Lec 3

CVL100:Environmental Science(2-0-0)
(Tuesday and Wednesday; Friday slot reserved for extra class)
Oxygen demanding substance and dissolved oxygen

sag curve
Lec3: Aug 16,2022
Prof. Arun Kumar

(arunku@civil.iitd.ac.in)
See Moodle and Impartus for Additional materials ; check class email
1
Quiz 1
• Tentatively Sat 9am-930am Aug 20th or
27th room availability
• Or
• 7to 730pm any day option?
August 18, 2022 2

Water Constituents and Pollutants
August 18, 2022

Excess nutrients
(resulting in eutrophication i.e. excess algal growth on
surface of stagnant water body)
Effects on aquatic system
August 18, 2022 Arun Kumar 4

Condition resulting in algal growth
106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + HPO42- + 122 H2O →

C106H263O110N16P + 138 O2
algae
Nitrogen and phosphorus are typically the limiting factors
CO2 is dissolved carbon dioxide in water;
nitrate and phosphate ions are coming from domestic wastewater

• Stoichiometry of photosynthesis (C,N,P, O & H)
106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + HPO42- + 122 H2O →

C106H263O110N16P + 138 O2
N 16×14 It takes ~ 7 times more N

= = 7.2
P 1×31 than P to produce a given
mass of algae
• Liebig’s law of the minimum – growth will be
limited by the availability of the nutrient that is
least available relative to the need
• Most fresh water systems are phosphorus

limited
• So if we control nutrient concentration in

influent domestic wastewater entering into
stagnant water body less algal growth would
happen (keeping N/P less than 7.2)
Oxygen-DemandingOxygen
WastesDemanding Wastes
• Any constituent which reacts with oxygen (ex: organic

compounds, ammonia,etc.)
• When organic substances are broken down in water,
oxygen is consumed
• For example:
CH3COOH(acetic acid) + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 2H2O
C6H15O6N(algae) + 6O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NH3
Why to worry about dissolved oxygen
Oxygen (DO)
Demanding Wastes
levels in water
• High oxygen levels necessary for healthy

stream ecology.
• For example: case of fishes
– trout require 5-8 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO)
– carp require 3 mg/L DO
Measurement/estimation of oxygen
demanding wastes
• Estimated stoichiometrically by theoretical oxygen

demand (ThOD)
• Measured by oxygen demand potential

– biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
– Nitrogenous oxygen demand (NBOD)
– chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Oxygen Demanding Wastes
Theoretical oxygen demand estimation
• For example:
CH3COOH(acetic acid) + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 2H2O
C6H15O6N(algae) + 6O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NH3
=>See how much oxygen is consumed(mg/L) due to

complete mineralization (i.e., conversion to carbon dioxide
gas) by 1mole/L of organic compound or other oxygen
demanding substance. It is called theoretical oxygen
demand (ThOD).
Oxygen Demanding Wastes
• reaction:
CH3COOH + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 2H2O
• 1 mole/L acetic acid requires 2 moles/L of oxygen
• Theoretical oxygen demand= 2 moles/L *
32g/mole=64000mg/L oxygen
Final answer:
Theoretical oxygen demand= 64000mg/L oxygen
(always in terms of dissolved oxygen concentration)

5-day Biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved
oxygen consumption rate constant (k)
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)(5-day BOD is
calculated): expose sample to bacteria in a BOD bottle
for 5 days at 20deg C and we get DO consumption in 5
days.
• From laboratory experiment we will get dissolved

oxygen consumption rate constant (k) also.
• Using 5-day BOD (BOD5) and dissolved oxygen

consumption rate constant (k) we estimate ultimate BOD
i.e., estimate of oxygen demanding substance present
in water sample.
Corrected
oxygen demanding substance decay pattern
• Oxygen demanding substance =L in terms of oxygen
equivalent
Lt= L0 *exp(-k*t)
Where,
L0 is initial oxygen demanding substance represented in
terms of oxygen concentration value (mg/L);
Lt is oxygen demanding substance at time t, represented in
terms of oxygen concentration value (mg/L);
k=oxygen demanding substance decay rate constant (1/time)

