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DR AS 3610 - formwork

Civil engineering (Higher School of Civil Engineering)

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2/3/2021 Formwork for concrete, Part 2: Design and construction - Standards Australia

Formwork for concrete, Part 2: Design and construction

This Australian Standard ® was prepared by BD-043, Formwork. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on DD Month 201X.

Preface
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-043, Formwork, to supersede AS 361041995 Amdt 1 and AS 3610 Supplement 24
1996.

The objective of this Standard is to provide architects, engineers, builders and construction contractors, and formwork designers, suppliers and contractors with
design information that will enable them to produce formwork that will safely support ýuid concrete until it is self-supporting.

This Standard provides a design document to achieve the objectives of AS 3610.1 with regard to the quality of ünish of formed concrete surfaces.

This Standard does not cover project documentation, construction documentation, formwork documentation, proprietary documentation, surface ünish and
colour control, which are covered by AS 3610.1.

The major changes in this edition are as follows:

(a) Formwork actions have been substantially updated.

(b) A section speciüc to structural analysis methods for falsework has been added.

(c) A section for special formwork, such as single sided wall forms, jump/climb forms, and slip forms, has been added.

(d) The testing of formwork and its components has been expanded from the earlier versions of this Standard, with new Appendices detailing speciüc tests.

The terms <normative= and <informative= are used in Standards to deüne the application of the appendices or annexes to which they apply. A <normative=
appendix or annex is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an <informative= appendix or annex is only for information and guidance.

This Standard includes a commentary on some of the clauses. The commentary directly follows the relevant clause, is designated by <C= preceding the clause
number and is printed in italics in a box. The commentary is for information and guidance and does not form part of the Standard.

1 Scope and general

1.1 Scope
This Standard sets out the minimum requirements for the design, erection and, where applicable, removal of formwork and the supporting falsework for cast in
situ concrete.

This Standard applies to the design of the form that contains and moulds the cast in situ concrete to the required dimensions. This Standard also includes the
design of the falsework that supports the form and transfers all the loads to a stable surface(s) and/or to multiple levels prior to, during and following placement
of concrete into the form, and supporting equipment used as falsework.

This Standard includes speciüc tests for adjustable props and shoring frames.

This Standard does not cover project documentation, construction documentation, formwork documentation, proprietary documentation, surface ünish and
colour control, which are covered by AS 3610.1.

1.2 Application
The design, documentation and veriücation of formwork shall conform to Section 2.

Procedures to be followed during construction shall conform to Section 6.

Special formwork shall conform to Section 7. The term <special= is intended to apply to formwork such as tunnel forms, jump/climb forms, slipforms, and
permanent forms.

1.3 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document.
NOTE Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.

AS 1170.4, Structural design actions, Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia

AS 1720.1, Timber structures, Part 1: Design methods

AS 2082, Timber 3 Hardwood-Visually graded for structural purposes

AS 2858, Timber4Softwood4Visually stress-graded for structural purposes

AS 3600, Concrete structures

AS 4100, Steel structures

AS 5100, Bridge design (series)

AS 6669, Plywood 4 formwork

AS/NZS 1170.2, Structural design actions, Part 2: Wind actions

AS/NZS 1170.3, Structural design actions, Part 3: Snow and ice actions

AS/NZS 1576.1, Scaûolding, Part 1: General requirements

AS/NZS 1576.2, Scaûolding, Part 2: Couplers and accessories

AS/NZS 1576.6, Scaûolding, Part 6: Metal tube-and-coupler scaûolding3Deemed to comply with AS/NZS 1576.3

AS/NZS 1664.1, Aluminium structures, Part 1: Limit state design

AS/NZS 1892.1, Portable ladders, Part 1: performance and geometric requirements

AS/NZS 4600, Cold-formed steel structures

AS/NZS 4994.1, Temporary edge protection, Part 1: General requirements

AS/NZS 4994.4, Temporary edge protection, Part 4: Perimeter protection screens

1.4 Terms and deünitions

For the purpose of this Standard, the deünitions in AS 3610.1 and the following apply.
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2/3/2021 Formwork for concrete, Part 2: Design and construction - Standards Australia
1.4.1
jump formwork
combined formwork and falsework systems that relocate vertically

Note 1 to entry: Also known as a jump-form or a climb-form.

1.4.2
travelling formwork
combined formwork and falsework systems that relocate horizontally

1.5 New designs and innovations

This Standard does not prevent the use of materials, methods of assembly, procedures and the like that do not conform with the speciüc requirements of this
Standard, or are not mentioned in it, provided the minimum dimensional and performance requirements speciüed herein are met.

1.6 Notation
The following notation is used in this Standard:

Ab = brace member gross cross-sectional area (see Clause 4.3.4.2)

Ab.red = brace member reduced cross-sectional area (see Clause 4.3.4.2)
C1 = coeþcient dependent on the size and shape of formwork (see Appendix E)
C2 = coeþcient given in Table E.1 for the constituent materials of the concrete (see Appendix E)
di = the nominal inner diameter of the outer tube (see Clause 4.3.4.3)
do = the nominal outer diameter of the inner member (see Clause 4.3.4.3)
Eb = brace member modulus of elasticity (see Clause 4.3.4.2)
Ed = design action eûect due to the most adverse limit state design load (see Clause 3.3.3)
Ed, dst = stability limit state combination for destabilizing actions (see Clause 3.3.2)
Ed, stb = stability limit state combination for stabilizing actions (see Clause 3.3.2)
Eu = ultimate earthquake action (see Clause 3.2.3.7.4)
e = total eccentricity (see Clause 4.3.4.1)
e’ = a üxed eccentricity (see Clause 4.3.4.1)
e” = the maximum possible unintentional eccentricity (see Clause 4.3.4.1)
ej = oûset between two spigot-joined compression members (see Clause 4.3.4.3)
Fd = The force due to accumulated debris against the formwork, in kilonewtons (see Clause 3.2.3.7.5)
Fsn = ultimate snow action (see Clause 3.2.3.7.3)
Fw = The force due to the water ýowing around the formwork, in kilonewtons (see Clause 3.2.3.7.5)
Gc = permanent action, weight of placed concrete (see Clause 3.2.2.2)
Gf = permanent action, weight of formwork (see Clause 3.2.2.1)
Gp = permanent action, weight from additional concrete due to deýection of supporting member, referred
to as ponding (see Clause 7.2.4.4.3)
Gs = permanent action, weight of elements of the permanent structure (see Clause 3.2.2.3)
H = vertical form or concrete discharge height, whichever is greater, in metres (see Appendix E)
hc = vertical pour height, in metres (see Appendix E)
Ih = unintended action, horizontal impact (see Clause 3.2.4.1)
Iv = unintended action, vertical impact (see Clause 3.2.4.2)
K = temperature coeþcient (see Appendix E)
k1 = factor for the eûect of load duration on timber strength (see Table 3.3.2)
kb = axial stiûness of the brace connector (see Clause 4.3.4.2)
kd = modiücation factor to allow for the strength variations (see Clause A.5.5)
kd1 = modiücation factor for duration of load (see Clause A.4.4.3)
ks = sampling factor using a coeþcient of variation (see Clause A.4.4)
L = actual length of the member under consideration between node points (see Clause 5.3.2.2.4)
Lb = brace member length (see Clause 4.3.4.2)
le = eûective length of the member under consideration between node points (see Clause 5.3.2.2.4)
lo = overlap length (see Clause 4.3.4.3)
N* = design value of vertical action on falsework (see Clause 4.3.6)
Ncr = elastic critical buckling value of the vertical action (see Clause 4.3.6)
n = accumulated sample size or total number of units tested (see Clause A.4.4)
nv = number of connected vertical compression members erected side by side (see Clause 4.3.4.3)
Pc = lateral concrete pressure (see Clause 3.2.3.8)
Pi = initial average pressure of a plastic concrete incremental layer, in kilopascal (see Clause 7.2.2.3.3)
Pc.hyd = plastic concrete hydrostatic lateral pressure, in kilopascal (see Clause 3.2.3.8, 7.2.2.3.3 and
Appendix E)
Pc.inc = lateral concrete pressure for incremental concrete pour speciücally but not limited to slip-forming, in
kilopascal (see Clause 7.2.2.3.3)
Qc2 = concrete variable action due to mounding for Stage 2 (see Clause 3.2.3.2)
Qg = vertical and horizontal imposed action for guard railing (see Clause 3.2.3.5)
Qh = horizontal imposed action (see Clause 3.2.3.4)
Qm = imposed action from the weight of stacked materials at a given stage of construction (see
Clause 3.2.3.3)
Qw = vertical imposed action from workers, equipment and concrete placement (see Clause 3.2.3.1)
Qw1 = vertical imposed action from workers and equipment for Stage 1 (see Clause 3.2.3.1(a))
Qw2 = vertical imposed action from workers, equipment and concrete placement for Stage 2 (see
Clause 3.2.3.1(b))
Qw3 = vertical imposed action from workers and equipment for Stage 3 (see Clause 3.2.3.1(c))
Qx = imposed other actions that occur concurrently with other construction activities (see Clause 3.2.3.6)
(ϕR) = the strength limit state capacity (see Appendix A)
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2/3/2021 Formwork for concrete, Part 2: Design and construction - Standards Australia

