see how those sentences read with a linking word.

She was running late. However, she stopped for coffee.

The ideas are the same as in the first example, but the linking word however helps transition
between them. It signals to the reader that the topic is changing so it doesn’t surprise them.

In this way, writing can transition from one idea to a drastically different one without confusing
the reader. This greatly improves the flow of writing, making it easier to read.

Keep in mind that linking words are not the same thing as linking verbs, even though their
names sound the same. One specific type of linking word, conjunctions, have elaborate and
distinctive grammar rules, so in this guide we’re going to focus exclusively on linking words used
as transition words.

How to use linking words

Linking words generally come before a new idea as a way to introduce it. This includes
new clauses, new sentences, and new paragraphs, as well as standalone words and phrases.

When a linking word or phrase begins a sentence, clarity is usually helped if you place a comma
after it.
Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches contain a lot of healthy nutrients. Moreover, they’re

delicious!

This works in most situations as long as the linking word does not take an object. But certain
linking words or phrases, like despite, besides, and in spite of, use an object, in which case you
should put the comma after the object.

The principal wanted to cancel the pizza party. Besides the principal, everyone else wanted it

to happen.

On the other hand, using a linking word to connect clauses in the same sentence has its own
rules. There are two different methods: using a semicolon or placing the linking word after a
conjunction.

If the clauses are connected by a semicolon, place the linking word after the semicolon. Then,
place a comma after the linking word, before the rest of the clause.

First, plant one foot next to the ball; next, strike the ball with the bone above your big toe; last,
follow through with your leg to send the ball forward.

If the clauses are connected by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so), no
additional punctuation is necessary. However, you can add commas if you feel the linking word
should be set apart from the rest of the sentence.

We were tired after the match, but without a doubt we still wanted to celebrate.

We were tired after the match, but, without a doubt, we still wanted to celebrate.

Both of the examples above are acceptable; whether or not to add commas depends on the
author’s style.

Likewise, if the linking word is used to connect phrases or words instead of entire clauses,
commas are optional.

Engineering requires an understanding of technology, communication, and above all

mathematics.

Engineering requires an understanding of technology, communication, and, above all,

mathematics.
7 times to use linking words, with linking word examples

1. Adding more information

Studies show deforestation has negatively affected air quality. Additionally, thousands of
animals have been displaced.

Babysitting is an easy way to make money, and furthermore it’s fun!

2. Contradicting a previous idea

Smash Bros. is a game of strategy, intelligence, and agility, although you can still win by
mashing buttons randomly.

The rain ruined our plans for a pool party. Nevertheless, we still had fun together indoors.

3. Emphasizing a particular idea

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck loved dogs; in fact, he often took his pets on diplomatic missions.

We decided to cut our losses and call it a night. Undoubtedly, it was the right choice.

4. Organizing points sequentially

First, we tilled the soil. Second, we planted the seeds. Third, we watered the garden.

We never noticed the mole above his lip before. Previously, his mustache had covered it.

5. Showing cause and effect

The rabbit was so sure they’d win, they decided to take a nap. Consequently, the
turtle had time to overtake the rabbit and ultimately win the race.

Both competitors have been individually disqualified; therefore, no winner will be

announced.
 6. Introducing examples or specific details

English is a weird language. For example, why are there so many letters in the word
through?

All my favorite foods are desserts, namely cakes.

For instance,

7. Summarizing

The achievements of the ancient Greeks lasted much longer than the Macedonian
Empire. In short, Europe would not be what it is today without them.

The results of our study show clearly the threat is imminent. In conclusion, we must
act immediately.

More linking words: meanings and uses

Conjunctions are a familiar group of linking words, which join two clauses in a sentence, such as
but, because or however. In fact, linking words have many different functions in a sentence and
range from single words to phrases of up to four words. The categories below show the most
common types of linking words.

Sequencing
First, secondly, subsequently, finally

Words like first, second and finally appear at the start of a sentence. They help the reader to
navigate their way through the text. They are used in essays but also in instructions, for example
recipes.

Adding information
In addition, also, furthermore, what is more

These linking words are used to give additional information or to strengthen our argument.
Comparison
Similarly, equally, likewise

We use these linking words to add further examples or to make connections between ideas.

Giving examples
For example, for instance, e.g., such as

Use these linking words to give examples.

Consequence
Consequently, therefore, as a result, hence

These linking words can be used to describe how one idea logically follows another.

Generalisation
On the whole, generally, in general

These linking words are usually positioned at the start of a sentence. They are used before a
general statement.

Summing up
To sum up, in summary, to summarise, to conclude, in conclusion

These types of phrases are commonly used to start the final section of an essay. They are also used
in formal spoken English, for example a speech or the TV news, to signal to the listener that the
speech is coming to an end.

