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END TERM EXAMINATIONS

EXAMINATION SERIES END TERM EXAMS/APRIL 2024 SERIES

DEPARTMENT MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE CRAFT CERTIFICATE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (CRME)
MODULE II
TERM II
UNIT MATHEMATICS II AND MECHANICAL SCIENCE II
EXAM CODE 1503/203

STUDENT NAME
ADMISSION NUMBER

STUDENT’S
SCORE TIME 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

You should have the following for this Examination:

Answer booklet; Scientific calculator/ mathematical tables; Drawing instruments.

This paper consists of TWO sections, A and B.

Answer ALL questions in section A and in section B.

All questions carry equal marks.

Maximum marks for each part of a question are shown.

Candidates should answer the questions in English

This paper consists of 3 printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing

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SECTION B: (50 marks)

MECHANICAL SCIENCE II

Answer ALL the questions

6 (a) Define the terms

(i) Heat
"Heat" is a form of energy transfer that occurs between two substances at different temperatures
(ii) Heat capacity
is the amount of heat transferred to the substance
(iii) Specific heat capacity
often denoted by the symbol C, is a physical property of a substance that quantifies the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of the substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).
It is expressed in units of energy per degree Celsius (or per Kelvin), such as joules per degree Celsius (J/°C) or
calories per degree Celsius (cal/°C).

(b) calculate the power of an electric heater which raises the temperature of 1.5 kg of water by 50 °C in five minutes.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of water is 4200j/kg°C and neglect all heat losses (7marks)

To calculate the power of the electric heater, we can use the formula:

Power=Energy/Time

First, we need to find the energy transferred to the water by the heater. We can use the formula for heat energy:

Q=mcΔT

Where:

 Q is the heat energy transferred (in joules)

 m is the mass of the water (in kilograms)

 c is the specific heat capacity of water (in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius)

 ΔT is the change in temperature (in degrees Celsius)

Given:

 m=1.5 kg (mass of water)

 c=4200 J/kg°C (specific heat capacity of water)

 ΔT=50 °C (change in temperature)

Q=(1.5 kg)×(4200 J/kg°C)×(50 °C)

Q=(1.5kg)×(4200J/kg°C)×(50°C) =315,000 J

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Q=315,000J

Now, we have the total energy transferred to the water. To find the power of the electric heater, we divide this energy
by the time:

Given:

 Time =5 minutes

First, we need to convert time to seconds since power is typically measured in watts (joules per second).

t=5minutes×60seconds/minute=300seconds

Now, we can calculate the power:

Power=315,000 J/300 s

Power=1050 W

So, the power of the electric heater is 1050 W.

(c) The mass of an empty density bottle is 20g. Its mass when filled with water is 40 g and when filled with liquid
X is 50 g. Calculate the density of liquid X. Take the density of water = 1000kg/m3
(10 Marks)

Solution

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7. (a) (i) State the Boyle’s law and Charles law (2 Marks)

I) Charles law

"At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in
Kelvin)."

ii) boyles law

"At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure."

(ii) A mass of air of volume 750 cm3 is heated at constant pressure from 10ᵒC to 100ᵒC.Determine the final
volume of the air (6Marks)

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(b) A timber block 200cm long, 100cm wide and 50 cm thick weigh 50kg. Determine the:

i. Greatest pressure it can exert on a flat surface

ii. Least pressure it can exert on a flat surface

(Take g=100N/kg) (8Marks)

Solution

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8. (a) The volume V of a gas at pressure P is reduced to 2/7 V without change of temperature. Determine the new
pressure of the gas (6Marks)

(b) A block of glass 187.5 g is 5.0 cm long, 2.0 cm thick and 7.5 cm high. Determine the density of the glass in
kg/m3 (8 Marks)

(c) Outline two factors that affect the values of the velocity ratio of each of the following systems

i. Pulley
ii. Screw jack
iii. Chain drive
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iv. Gear train (8 Marks)

The velocity ratio of a machine system is influenced by various factors specific to the design and operation of each
system. Here's an outline of factors that affect the velocity ratio for each of the mentioned systems:

(i) Pulley:

Number of pulleys: The number of pulleys in the system affects the velocity ratio. More pulleys typically result in a
higher velocity ratio, as each additional pulley can multiply the force or speed.

Diameter of pulleys: Larger pulleys generally provide a greater velocity ratio because they allow for more rope to be
wrapped around them, resulting in a larger mechanical advantage.

Friction: Friction between the pulley and the rope can reduce the efficiency of the system and affect the velocity ratio.
Lubrication and proper maintenance can minimize frictional losses.

Pulley arrangement: Different arrangements of pulleys, such as fixed and movable pulleys or combinations of both, can
affect the velocity ratio. Each arrangement alters the mechanical advantage and thus the velocity ratio.

(ii) Screw Jack:

Pitch of the screw: The distance moved axially per revolution of the screw is determined by the pitch. A smaller pitch
results in a higher velocity ratio, as the load is lifted a greater distance for each turn of the screw.

Thread angle: The angle of the threads on the screw affects the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio. A steeper
thread angle results in a higher velocity ratio, as it requires less force to lift the load.

Effort applied: The force applied to turn the screw affects the velocity ratio. Higher applied forces can increase the
velocity ratio by providing more torque to lift the load.

(iii) Chain Drive:

Sprocket sizes: The ratio of the diameters of the driving and driven sprockets affects the velocity ratio. Larger driving
sprockets or smaller driven sprockets result in a higher velocity ratio.

Chain pitch: The distance between the centers of adjacent chain links, known as the pitch, influences the velocity ratio.
Smaller pitch chains provide higher velocity ratios.

Tension in the chain: Proper tension in the chain is necessary to prevent slippage and ensure efficient power
transmission, which affects the velocity ratio.

(iv) Gear Train:

Gear ratio: The ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to the number of teeth on the driven gear determines
the velocity ratio. Higher gear ratios result in higher velocity ratios.

Gear size: The diameter of the gears affects the velocity ratio. Larger gears generally provide a higher velocity ratio by
allowing for more teeth engagement and smoother operation.

Gear arrangement: Different arrangements of gears, such as simple, compound, or planetary, affect the velocity ratio.
Each arrangement alters the mechanical advantage and thus the velocity ratio.

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