Rd = design capacity of the formwork, or components, or members or connections, as appropriate,

equals ϕR (see Clauses 2.3.4, 2.3.5 and Section 5)
r = rate at which the concrete rises vertically up the formwork in metres per hour (see Clause 7.2.2.3.3
and Appendix E)
Su = design situation combination of destabilizing eûects (see Clause 3.3.2)
Sv = slip-form slide speed (see Clause 7.2.2.3.4)
St = the test load (see Appendix A)
s = standard deviation of a ünite population of units tested (see Clause A.4.4.2)
T = concrete temperature at placement, in degrees Celsius (see Clause 7.2.2.3.3 and Appendix E)
V = coeþcient of variation for the failure load of the units tested (see Clause A.4.4.2)
Ws = environmental action, service wind (see Clause 3.2.3.7.2)
Wu = environmental action, ultimate wind (see Clause 3.2.3.7.2)
x̄ = mean value of the test results of the units tested (see Clause A.4.4.2)
Xf = friction due to a slip-form form-face pressing against concrete (see Clause 7.2.2.3.2)
xi = test result of each individual unit of the sample (see Clause A.4.4.2)
³d = variable partial load factor for unanticipated load redistribution (see Clause 2.3.4.2)
³p = variable partial load factor for lateral concrete pressure (see Clause 3.3.2 and 3.3.3)
³WLL = limit state conversion factor (see Clause 5.3.3)
´o = member out-of-straightness (see Clause 4.3.3.2)
ρ = wet density of concrete, in kilograms per cubic metre (see Appendix E)
φ = angle of deviation for a series of connected parallel compression members, in radians (see
Clause 4.3.4.3)
φj = angular change between two compression members connected end to end with a spigot, in radians
(see Clause 4.3.4.3)

2 Design requirements
2.1 Scope of section
This Section sets out the minimum design requirements for formwork.

The formwork design shall be as follows:

(a) The project and construction requirements set out in Clause 2.2.

(b) The structural requirements set out in Clause 2.3.

(c) The formwork documentation shall conform to the requirements of AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.4.

The obligation, competency and minimum requirements for verifying the formwork design conforms to this Standard shall be in accordance with Clause 2.4.

2.2 Project and construction requirements

2.2.1 General
The formwork design shall conform to the requirements speciüed in the 4

(a) project documentation prepared in accordance with AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.2; and

(b) construction documentation prepared in accordance with Clause 2.2.2 and AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.3.

2.2.2 Additional construction requirements

2.2.2.1 General
The formwork shall conform to the following requirements:

(a) Provide space for access and working.

(b) Designed to permit inspection, adjustment and stripping.

(c) Provided with means to resist movement and misalignment at construction joints in the concrete.

(d) Fitted with mechanisms to facilitate adjustment of the formwork and to permit the controlled movement of formwork during stripping.

(e) The installation of all adjustment mechanisms shall be such that the anticipated actions cannot dislodge them. The adjustment mechanisms shall not be
subject to uncontrolled movement under load.

(f) Where it is possible that any movement would cause formwork components to become unstable, dislodged or to collapse, there shall be positive means to
prevent that consequence.

(g) Provided with bracing to ensure that the formwork can be safely erected and stripped.

NOTE 1 The design should be based on concepts and details whose realization is achievable and can be checked on site.

NOTE 2 Some authorities may require the design to conform to other criteria, e.g. additional provisions for safe working.

2.2.2.2 Foundations and footings

Elements of the permanent structure intended to be used or existing structures shall not be used to support the formwork unless permitted by the project
documentation, in accordance with AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.2. Elements of the permanent structure to be used as a footing for the falsework may require
additional support.

Where foundations and footings are used the following condition where applicable shall be met:

(a) The foundation material beneath the footings shall be investigated to determine its bearing and settlement characteristics.

(b) The footings shall support the falsework on the foundation material. As a result the formwork shall satisfy the requirements for stability, strength and
serviceability limit states.

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2/3/2021 Formwork for concrete, Part 2: Design and construction - Standards Australia

(c) Movement of the footings that occurs prior to the initial set of the concrete shall not cause the tolerances on the cast in situ concrete to exceed the speciüed
limit’s acceptable levels.

(d) Movement of the footings after the initial setting of the concrete shall not cause any detrimental eûects to the cast in situ concrete. Project documentation
shall allow for this design requirement.

(e) Falsework shall be stable through stages 1, 2 and 3 and appropriately transfer the design actions to the supporting footings.

2.3 Structural requirements

2.3.1 General
Formwork shall be designed in the limit states method.

The formwork shall be analysed subject to the combinations of permanent, variable and unintended actions set out in Section 3, taking account of the applicable
importance level given in AS 3610.1:2018 Appendix A.

To determine the relevant design serviceability parameters and action eûects, the formwork (including, components, members and connections) shall be
analysed in accordance with Section 4.

The design resistance of the formwork (including, its components, members and connections) shall be determined in accordance with Section 5.

The design of the formwork (including, its components, members and connections), for the duration of its design working life (job duration), shall conform to the
following:

(a) Serviceability requirements set out in Clause 2.3.2.

