EEF5
EEF5
EEF5
y = Lo – Lt
Typical value of K = 0.23 per day for domestic sewage at 20oC. Value of ‘K’
is temperature dependent. KT = K20 (θ) T-20 where θ = 1.047
KT = Value of K at temperature T in 0C
TBOD
L0 NBOD
BOD CBOD
mg/l
Lo
y
Lt
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ----
--days
Example
Calculate the ultimate BOD for a sewage whose 5 day BOD at 20oC is 250 mg/l. Assume K = 0.23 per
day what will be BOD after 2 days.
Solution: y = Lo (1 – e Kt)
250 = Lo (1 – 5 x 0.23)
Lo = 365.83 mg/l
y2 = 365.83 (1 – e –0.23 x 2)
Example: The BOD5 of waste water is determined to be 150 mg/L at 200C. The k Value is
known to be 0.23 per day. What would be the BOD8 if test were run at 150C.
SOLUTION:
BOD exerted / consumed = y
BOD remaining = L
L = Lo e-Kt
160 = Lo e-K x 4
60 = Lo e-K x 8
Lo = 160 / e –4K
60 = [160 / e –4K ] e–K8
60 = 160 e –8K +4K
0.375 = e –4K
ln (0.375) = -4k
K = 0.245 per day
At 25oC
K25 = K20 (1.047) T-20
K25 = 0.245 (1.047) 25-20
K25 = 0.308 per day
Y5 = Lo (1 - e –Kt)
Y5 = 426.3 (1 – e –0.308 x 5)
Y5 = 335 mg/l
DERIVATION OF BOD EQUATION for Nitrogenous O.M
• As Carbonaceous BOD is easily decomposed into various compounds, the
Nitrogen which is a critical element for protein synthesis is bound up in
complex organic molecules is released as ammonia nitrogen. Similarly the
living organisms when died, nitrogen is converted into ammonia. The
oxidation of ammonia required oxygen. Also it is an important nutrient for
algal growth.
• Increased nitrogen control utilizes aerobic bacteria to convert ammonia(NH3 )
to Nitrite
(NO2 -). This type of bacteria is known as Nitrosomonas. The Nitrate bacteria
(Nitrobactor) convert
convert nitrite to Nitrate ((NO3 -). This process is termed as nitrification. The
Nitrogenous Oxygen demand consists of two steps.
NH3 + 3 O2 Nitrosomonas → 2 NO2 -+ 2H + + 2H2O
• 2 NO2 - + O2 → Nitrobactor 2 NO3-
• The overall reaction is NH3 +2O2 → NO3 - + H+ +H2O
DERIVATION OF BOD EQUATION for Nitrogenous O.M
As Oxygen is consumed in this reaction. This type of oxygen demand is
termed as Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand.
The total concentration of Organic and ammonia nitrogen in sewage is
known as Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN).
Theoretical NBOD = grams of Oxygen used / Grams of Nitrogen Oxidized
=(4*16)/ 14 = 4.57 gram of O2/ gram of Nitrogen.
For Untreated waste water Ultimate CBOD = 250-350 mg/L; Ultimate
NBOD = 70-230 mg/L
Also Ultimate NBOD = 4.57 * TKN
Example of NBOD
• A domestic sewage has 30 mg/L of nitrogen in the form of ammonia.
Calculate (a) the ultimate nitrogenous oxygen demand and (b) the ratio
of the ultimate NBOD to the concentration of nitrogen in the waste.
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Biological/Micro bacteriological Characteristics of sewage
• The inorganic portion is P2O5, SO3, Na2O, CaO, Mg O, K2O and Fe2 O3 .As
all of these elements and compounds are derived from environment, a
shortage of any of these substances would limit and in some cases,
change the growth. Population dynamics of bacteria in biological
treatment depends on environmental factors which include: pH;
temperature; type and concentration of the substrate; essential nutrient
concentration and its availability; (nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, etc.);
essential minerals; media toxicity; byproducts; and degree of mixing.
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