O

A
1)

R -
c
-
x Acid Halide

O O

Rc-o-c- Acide anhydride

a P
R-c-oR Ester
I -

Ar

R -c -
NHz Amide
8

R-C-OH Carboxylic Acid

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 Nomenclatures H-1
O

-
-> Formy
Alkane Alkanoic Acid
cit--->
->

acetyl
-Lol Carboxylic Acid

x]
&

csctz-i--> propancy

-
CT -T beneoy

properties.
0 High Boiling point + Melting point (zhedrogen Bonds) -

C
&
very soluble

↳ unsoluble
More than 6 Carbons will be

③ . More Acidic. Because (A) is easier to

*

C
- 0t -out
Be released.
·
Also because of the Resonance of (a)
charge in the Carboxylate (( -
-
-

- -

)s3
O E
sp2

* 120°, Trigonal planar, spi -

-
A
C
-

olt
1200

The Inductive Effects

· The More EWG the More the Acidity.

·In Aromatic: the O.P positions of EWG will be much acidic

0x0 O

C al xi C- of ct- of

<
< ct x + -

Cx)
X

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 Reaction with Base:

O
O
Moresolar
R-c -

oH + KOH - R-c -

o
-

x
+ HzO
w
Acid strong
Base salt

In Naming:
"Potasium Carboxylate"

Alkano -> Alkaneate

"preparation of Acids"
K Oxidation of
primary Alcohol, Aldehyde.
ing:
*

of

-of
KMnO4
&

② CrO3 "Jones" R -
b -
- - -

H - R -

③ HNO3

⑪ Ag. O ->(Aldeydes Only H

(Twoc 0) (Three C 0)
(ovec 0)
-

⑦ Oxidation of Aromatic Alkyle side chain.

singarou #pation Syrian dialicocoo

↳ alkyl
one
↳ more than one slkyl
R

*- KMnO4
- RC -

cool

↳ 3 A11M be oxidized, instead the benzene will destroyed.

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 ②Gringard + CO2

MgBrT
OH

o O
os
C 9x -
R-c c R -c -oH+ Mg(ol) Br
j - .

④ Nitrile with acid, Base

we can prepare Nitrile from Alkyl halide x
sj- 857 (120 -Coot
-
*

·CHeBr +KCN -:KBr +cHsCN -

THe -COOH
ON

Thacid: I will be converted to Ammonium Nix

R-CEN c R-d-oH +NHyt

niom
a

*
Base:
O

tR-C-o-Nat
R c =N
cm--o
-

Carboxylate"
&

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 O

s
11
R-c-oR
Ar
Ar
small
·

128, sp", Trigonal planas

Low
pp, soluble
Ester.
-pepoon
of
ming
Ester
Name of group
O
in
OR +
of
acid +
date. 1. Organic acid Alcohol
& week) with a cid
+

alides a
hydride) Ester> smide

o-i-o-ct
#
-> "Ethyl Ethanoate I
O
#
1.R -c R 0H -

thi-o-cuts
oH +
-

C
"Ethyl propanoate"
-

are
& O protonation of (O) acid:

"B
-o H

- "Methyl I
-

C
+
-
rv R -

of
beneamoatean
-

↑
attack as NW
Methyl
-

benzene Carboxylate" I ROA will a

the
·p.
-
H

&

ti-of R
R
- E-0H ROH T
-

i
. "phenyl Ethenote
> &

O
⑭

i-c-5-Fouti-i-o-n
It out

ci-o ->
↓
"cyclohexy) Ethanate
I

-------.
acid
soci
Halid) Anhydride) Ester) Amide
R-c -
o-NaT Alcohol
PX3, PXg

Another way,
Alcohol
-

↑
we can use acid Halid or Anhydride +

without P
i R
(Catalyst) R -
-
x R -
c - 0 - -

ONE 2 function group,

-H+
in the same

5,6
chain
bones

I
Carboxylic acid Alcohol
angst +
C
·

↳ Cyclic Ester .

said Halid
I ->
LActore O H,sY,
said anhydride
it * Y
·

t
I
i
JOIN THE DARKSIDE Alcoho
Carboxylic
Acid
 edroland I
ofEster
ofication #
Ester said salt+ Alcoho
Ester+Base is salt + Alcohol
+

R-i-oR +0H Rc +
R-i- 0-T 2 - oR + Hb>R -

-
oH + ROH

acid Halid
socie
3 Anhydride 7 Ester) Amide
R- i o-NaT Alcohol NH3
PX3, PXs
-

mmonia No, smilee

R-- Ntz
P
R -

c.oR +
H -

N- + -> + Rot
H

Gringard
acid
acid Halid
* Alcohol
3
-
anhydride-
->

O off

R-c -
oR +
RMgx R - R +
RMgX - R -
I
c- R
&

I
Ketone
" "