(b) Stability requirements set out in Clause 2.3.3.

(c) Strength requirements set out in Clause 2.3.4.

(d) Structural integrity requirements set out in Clause 2.3.5.

(e) Deterioration requirements set out in Clause 2.3.6.

NOTE Formwork may be designed not only by calculation but also by empirical methods which involve various forms of testing on full-scale assemblies or components. See Appendix A for relevant testing
requirements.

2.3.2 Serviceability
Formwork deformations shall not exceed the limits and tolerances in AS 3610, unless otherwise stated in project documentation.

Serviceability limit states shall be satisüed in accordance with Equation 2.3(1) as follows:

´ f ´1
2.3(1)

where

´ = values of the serviceability parameter (deýection, deformation or vibration) determined by analysis

(in accordance with the requirements of Sections 4 and 5) of the action combinations speciüed in
Section 3
´1 = limiting value of the serviceability parameter (for surface ünish refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 3.2)

Any eûects of vibration detrimental to the functioning of the formwork shall be taken into account.

The formwork shall have suþcient stiûness, mass, or both, to avoid any detrimental eûects of vibration on its structural capacity, tolerances and surface ünish.

For multiple-use formwork, deformations shall remain elastic.

2.3.3 Stability
The formwork shall resist over-turning, uplift and sliding without external restraint or support from the permanent or any existing structure, unless such restraint
is permitted and within the limitations permitted in the project documentation (see Figure C2.3.3 and refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.2.4).

The stability limit state of the formwork shall be satisüed in accordance with Equation 2.3(2) as follows:

Ed,stb + Rd g Ed,dst
2.3(2)

where

Ed,stb = design eûect of stabilizing actions (see Section 3)

Rd = design capacity (equal to ϕR) of any stabilizing formwork, component or connection (see Section 5)
Ed,dst = design eûect of destabilizing actions (see Section 3)

C2.3.3 Formwork assemblies are generally lightweight structures and are therefore susceptible to stability problems. Consequently, when analysing the
structure, the direction of placement of the concrete should be considered, in addition to the loads speciüed in this Standard, in order to avoid instability
problems such as that shown in Figure C2.3.3. Unless strict control of the sequence of placement of the concrete is feasible, the worst direction of placement
should be assumed.

Similarly, tall formwork assemblies may require supports to be adequately anchored to temporary footings or to the permanent structure in order to avoid the
problem of overturning or sliding.

Figure C2.3.3 4 Instability

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2/3/2021 Formwork for concrete, Part 2: Design and construction - Standards Australia

2.3.4 Strength
2.3.4.1 General
The formwork, its components, members, connections, foundation and any points of resistance shall not collapse, rupture or deform excessively. The strength
limit state of the formwork shall be in accordance with Equation 2.3(3) as follows:

³d Ed f Rd
2.3(3)

where

³d = partial load factor for unanticipated load redistribution (see Clause 2.3.4.2)
Ed = design action eûect (see Clause 3.3.3)
Rd = design capacity (equal to ϕR) (see Section 5)
2.3.4.2 Unanticipated load redistribution factor (³d)
For members whose failure could result in the collapse of the formwork, the eûects of unanticipated load redistribution shall be taken into account by increasing
the design action eûect by a factor, ³d = 1.3. This factor shall apply to critical members, which include, but are not limited to, primary bearers, falsework and
form ties.

For formwork members other than critical members, such as the form face and secondary members, and statically determinate systems, the global load factor
shall be equal to ³d = 1.0.

Refer to Table 3.3.1 for application of the unanticipated load redistribution factor.
NOTE For a formwork system to be regarded as statically determinate, the secondary members and the primary members must span singularly to their supports, precluding continuous members.

C2.3.4.2 While the load-carrying capacity of formwork support structures (falsework) can be determined accurately using tests or advanced numerical
methods, the loads applied to falsework structures in the üeld are highly unpredictable. Studies of conventional formwork support systems have determined a
high variance between predicted support load and actual support load. Factors such as discontinuities in the formwork and imperfections in the support
structure such as drift in set-out, jacks not in contact with bearers, out-of-plumb shores, eccentric bearers, form ties with uneven adjustment and variable
foundation conditions all contribute to unanticipated load redistribution.

In design practice, the loads acting on shores are commonly calculated using the tributary area method with continuity eûects. The applied loads are the
weight of the newly poured slab and the code-speciüed formwork design live load. Construction site studies have shown variances over 35 % of the predicted
tributary load occurring [1].

The need for a magnitude partial load factor for unanticipated load redistribution, ³d, is reliability-based and dependent on the magnitude of the partial load
factors in Table 3.3.1 and the imposed action for workers and equipment during Stage 2, Qw2 = 2 kPa.

By applying the unanticipated load redistribution factor, where applicable, it brings the reliability for limit state strength design of this standard generally in line
with the formwork standards of Europe and North America.

2.3.5 Structural integrity

The design of the formwork shall provide load paths to the foundations or the permanent structure, where permitted in the project documentation, for forces
generated by all types of actions from all parts of the formwork.

The formwork shall be connected in both the horizontal and vertical planes so that the formwork can withstand an event without being damaged to an extent
disproportionate to that event (not disproportionate to the cause).

The formwork, its members and connections shall be designed to prevent progressive collapse.

The design of the formwork shall not rely on any part of the permanent or any existing structure to provide restraint, a point of resistance or support, unless
permitted by, and within the limitations speciüed in, the project documentation (refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.2).
NOTE Where not speciüed in the project documentation, it may be necessary to seek permission from the developer of the project documentation to use the permanent or any existing structure for restraint or
support of the formwork, as well as any limitations applicable.

C2.3.5 Progressive collapse is a problem which can be encountered more frequently in formwork assemblies than in most structures. Progressive collapse
occurs when the collapse of one component results in adjacent components becoming overloaded and, in turn, collapsing. An example of the onset of
progressive collapse is shown in Figure C2.3.5

Figure C2.3.5 4 Progressive collapse

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2.3.6 Deterioration
Formwork components and assemblies of formwork components shall be designed for the acceptance criteria speciüed in Table 6.3.1.

The design of formwork shall make an allowance for the deteriorating eûects of environmental conditions, unless documented control measures mitigate the
eûects.

A reduction in the formwork capacity shall be used where control measures are not possible.
NOTE 1 Environmental conditions are not to be confused with environmental actions, see Clause 3.2.3.7.

NOTE 2 See Clauses 6.3.4 and 6.3.5 for acceptance criteria of formwork components and materials.

C2.3.6 The eûects of environmental conditions will determine the life expectancy of formwork components and materials. Components set up in aggressive
environments (e.g. bridges, wharfs, jetties, chemical plants, oil reüneries, marine tidal zones, tropical climates) or undergoing adverse activities (materials in
transit, stripping, impact, prolonged weather exposure) require a level of durability or an allowance for loss of strength.

Durability may be attained through greater wall thicknesses with components, coated protection such as galvanising, or material selection such as stainless
steel. However, where economics or formwork availability preclude the use of directly improving durability, then an allowance for designed deterioration is
necessary. No more than 5 % material loss should be considered, but in a situation with an extreme environment, operating with an allowance of
approximately 10 % material loss due to corrosion may be appropriate, when allowed for.