(depends on water sample constituents, temperature,
bacteria type)
Corrected
BOD value estimation
• BOD @ time =t: yt=L0-Lt
• So t*-day BOD: yt*=L0-Lt*

yt*= L0 [1-exp(-k*t*)]
• 5-day BOD: y5=L0-L5

y5= L0 [1-exp(-k*5)]
Ultimate BOD when t goes to infinity..

yultimate = L0 [1-exp(-k*(infinity))]
yultimate = L0
Chemical oxygen demand
• Use strong oxidizing agent such as potassium

permanganate and then oxidize the sample completely.
Amount of oxidizing chemicals consumed is converted
to equivalent oxygen concentration and termed as
chemical oxygen demand.
COD and BOD relationship
• COD is always higher than BOD. Only for 100%

biodegradable sample, we will get the condition of COD
=BOD
Question 1
Q. In mixture of 100 g/L C3H12O6 , 100 mg/L
carbonate ions and 100 mg/L chloride ions,
comment on COD of this sample. [2 points]
August 18, 2022 18

Solution to Question 1
Only 100 g/L C3H12O6 will exert COD.
C3H12O6 + 3O2 => 3CO2 + 6H2O
=m.wt. of compound = 3*12+12*1+6*16=144g/mole
1 mole/L compound (132g/mole) needs 96g oxygen.

So 100g/L compound needs =96/144*100 g oxygen/L
=66.67 g/L
COD (theoretical) = 66.67g/L
August 18, 2022 19

Question 2
Q. Say a raw wastewater sample from WWTP1 has 2000
mg/L 5-day BOD with reaction constant (k=0.23/day at
20°C). Calculate amounts of BOD exerted on 1-d BOD?
If we add 100mg/L 5-day BOD (k=0.23/day) after 10days
to this original sample, plot BOD versus time and
comment. Mention all additional information required,
if any. [2+3=5 points]
August 18, 2022 20

Solution to Question 2
Oxygen demanding substance decay rate constant -
=Oxygen consumption rate constant =k=0.23/day@
20°C
5-day BOD =y5=2000 mg/L

y5= L0 [1-exp(-k*5)] ………………(1)
1-day BOD=y1= L0 [1-exp(-k*1)] …………(2)
From eq. 1 and 2,
(y5/y1)={ 1-exp(-5k)}/{1-exp(-k) }
y1=2000*{ 0.2054}/{0.6833} =601.38mg/L
August 18, 2022 21
Corrected Solution to Question 2
Calculate 10day BOD (y10) (say X ml volume) find
out oxygen demanding substance remaining at 10day
(L10).
10-day BOD =y10=L0 [1-exp(-k*10)] ………………(1)

L10 =L0 [exp(-k*10)] ………………(2)
(This value will be starting value of oxygen demanding
substance of sample A before mixing.
August 18, 2022 22

We know starting value of oxygen demanding substance of
sample A (x ml volume) (i.e., L0, sample A) (oxygen demanding
substance decay rate constant :kA)
Similarly, get starting value of oxygen demanding substance of

sample B (Z ml volume) (i.e., L0, sample B) (oxygen demanding
substance decay rate constant :kB)
August 18, 2022 23

After mixing, oxygen demanding substance present

=Lmix,0 = [(X ml* L0A)+ (Z ml*L0B)]/(X+Z)
(this is initial oxygen demanding substance conc.in mixture
solution; also ultimate BOD)
Assuming that after mixing , resulting solution oxygen

demanding substance decay rate constant (kmixture), calculate 5-
day BOD of mixture solution?
August 18, 2022 24