=3alcohol"

↑ Alcohol
F acid

·
ng:
LibIHy I
Acid
acid Holid
anhydride
Ester
-> IAlcohol
& of Ester ->
o
acidit acid
anhydride

1
B
O

R- c-oR LibNy
-
-R-C-H+LiAly RCAzoH
Aldehyde" " Alcohol"
- -

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 ·alid :-QE
Ar

polar, SP2, Trigonal planar

soluble
&Peraration
·

·
Low Bp

gaming a ic
* ↑ R--on
acide Halid

a...*-*x
-

as
- T

-
· ct-c-c ->: Ethanoyl chlorida"
S
........
·

itn-cH-d -c "3.Bromo propanoyl chloridea

& Hydrolysis.
Caddition of
water)
i
-c I
P,c p-chloro benzong) ↑
"
chloride
c R- Hz R
-

x + - c-oH + Ac

>
-

x
-

-
x
Carboxylic acid
↑ "

essmide
Ric i rt + Hc
d Nts -R- -

+
-

& giate sutsdride

) 0-
O O

R-c -

x + R- 3 -
5 Na
- R- - -
R +
Yach
M
Nitrile Na

R CEN
-
+
+Baseare i-ic-o

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 hydride
G g

11

R - c -
-
- R

ming
·

Acid -> Anhydride

·

o--cts -> "Ethanoic anhydride"or "acetic anhydride"

O
U

tri-o-cts ->
"Ethanoic propanoic anhydride"

Preparat8ionn
-

O
acid
-llzo Carboxylic
O

RC c x

o - o- -
R

O
W O O

R- c -

x + R -
C -
oNs ->R-c-o-c- R + NaX carboxylate

To convert from Anhydride to Carboxylic acid (Hydrolysis) -> Alcohol

-oH
di-
G

rolysis
one
&dration
o
R -

R + HzO - T R -

-oH
F
=

R -

-
Hed
+
Hz8 N

-
Alcohol
To Convert from Anhydride -> Ester + Carboxylic acid

C
C g
k- ot
R- oR R-
-
- R + Ro -

H -
R -
- +
"

"Ester" "Carboxylic acid

action5 (Acid deverative ->

Aldehyde -> 1 Alcohol
O
olt

i.o.-R HR- "-H ER-c-H I

2 + LiAlty + LiAIHy
"Aldehyde" "Alcohol"
-
i

Gringard: (Acid drevative -> Ketone >

- > Alcohol
off
O
I

i
8 -

R- -

0 -
i -

R + RMgX - R- i -
R +
RNgx ->R-c-R

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Ketore" ↑

"s"Alshe" f
 d R-c-NA,
R--N-H 1amide 1200
H
->

(Soluble, High Bp+Mp(

·

sp", Trigonal planar,

R- i
O

2"Amide
10 aming acid- amide
-
N -

t
- >
>
oic

(Soluble, High Bp+Mp(

k
·Citi-rt ->
"propallamide"

R-Y- ·smide
N-R =

Bp +Mp(
-N
[5-
(Soluble, Low

R ·
- >"benzamide"

3) aming o
-

2 aming (N-Alky)
cts--N-cHs "N,N-dimethys,
·Citi-N-ct>
·
->

Ethanamide
C16 3 - >
> "N-methyl Ethonamide"
-
H

cts--N-cHs <
"NFHIN
Mt
A N-#*- "v-phenyl methanamide"
-

Can
·

C1t >
H

Names o
-acid

H -NDs "formamide"
kN ..0.
toun
t
->
R- -
H 7

-R C TN H
clt-c-Nt
- =
-

-c "actamide" H H
CHycHe-c-Nth - "propionamide

pations
:
water (Hydrolysis
R--oH
C

s R--NHn
O

+Nts I C NHz
+Hz0 R
- -
+ H20 -> R -
j-oH +
NH,
-,"smide"

j
R -
-

(-()(+ R)
N+z + C3 =

R -

"2amide"
- NH
CH
+ Ac 2 Giga
① 8
I
before

R: C- Nz +RMgX ->R-"j -
R
islchel
ol I
O
⑫

R-c-NHz
R-c-
O

i R RNgx ->R-c n
+ cxc = - R - -
N(cs) 1T
+
3 + -

3 amide"
"

to
H
I

1-.-NHz +
LibIANT R-c-NH
it
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