For steel members resisting predominantly axial loads (commonly falsework), a 5 % reduction in surface area (or cross-sectional area) correlates to a 5 %
reduction in section capacity and a slightly smaller reduction in buckling capacity (4 % to 5 %). A reduction factor of 0.95 can be used for the simulation of 5 %
material loss in an axially loaded component. For material losses greater than 5 %, or members resisting bending actions, rigorous design and/or satisfactory
proof testing should be used in determining the allowable percentage of material loss.

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A component and assembly of components should be designed for the acceptance criterial speciüed in Table 6.3.1. This simulates construction site
tolerances, usage, and abuse of formwork equipment.

With timber, the load carrying capacity is adversely aûected by weathering and mechanical damage. This clause intends to qualify timber capacity when
weathered. However, it should be noted that no reliable research information could be sourced. The amount of time exposed, greatly inýuences the weathering
eûects. Without accurate data on exposure, or control measures for materials on construction sites then it is very diþcult to provide guidance on the eûects of
weathering. Direct testing of a representative sample of severely weathered timber elements would be required to determine degraded capacity. For a timber
product degraded by mechanical damage only, then design for the reduced cross-section can be undertaken for determining the capacity.

2.4 Formwork design veriücation

2.4.1 General
The obligation and competency to verify the formwork design conforming to this Standard shall be in accordance with Table 2.4.

The minimum requirements for veriücation of the formwork design are set out in Clause 2.4.2.

The details of the design veriücation shall be documented, including providing 4

(a) reference to the speciüc formwork design documentation veriüed;

(b) reference to all project, construction, formwork and technical documents, Standards, testing, and information upon which the veriücation is based; and

(c) all assumptions upon which the veriücation is based, including both the assumptions made by the designer and the veriüer.

Table 2.4 — Formwork design veriücation obligation and competency

Formwork design veriücation

Importance level
Obligation Competency
I Optional Experienced
Experienced in formwork design of the type being assessed
and in terms of its magnitude
II Mandatory Qualiüed
Knowledge, skills and training in the aspects of that type
formwork design
III Mandatory Independent
The skills of a qualiüed competency above, who is
experienced in the design of formwork of that type and not
involved in the design of that project

NOTE 1 For Table 2.4, descriptions of formwork systems for the given formwork importance levels are setout in AS 3610.1:2018 Table A.1.

NOTE 2 It is expected that a competent person will complete formwork design veriücation.

C2.4.1 Where a person is not comfortable with the given formwork system, then it is expected that they recognize that they are not experienced enough to
provide design veriücation, no matter their qualiücation level. Nominating a time period of experience for a given competency is diþcult as it requires similar
recognition in conürming the said experience. No formal registry to record experience with formwork systems currently exists. Safety codes of practice for
some States speciücally nominate required experience and qualiücations for formwork veriücation.

2.4.2 Minimum requirements

The design veriücation shall ensure the formwork design conforms with this Standard, as follows:

(a) The formwork documentation conforms to the requirements of AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.4.

(b) The formwork design conforms to the project and construction requirements set out in Clause 2.2.

(c) The formwork design conforms to the structural requirements set out in Clause 2.3.

Where design or design veriücation is assisted by testing, the testing conforms to the requirements of Appendix A of this Standard.

3 Design actions and action combinations

3.1 Scope of section
Formwork shall be designed for the permanent, variable and unintended actions speciüed in Clause 3.2, combined in accordance with Clause 3.3.

C3.1 It is not intended that the requirements of this Section will comprehensively cover all eventualities in formwork design. Where an unusual formwork
assembly is to be designed, care is necessary to assess whether the requirements of this Standard are adequate in themselves to constitute an adequate
design.

3.2 Actions
3.2.1 General
The actions on formwork shall be determined in accordance with Clauses 3.2.2 to 3.2.4, taking into account each of the following stages in the construction
cycle:

(a) Stage 1 4 Prior to placement of concrete. Includes the period 4

(i) during handling and erection of the formwork; and

(ii) once the formwork is erected, but prior to placement of concrete.

(b) Stage 2 4 During placement of concrete.

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(c) Stage 3 4 After placement of concrete, and until the formwork is removed.

These actions shall take precedence over those deüned in other relevant Standards.
NOTE 1 See Figure C3.2.1 for examples of typical actions that may occur in formwork.

NOTE 2 Typically, actions on formwork during Stage 3, include those arising during curing, post-tensioning, relaxation of prestress, as well as landing and stacking materials, loading or operating plant or
machinery, construction of subsequent elements, such as walls and plinths.

NOTE 3 See Clause 6.4 for further commentary on the stages of construction for formwork.

C3.2.1 The three stages in the construction cycle are clearly deüned. However, attention is drawn to the fact that during the construction of some structures,
the three stages may overlap. After completion of Stage 3 at a certain level in the building, Stage 1 may commence adjacent or at the level above. Where this
occurs, it is essential that the formwork designer recognize the various stages and make adequate provision for the load eûects of each in turn.

Figure C3.2.1 depicts various actions that can take place over the three stages of the formwork construction cycle. It is a diagrammatic representation of the
actions described in this Section and does not represent safe work practices or a realistic construction site.

Figure C3.2.1 4 Examples of typical loading conditions on formwork

3.2.2 Permanent actions

3.2.2.1 Formwork (Gf)
Permanent actions shall include the weight of formwork, including where applicable, the weight of 4

(a) any part of the permanent structure forming part of or supported by the formwork;

(b) any ancillary structure connected to the formwork;

(c) forms;

(d) falsework;

(e) multistorey shoring and

(f) footings.

3.2.2.2 Placed concrete (Gc)

Permanent actions shall include the weight of concrete as placed, plus an allowance for the weight of reinforcement.
NOTE 1 For dense aggregate unreinforced concrete 24.0 kN/m3 should be used, plus an allowance of 0.6 kN/m3 for each 1 % of reinforcement by volume. Typically 25 kN/m3 for soþt formwork.

NOTE 2 Specialists installations may use high density concrete. For example, concrete elements of bridges can have densities of 26.5kN/m3.

3.2.2.3 Elements of the permanent structure (Gs)

Permanent actions shall include the weight of elements of the permanent structure supported directly or indirectly by formwork, including but not limited to,
where applicable, the weight of 4

(a) plinths, upstands, spandrels, columns and walls; and

(b) plant or machinery.

3.2.3 Variable actions

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3.2.3.1 Workers and their equipment (Qw)

For formwork, the value for the imposed action from the weight of workers and equipment shall be taken as the most severe of the following:

(a) For Stage 1, either 4

(i)Qw1 = 1.0 kPa; or

(ii)Qw1 = 0 kPa.

(b) For Stage 2, either 4

(i)Qw2 = 2.0 kPa, which includes an allowance for localized mounding during concrete placing; or

(ii)Qw2 = 0 kPa.

NOTE 1 In some circumstances, once the concrete has reached its full height, the eûects of concrete mounding may exceed 2.0 kPa, e.g. excessive mounding of concrete for manual distribution or kibble delivery,
see Clause 3.2.3.2.