Contrasting
However, on the other hand, conversely, in contrast, rather, while, whereas

These linking words are used to introduce an idea or argument that contrasts with what has been
said before. In an essay, they are useful for introducing, for example, the disadvantages in an
advantages and disadvantages essay. The use of rather in this context is very formal.
Stating fact
In fact, as a matter of fact, actually

These types of linking words can be used to signal to the reader that the writer’s meaning is
different to what the reader expects.

Concession
Although, despite, in spite of, even though

These linking words are used to show that we acknowledge another person’s opinion, even if we
may not agree with it.

List of common linking words with examples

The list below includes all the commonly used linking words in written English. Example
sentences are also provided to help you understand them in context.

Additionally
Additionally, students should complete at least 3 hours of homework per week.

As a result
In recent years, few students have studied languages at school. As a result, the number of people
taking language courses at degree level has decreased.

But
It is important to adjust your mirrors, but do not do this while driving your car.

Consequently
John did not study hard for his exams. Consequently, his grades was disappointing.
Conversely
People who have no savings often have trouble when applying for bank loans. Conversely, those
who already have savings find it much easier to get credit.

Equally
Studying languages face-to-face has a positive impact on learning. Equally, online learning can
allow students to progress quickly.

Firstly, secondly, etc.

Firstly, we’d like to say a warm welcome to all our new undergrads. Secondly, we’d like to
remind you that students should attend all lectures on time for the duration of the semester.

For example
You should wear suitable clothing for this trip. For example, a waterproof coat and a warm hat.

For instance
You can substitute some ingredients in this recipe. For instance, honey can be used instead of
sugar.

Furthermore
In my opinion, the government should provide adequate guidance on physical exercise.
Furthermore, I believe it has a duty to advise the public on health and diet.

Generally (speaking)
Generally, working from home is less stressful and more productive than working in a noisy office.

Hence
Mark had inherited a lot of money from his grandmother; hence the large house.

However
Sports facilities, such as gyms and swimming pools, help people to keep fit. However, people also
need motivation to help them improve their health.
In addition
As a community, we should do more to improve our wellbeing. In addition, the government should
start a new advertising campaign to promote health and fitness nationwide.

In conclusion

In conclusion, the advantages of tourism outweigh the disadvantages.

In contrast
Working from home can save time and money. In contrast, commuting long distances to work
every day can be time-consuming and expensive.

In fact
We didn’t enjoy the film. In fact, it was pretty terrible!

In general
In general, working from home is more convenient than travelling to the office.

In particular
Young children are influenced by the people around them, in particular their parents.

In spite of this
Tony was not offered a place at his chosen university. In spite of this, he achieved a first class
degree and went on to have a successful career.

Likewise
Squirrels feed on hard grains and nuts, using their sharp front cutting teeth to break up their food.
Likewise, rats are able to gnaw through hard materials.

Moreover
Children from less affluent households were reported to read less. Moreover, children who did not
have books in the house were found to be much more likely to have a low reading age.
Nevertheless
You should try to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day and reduce your fat intake.
Nevertheless, any changes you can make to your diet will have a positive effect.

Nonetheless
The disadvantages of living in a city include noise and pollution. Nonetheless, the majority of
people still choose to live in urban areas.

On the contrary
On the contrary, many students chose universities that showed a good standard of teaching rather
than a high ranking.

On the other hand

Tourism can have a positive effect on the wealth of a country. On the other hand, it can also have
a negative impact on the environment.

On the whole
On the whole, most students prefer informal tutorial groups to large group lectures.

Rather
Rob wasn’t successful in the interview, rather he was given some advice on improving his
application.

So
I really love Spanish culture, so I’m looking forward to my trip to Madrid next month.

Such as
Stringed instruments, such as the violin and the cello, are among the most difficult to learn.

Therefore
Sue broke her leg. Therefore, she was unable to attend work for a month.
Thus
The availability of high-sugar and high-fat foods has had an impact on people’s health; thus, the
rate of obesity is increasing.

To conclude
To conclude, a child’s home background has a dramatic effect on their educational achievement.

To summarise
To summarise, consumer habits are changing: there has been a marked increase in the amount of
clothing and technology sold online during the pandemic.

To sum up
To sum up, learning a new skill, like a language, can be challenging, but it is also rewarding.

Similarly
Similarly, increasing the price of fuel and raising parking charges may discourage people from
driving into city centres.

Still
Digital technology has made working from home easier. Still, many people prefer the social
contact of going to their workplace.

What is more
Too much screen time may affect children’s activity levels. What is more, extended time spent
using electronic devices may have a negative impact on their eyesight.

Whereas
Boys tend to develop physical skills, such as jumping, at a young age, whereas girls tend to
develop fine motor skills.
While
While men still make up the largest proportion of students on science courses, the number of
women is steadily increasing.

Yet
The penalties for breaking the law are high, yet some people continue to commit crimes.