Overall Parameters
Constituents Parameters
Ions Hardness; alkalinity; acidity; conductivity;

actual metals(arsenic, cadmium,lead, iron,
etc.)
Solids Turbidity; total solids; total suspended solids;
dissolved solids; volatile solids; fixed
solids,absorbance
Organic ThOD; biochemical oxygen demand;
compounds chemical oxygen demand; total organic
carbon; actual compounds,
Nutrients Ammonium ions; phosphates, nitrate, nitrites
pathogens Indicators (bacterial; viral); pathogen

August 18, 2022 25
CPCB water classes
August 18, 2022 (C) Dr. Arun Kumar, Civil Engg. IIT 26
Delhi (India)
Delhi (India)
Emerging water contaminants
• New class of constituents for which method is

newly developed for detection and people are
measuring it and government has not currently
regulated;
– depends on region and list can vary with countries,
etc..
• Ex: antibiotics; nanoparticles; viruses
August 18, 2022 28

Xagoraraki and Kuo(2008)
Delhi (India)
Pollutants in environment
Raw Animal Solid

Biosolids
Wastewater Manure Waste
Raw
Wastewater Land Drinking Water
Landfills
Focus Treatment Application
Drinking Water
Removal and/or Runoff, Runoff,
Treatment
transformation Infiltration, Infiltration,
Sorption, Sorption,
Microbial Microbial
activity, other activity, other Removal and/or
transformations transformations transformation
Natural waters
Potential human exposure

PPCPs and EDCs present via drinking water
in human urine and feces

Pollution discharges to river water
body or lake water body

Treat wastewater before it is discharged in
river or water body
www.oconomowocusa.com/ wastewater.gif
Treat surface water in water
treatment plants

Activity
• Can you observe possibility of
contamination in a locality which does not
have proper sewer connection and where
people draw water form handpump ?
• If water table is low, what will happen?
August 18, 2022 34

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CVL100:Environmental Science(2-0-0)

(Tuesday and Wednesday; Friday slot reserved for extra class)

Oxygen demanding substance and dissolved oxygen

Prof. Arun Kumar

August 18, 2022 2

August 18, 2022

Effects on aquatic system

August 18, 2022 Arun Kumar 4

106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + HPO42- + 122 H2O →

Nitrogen and phosphorus are typically the limiting factors

CO2 is dissolved carbon dioxide in water;

nitrate and phosphate ions are coming from domestic wastewater

106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + HPO42- + 122 H2O →

N 16×14 It takes ~ 7 times more N

• Most fresh water systems are phosphorus

• So if we control nutrient concentration in

• Any constituent which reacts with oxygen (ex: organic

• High oxygen levels necessary for healthy

• Estimated stoichiometrically by theoretical oxygen

• Measured by oxygen demand potential

=>See how much oxygen is consumed(mg/L) due to

(always in terms of dissolved oxygen concentration)

• From laboratory experiment we will get dissolved

• Using 5-day BOD (BOD5) and dissolved oxygen

k=oxygen demanding substance decay rate constant (1/time)

• So t*-day BOD: yt*=L0-Lt*

• 5-day BOD: y5=L0-L5

Ultimate BOD when t goes to infinity..

• Use strong oxidizing agent such as potassium

• COD is always higher than BOD. Only for 100%

August 18, 2022 18

1 mole/L compound (132g/mole) needs 96g oxygen.

COD (theoretical) = 66.67g/L

August 18, 2022 19

August 18, 2022 20

5-day BOD =y5=2000 mg/L

10-day BOD =y10=L0 [1-exp(-k*10)] ………………(1)

August 18, 2022 22

Similarly, get starting value of oxygen demanding substance of

August 18, 2022 23

After mixing, oxygen demanding substance present

Assuming that after mixing , resulting solution oxygen

August 18, 2022 24

Ions Hardness; alkalinity; acidity; conductivity;

pathogens Indicators (bacterial; viral); pathogen

• New class of constituents for which method is

August 18, 2022 28

Raw Animal Solid

Potential human exposure

August 18, 2022 Arun Kumar 30

August 18, 2022 Arun Kumar 31

August 18, 2022 Arun Kumar 33

August 18, 2022 34

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• So t-day BOD: yt=L0-Lt*