NOTE 2 See Section 7 for Stage 2 variable actions applicable to long span systems such as precast and permanent formwork in composite structures. It is recognized that Qw2 = 2.0 kPa may be too severe for
long span systems. However, vertical deýection of long span systems typically governs, and short-term variable actions are not considered when determining serviceability deýection.

C3.2.3.1 (a) A more severe but transient load can occur at the point of discharge of the concrete onto the forms. While it is desirable not to mound the
concrete in one location and then use the vibrators to transport the concrete horizontally, in practice this occurs frequently, and is independent of whether
discharge is from a kibble or a pump. As the majority of concrete pours are delivered via a concrete pump the mounding and dynamics are not as severe as
that of kibble delivery, but the eûect is present.

Instead of complicating Stage 2 with separate workers and concrete mounding loading conditions, it was determined that it was equally reliable to take
account of the eûect with a uniformly distributed load of Qw2 = 2.0 kPa. This has the added beneüt of aligning this Standard more closely with the EN and ACI
live loads.

(c) For Stage 3, either of the following load conditions:

(i) Where there is only one ýoor level to be supported, either 4

(A)Qw3 = 1.0 kPa; or

(B)Qw3 = 0 kPa.

(ii) Where there is more than one ýoor level to be supported, the topmost level shall be taken as 1.0 kPa, and the other levels taken as 0.25 kPa.

For formwork acting as an access platform, the value for the imposed action from the weight of workers and equipment (Qw) shall be not less than 2.5 kPa at
any stage of the construction cycle.

For formwork acting as a working platform, the value for the imposed action from the weight of workers and equipment (Qw) at any stage of the construction
cycle shall be the most adverse of either a 4

(1) 1.0 kPa uniformly distributed load; or

(2) 2 kN point load at the most adverse location.

C3.2.3.1 (b) It is important to be aware that the most adverse action combination may occur with Qw = 0 kPa. For example, with Qw1 = 0 kPa, a maximum
uplift due to a horizontal wind action would occur if the design wind action is applied during Stage 1. The stability combination, with Qw = 0 kPa, is also critical
whenever cantilevers are used in formwork construction. Qw = 0 is applicable in all stabilizing eûects used for stability limit state design and Qw > 0 is applied
in destabilizing eûects.

Concrete mounding (Qc)

Concrete variable action due to mounding for slabs less then 250 mm thickness shall be added as follows:

(a)Qc2 = 1.0 kPa when kibble is used applying to a 1.6 m × 1.6 m area.

(b)Qc2 = 0 kPa when concrete pump is used.

NOTE 1 Concrete mounding only applies at Stage 2.

NOTE 2 See Section 7 for concrete mounding variable actions applicable to long span systems such as precast and permanent formwork in composite structures.

NOTE 3 Figure 3.2.3.2 is an example of mounding due to the kibble pour.

Figure 3.2.3.2 4 Example of mounding due to kibble pour

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3.2.3.2 Stacked materials (Qm)

The imposed action from the weight of stacked materials may occur at any stage of construction and shall conform to the requirements of the construction
documentation or AS 3610.1:2018 Clauses 2.2.4(a)(iii) and 2.4.2(h). The imposed action shall not be less than 2.5 kPa, where applied.

The weight of stacked materials shall be taken into account in the design. Any limitations on its location shall be clearly indicated in the formwork documentation.

The weight of stacked materials (Qm) does not act concurrently with the allowance for workers and equipment(Qw).
NOTE 1 Caution should be taken of high concentrations of stacked material loads around material hoist and load bays.

NOTE 2 Materials should be stacked or stored adjacent to columns or walls to reduce displacement of newly poured slabs.

NOTE 3 Stacked material allowance can be zero. For example, materials not placed during Stage 2 or certain locations cannot support materials. This needs to be clearly documented.

NOTE 4 Stacked materials may be placed on ýoors supporting the slab to be constructed. Strict control measures will be necessary if stacked materials are not allowed on supporting ýoors for multi-storey
supports.

C3.2.3.3 An understanding of the construction materials being used and stacked is essential for determining an appropriate magnitude for stacked materials.
This Clause provides guidance for an appropriate minimum magnitude of stacked materials. In practice, stacked materials can be highly concentrated,
especially adjacent to material hoists and load bays.

Analysis of data from site surveys that weighed and mapped stacked materials determined that with tributary areas less than 28 m2 the weight of stacked
materials could be considered equivalent to a uniformly distributed action of not less than 2.4 kPa. For formwork with tributary areas greater than 28 m2, it was
found that the design load could be reduced (but not less than 2.0 kPa).

For some stability limit state cases, it may be appropriate to presume stacked materials are not present at all. However, whatever the design magnitude of the
stacked material and its location, it needs to be clearly indicated in the formwork documentation.

Stacked materials typically occur in Stages 1 and 3 but can occur in Stage 2. An example for Stage 2 would be when concrete is being placed up to a
construction joint, while materials are stacked adjacent to the construction joint yet share the same formwork support area. Another example is materials
present on jump/climb and slip form systems; they are present throughout all stages.

Rapid cycle construction for tall buildings (consecutive pours every 3 days to 5 days with small slab areas) commonly have materials placed within hours of
the concrete pour with formwork being constructed for the next ýoor level imprinting the concrete.

The total combined formwork actions, including stacked materials, needs to not exceed the maximum permitted construction loads of the supporting structure.
Additional propped ýoor levels may be required if large stacked materials are present or the magnitude of the stacked materials may have to be reduced.

It may be required that stacked materials are not permitted until a newly poured slab reaches a certain strength.

For examples of stacked materials at each stage, see Figure C3.2.3.3.

Stage 1 4 Materials placed directly on the formwork: Bundled reinforcement bars, stressing cable coils, stressing duct, set-down frames, packs of ply and
timber, toolboxes, skips and bins.

Stage 2 4 Commonly zero but overlap from an adjacent pour may contribute. Materials similar to Stages 1 and 3.

Stage 3 4 Materials placed on newly poured slab while still supported by formwork: Stage 1 stacked materials plus stacked falsework, formwork, scaûold,
and building materials (pallets of bricks, sand, etc.).

Many of the items listed above exceed 2.5 kPa and building materials such as pallets of bricks and stressing coil will exceed 5.0 kPa. Speciüc propping is
often required for heavy items such as stressing coils.

Be aware that stacked materials can become left behind or trapped on supporting ýoors during multi-storey support construction.

Figure C3.2.3.3 4 Examples of stacked material

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3.2.3.3 Horizontal imposed actions on formwork (Qh)

The value of the horizontal imposed action (Qh) shall be the sum value of the horizontal imposed actions and shall not be less than 4

(a) 5 kN; or

(b) 1 kN/m of form edge.

NOTE These actions do not occur concurrently with notional actions of Section 4.

The following other imposed actions shall be taken into account:

(i) Forces in concrete pumping systems.

(ii) Braking of trolleys, skips or other vehicles.

(iii) Cable tensions.

(iv) Action of workers and equipment.

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3.2.3.4 Vertical and horizontal imposed actions on guardrails (Qg)

The imposed actions on edge protection üxed to the formwork shall be designed as speciüed in AS/NZS 4994.1. The load shall be taken into account as part of
the loads in Clause 3.2.3.4.

3.2.3.5 Other actions (Qx)

Where additional actions occur concurrently with the formwork construction, these and any other anticipated actions shall be taken into account in the design.
Additional imposed actions may include 4

(a) use of manual or mechanical equipment;

(b) prestress or post-tension actions;

(c) axial shortening or shrinkage of concrete;

(d) ýotation;

(e) temperature during the time the formwork supports concrete;

(f) Installation of perimeter protection screens;

(g) diûerential settlement; and

(h) other imposed forces on the formwork.

NOTE See AS 3610.1:2018 Section 2 for additional information that may be required to be inserted into project documentation.

3.2.3.6 Environmental actions

3.2.3.6.1 General
During all stages of the construction cycle, the eûects of imposed horizontal and vertical actions from wind, snow, earthquake and ýowing water acting on the
formwork and falsework shall be taken into account based on the appropriate annual probability of exceedance for ultimate limit states speciüed in
Table 3.2.6(A).

Table 3.2.6(A)Annual probability of exceedance for ultimate limit states

Formwork importance
(refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Wind Snow Earthquake
Appendix A)
Not required
I 1/25 1/25
(See Note)
Not required
II 1/100 1/50
(see Note)
III 1/250 1/100 1/500

DRAFTING NOTE: The committee invites comment on the requirement speciüed in importance level III wind recurrence magnitude.
NOTE Earthquake loads in Australia are low and the formwork is designed for robustness. Clause 3.3.5, and other actions will provide suþcient resistance.

3.2.3.6.2 Wind (Wu, Ws)

Wind actions shall include the aerodynamic eûects of wind acting on the sides and soþt of the formwork, falsework, edge protection or cladding, and any
stacked materials.

The wind actions shall be calculated in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.2. The calculation shall include the following:

(a)Wu = the ultimate wind actions calculated in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.2.

For formwork that is constructed and removed within one year, the regional design wind speed speciüed in AS/NZS 1170.2 may be reduced by the factor given
in Table 3.2.6(B). Interpolation is permitted for other durations not less than one week.

Formwork erected in Regions C and D (i.e. cyclonic regions as deüned in AS/NZS 1170.2) and remaining erected only during the period of May to October may
be designed for Region A wind speeds speciüed in AS/NZS 1170.2.

Formwork in Regions C and D not designed for cyclonic wind speeds shall be dismantled or have the capacity to be strengthened during a cyclonic event.

Table 3.2.6(B)Reduction factor on regional wind speed

Wind region 6 month duration 1 month duration 1 week duration

A 0.95 0.85 0.75
B 0.95 0.75 0.55
C 0.95 0.75 0.55
D 0.90 0.70 0.50

(b)Ws = the service wind, calculated in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.2, based on a mean wind speed at ground level of not less than 18 m/s.

C3.3.7.1 Wind actions calculated in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.2 require a 3 s gust speed. To convert a mean wind speed( ) measured over 10 min at v̄
10 m above ground or sea level to its equivalent to a 3 s gust speed, Equation 3.2(1) applies as follows:

V (z) = [( 10z ) + 0.4]v̄

0.14

, metres per second

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3.2(1)

where V(z) acts on an elevated point z (m) above ground or sea level.

3.2.3.6.3 Snow (Fsn)

The ultimate snow actions shall be determined in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.3.

3.2.3.6.4 Earthquake (Eu)

The ultimate earthquake forces shall be determined in accordance with AS 1170.4.

3.2.3.6.5 Water (Fw, Fd)

Where it is necessary for formwork to be placed in ýowing water, the actions caused by the ýow shall be taken into account. These include the following:

(a) Dynamic pressure of water.

(b) Impact from ýoating objects.

(c) Increased frontal area and head of water due to trapped debris.

Where applicable, the forces due to the action of any of the following shall be taken into account:

(i) River currents.

(ii) Tides.

(iii) Wave action.

(iv) Flooding.

Consideration should be given to the possible existence of buoyancy or uplift.

NOTE For further information, refer to AS 5100.

3.2.3.7 Lateral concrete pressure (Pc)

The lateral concrete pressure for vertical formwork shall be calculated in accordance with one of the following:

(a)Pc = ρghc.

(b) CIRIA (See Appendix E).

(c) DIN 18218, Pressure of fresh concrete on vertical formwork.

(d) ACI 347R, Guide to Formwork for Concrete.

Where documented testing and measurement of a particular concrete mix’s lateral pressure performance has been undertaken with conditions analogous to the
given construction environment and methodologies, then those results may be used in lieu of calculated pressures.

An additional allowance for pressure shall be taken into account for concrete made with shrinkage-compensating or expansive cements.
NOTE 1 Calculations based on DIN 18218 and ACI 347R should ürst establish, as applicable 4

(a) correlation between the cement type upon which the respective formulas are based and the cement used; and

(b) on-site tests for slump and ýow, or consistency and setting time, in accordance with the relevant National Standards.

NOTE 2 The above calculation methods are not suitable for use in the following cases:

(a) Grout-injected concrete, or where the concrete is pumped from below into the forms (see Figure 3.2.3.8).

(b) Deep re-vibration of the concrete.

(c) External vibration.

Figure 3.2.3.8 4 Concrete pumped from below

C3.2.3.8Generally, concrete lateral pressure will not reach full equivalent liquid head pressure; however, in the absence of researched data conürming this,
concrete pressures should be determined with one of the methods listed in Clause 3.2.3.8 based on the depth of concrete.

Appendix E details the updated CIRIA formula with SCC (Self-consolidating-concrete) considerations. The original CIRIA formula was published in previous
editions of this Standard. Caution is advised when working with SCC as its application of pressure is contentious owing to contradictory research and advice
on its performance, but, in general, its setting times are no diûerent to other concrete mixes with similar admixtures and retarding agents. A common issue with
SCC is high ýow leaks through the formwork. Gaps and holes need to be tightly sealed to prevent concrete egress.

Where documented testing and measurement of a particular concrete mix’s lateral pressure performance has been undertaken, then those pressure results
may be used in lieu of calculated pressures. Caution is advised as the testing needs to closely match site conditions and take into account vibration and

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construction methodologies. Often, laboratory tests are needed as a precursor to on-site monitoring tests. The lateral pressures developed are determined by
considering the rate of concrete placement relative to the rate of development of concrete stiûness/strength. Any test method has to include a measure of the
stiûening characteristics and should be capable of being easily checked using on-site measurements.

Concrete pressures are challenging to measure accurately. Methods typically consist of direct pressure gauges üxed into the form face or load cells at the form
ties. Pressure gauge size is an important consideration owing to concrete aggregate <bridging= over small load cells yielding misleading low-pressure readings
while large gauges may compromise the formwork it is measuring.

For grout injected concrete, the form should be designed for full hydrostatic head of concrete plus a minimum allowance of 25 % for pump surge pressure.
Pressure can reach as high as face pressure of the pump piston, therefore pressure should be monitored and controlled so that the design pressure is not
exceeded.

Deep re-vibration is the application of vibration to concrete which has already been placed and compacted and where the ürst poured layer has partially
hardened. The beneücial eûect of this is achieving greater compaction for concrete structures requiring water resistance. However, consideration of the form
is essential. Re-vibration re-excites the concrete causing a completed pour to re-plasticise producing hydrostatic concrete pressures.

Formwork systems utilizing external vibrators are typically for precast work and in situ work where internal vibrators are diþcult or impossible to operate, such
as culverts and tunnel linings. An additional allowance for pressure should be considered when using external vibration. See Clause 7.3 for underground
structures.

3.2.3.8 Dynamic concrete forces

The forces resulting from changes in momentum of concrete due to the impact, commencement, surge, or cessation of concrete ýow shall be taken into account.
NOTE This requires attention particularly in the case of a sloping form face. See Figure 3.2.3.9 as an example.

Figure 3.2.3.9 4 Example of horizontal load due to sloping formwork

3.2.4 Unintended actions

3.2.4.1 Horizontal Impact (Ih)
Where construction activity is likely to cause impact to the completed formwork assembly or a formwork assembly being lifted it shall be designed to sustain a
horizontal impact (Ih).

Unless the direction of the force is known it shall be taken into account to act in any horizontal direction in the horizontal plane. The force shall also be assumed
not to act concurrently with the horizontal forces determined in Clauses 3.2.3.4 and 3.2.3.5. Partial collapse, damage and deformation or deformation alone from
impact is acceptable provided it does not result in collapse, detrimental or disproportionate consequences.

C3.2.4.1 The horizontal impact load has been introduced principally for reasons of safety. Figure C3.2.4.1 illustrates typical cases where this load needs to be
taken into account. It is not intended that wall or column forms be designed to withstand this load without damage. It is rather the intention that catastrophic
collapse, which may endanger personnel, be prevented. In this respect, particular attention should be paid to connections to ensure that üxings are adequate
to prevent sudden failure.

The load Ih would only be applicable to formwork projecting above the topmost level of formwork at any time, i.e. in a location where impact from a crane is
possible. Where no overhead cranes are to be used during the life of the formwork, horizontal impact may be ignored.

The likelihood of the force acting simultaneously with other horizontal actions, or with wind or earthquake actions, is considered remote.

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Another case where horizontal impact should be considered is in locations where the supports at ground level could be hit.

Impact needs to not lead to progressive collapse. In cases where this is possible, several load paths should be provided so that the formwork assembly,
though damaged, will continue to support the applied loads, see Figure C3.2.4.1.

Figure C3.2.4.1 4 Horizontal impact load

3.2.4.2 Vertical Impact (Iv)

Vertical loads in addition to those listed in Clause 3.2.3.1 shall be taken into account. These include vertical impact of concrete when placed from a height
greater than from a pump or typical kibble height and loads from materials placed on the formwork such as reinforcing bars, stressing coils and perimeter
protection screens.

3.3 Combinations of actions

3.3.1 General
Actions shall be multiplied by the appropriate partial load factor and combined to give a <limit state= load as indicated in the equations in Clauses 3.3.2 to 3.3.5.
Where there is a choice of load direction or magnitude for the speciüed actions, the most adverse combination shall be selected.

Where imposed actions, including actions from stacked materials, occur, both full and zero values of these actions shall be taken into account to determine the
most severe condition.

The magnitude of actions in this Standard shall take precedence over those deüned in other relevant Standards.

The magnitude of the combined actions imposed by the formwork on the permanent structure, or any existing structure, shall not exceed the load limitations in
the project documentation, refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Clauses 2.2.4 (a) and 4.2.

C3.3.3.1 The last paragraph above is a reminder to ensure the formwork loads do not exceed the capacity of the supporting structure.

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NOTE 1 The combinations of actions in Clauses 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4 and 3.3.5 are intended to cover most situations. In some cases, other actions will be present, or the combinations shown will not produce the
most severe design load.

NOTE 2 For each design situation, consideration should be given to the combinations of all vertical and horizontal actions that may act concurrently.

NOTE 3 Where impact is allowed for in the design, any assumed damage and deformation should not put at risk the health and safety of persons on or in the vicinity of the formwork. A risk assessment will assist
in this regard.

3.3.2 Stability limit states

The basic combinations for the stability limit state shall be as follows in Equations 3.3(1) to (7).:

(a) For combinations that produce net stabilizing eûects (Ed,stb):

Ed,stb = [0.9G]
3.3(1)

(b) For combinations that produce net destabilizing eûects (Ed,dst):

Ed,dst = [1.35G]
3.2(2)
Ed,dst = [1.2G, 1.5Q, Ws, ³pP]
3.3(3)

where
³p = 1.2 for hydrostatic concrete pressure; and
³p = 1.5 for concrete pressure limited by setting.
Ed,dst = [1.2G, Wu]
3.3(4)
Ed,dst = [1.2G, 1.1I]
3.3(5)
Ed,dst = [1.2G, 1.5Q, Su]
3.3(6)
where Su represents, for the design situation, the appropriate combination of 1.5Fw, 1.5Fd and 1.5Fsn
Ed,dst = [G, Q, Eu]
3.3(7)

3.3.3 Strength limit states

The design action eûect (Ed )for strength limit state shall be determined from the basic combinations set out in Table 3.3.1.
NOTE Unanticipated load factors should to be applied to strength limited state load combinations for primary members in accordance with Clause 2.3.4.2.

3.3.4 Serviceability limit states

The basic combination for serviceability limit states shall be as follows:

(a) For concrete surface ünish 4

(i) for Classes 1 and 2, (1.1G, 1.1P); and

(ii) for Classes 3 and 4, (G, P).

(b) Otherwise, (G, Q).

DRAFTING NOTE: The committee invites comment on the requirement speciüed for Classes 1 and 2.

3.3.5 Robustness
The connections shall be capable of transmitting notional horizontal actions of 2.5 % of the sum of the most adverse combination of permanent and variable
vertical actions applied at their respective points of application. Each notional action shall be assumed to act in any direction at right angles to the axis of the
compression member. However, the notional actions acting at each level are not cumulative through the bracing. A typical arrangement of notional horizontal
actions is shown in Figure 3.3.5. This requirement for load transmitting does not apply to connections between independent formwork structural systems but
shall apply to all parts within a system. The notional actions shall be assumed to act in addition to other actions.

Figure 3.3.5 4 Typical notional actions applied at connections

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DRAFTING NOTE: The committee invites comment on the requirement speciüed notional horizontal actions.

C3.3.5 The notional horizontal action of 2.5 % is required to ensure bracing members and connections have suþcient strength to transfer forces arising from
out-of-straightness. The forces at a given level are cumulative when several bays are braced by the same bracing as indicated in Figure 3.3.5. Because every
sixth bay will be braced in case of multiple bays, the maximum accumulated notional horizontal action is 15 % of the total vertical action on the six braced
bays.

A key question in specifying the notional horizontal action is the extent to which out-of-straightness of adjacent standards are correlated. If they are, the
notional horizontal action is cumulative, whereas out-of-straightness in opposite directions counteract each other. This is discussed in detail in [2] (see
Bibliography). Data are not available for the correlation of out-of-straightness of standards in multi-bay formwork systems. However, it is conceivable that once
out-of-straightness is introduced in one standard during erection, this out-of-straightness could be repeated when progressively erecting adjacent standards,
therefore introducing a degree of correlation. It is also relevant that the notional horizontal action increases with the out-of-straightness (e.g. see [2], [3] and [4]
in the Bibliography) and that member out-of-straightness of L/300 is tolerated in this Standard, whereas the out-of-straightness is limited to L/1000 in other
structural standards, including AS 4100.

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Table 3.3.1 — Strength limit state combinations of actions

Combination number
Stage 2 — during placement Stage 3 — after placement of
Action group Line No. Action Stage 1 — prior to placement of concrete
of concrete concrete
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Permanent 1 Formwork weight (Gf) 1.35 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.35 1.2 1.0 1.35 1.2 1.2 1.0
actions 2 Placed concrete (Gc) 1.35 1.2 1.0 1.35 1.2 1.2 1.0
Variable Workers, equipment
actions 3 and concrete 1.5a 1.5a 1.5a
mounding (Qwand Qc)
Stacked materials
4 1.5a 1.5a 1.5a
(Qm)
5 Horizontal load (Qh) 1.5 1.5 1.5
6 Service wind load (Ws) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Ultimate wind load
7 1.0 1.0b 1.0
(Wu)
Flowing water (Fw),
8 trapped debris (Fd) 1.5 1.5 1.5b 1.5 1.5
and/or snow (Fsn)
9 Other actions (Qx) 1.5 1.5 1.5
10 Concrete pressure (Pc) ³pc ³pc
Unintended 11 Impact (I) 1.1 1.1 1.1
Strength Unanticipated load
12 ³dd ³dd ³dd ³dd ³dd
redistribution
aAt any stage, the formwork may be subject to both imposed actions from workers and equipment (Qw) as well as stacked materials (Qm); however, it is unlikely that both will act
concurrently at the same location. During Stage 2, it is unlikely that loads from stacked materials and concrete weight will both act concurrently at the same position.
b May act in opposite direction to Gf.
c The magnitude of the partial load factor for concrete pressure (³p) shall conform to Clause 3.3.2(b).
d
The partial load factor for unanticipated load redistribution (³d), see Clause 2.3.4.
NOTE 1 Notional horizontal forces should be considered in conjunction with the appropriate load combinations, see Clause 3.3.5.

NOTE 2 For members whose failure could cause collapse, the unanticipated eûects of load redistribution, see Clause 2.3.4.2.

NOTE 3 The resistance of timber, plywood and LVL depends upon the duration (see Table 3.3.2) of the shortest duration load type contributing to each combination of actions. The action combination with the greatest magnitude may not
be the critical case. For example, in Table 3.3.1, the load combination number 8 may be more critical where the contribution to total load from wind, ýowing water and horizontal load is neglected or their magnitude in negligible and the
duration load factor for vertical permanent and variable actions applies.

Table 3.3.2 — Duration of load factor for design in accordance with AS 1720.1

Eûective duration of Modiücation Factor

Load source
peak load k1a
Permanent actions:
Formwork weight (Gf) 5 months 0.80
Placed concrete (Gc) acting on:
(a) Plywood 5 hours 0.97
(b) Bearers and joists (walers and soldiers) 5 days 0.94
(c) Supports 5 months 0.80
Variable actions:
Workers and their equipment (Qw) 5 hours 0.97
Concrete mounding (Qc) 5 hours 0.97
Stacked materials (Qm) 5 days 0.94
Concrete pressure (Pc) 5 hours 0.97
Service wind load (Ws) 5 hours 0.97
Ultimate wind load (Wu) 5 seconds 1.00
Snow load (Fsn) 5 days 0.94
Flowing water (Fw and Fd):
(a) River Currents 5 months 0.80
(b) Tidal Action 5 hours 0.97
(c) Flooding 5 days 0.94
(d) Wave Action 5 days 0.94
Unintended actions:
Impact (Ih, Iv) 5 seconds 1.00
a For the strength of timber.

4 Structural analysis
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4.1 General
To ensure loads can be transferred to the ground or supporting structures, the load transfer shall be determined by creating representative models of formwork
and supporting falsework and conducting structural analyses to determine the distribution of actions in all parts of the structure. This Section sets out the
requirements for the structural analysis of formwork and supporting falsework, including the modelling of eccentricities of loading and supports, as well as
unavoidable imperfections such as out-of-plumb and out-of-straightness.

Once the actions have been determined from a structural analysis, it shall be established that each part of the structure has suþcient capacity to transfer the
loads. This process is referred to as design and is dependent on the materials used. Section 5 sets out the requirements for the design of formwork and
supporting falsework.

Speciücally, formwork and supporting falsework shall be subject to structural design checks as follows:

(a) First, a global analysis of the structure shall be made in order to determine the distribution of design actions (such as internal forces, moments or stresses)
and displacements, as speciüed in Clause 4.2 for formwork and Clause 4.3 for falsework.

(b) Subsequently, individual elements of the formwork and falsework shall be designed to ensure that the elements have adequate resistance in the ultimate limit
state, and that unacceptable deformations do not develop in the serviceability limit state, as speciüed in Clause 5.2 for formwork and Clause 5.3 for falsework.

4.2 Formwork
Formwork typically consists of bearers and joists supporting plated materials onto which wet concrete is poured. The bearers and joists may be continuous or
single span and are supported on the adjustable jacks of the falsework. Typical materials are LVL, timber, plywood and aluminium.

The structural analysis of formwork shall take into account the actions and action combinations speciüed in Section 3. Distributed loads may be apportioned to
supporting bearers using a statically admissible area-weighted method. The internal actions in the bearer can subsequently be obtained using linear theory for
simply supported and continuous beams, as appropriate.

4.3 Falsework
4.3.1 General
For each design situation, the falsework shall be analysed to determine the action eûects and serviceability response of the appropriate combinations of actions
given in Clause 3.3. The serviceability, stability and strength limit states shall not be exceeded.

The action eûects shall be determined from an analysis of the structure taking into account the eûects arising from the following:

(a) Out-of-plumb erection tolerance (global imperfections), see Clause 4.3.3.1.

(b) Eccentricity of actions and joints, see Clause 4.3.4.1.

In addition, unless taken into account in determining the falsework design capacity in accordance with Clause 5.3, the structural analysis shall take into account
the eûects arising from compression member out-of-straightness, see Clause 4.3.3.2.

A global analysis of the falsework shall be completed. Methods of structural analysis shall conform to Clause 4.3.2.
NOTE 1 Elastic methods of global analysis are usually the most appropriate for cold-formed or hot-rolled steel and aluminium falsework systems. However, nonlinear connection behaviour may be incorporated in
the analysis provided that the nonlinear characteristic used is based on test results that demonstrate adequate rotation capacity.

NOTE 2 Falsework is intended to be axially loaded and requires adequate bracing to maintain stability and eliminate or reduce sway to ensure that the imposed loads are primarily axial. The vertical members
supporting the formwork are subject to compression and bending and are not intended to support tension loads. Additional support systems are required where vertical members develop tension.

The provisions applicable to the subsequent design check are dependent upon the method of global analysis used to determine the design actions, as speciüed
in Clause 5.3.

4.3.2 Methods of structural analysis

An analysis of a complete three- or two-dimensional frame, or representative number of bays, shall be carried out using one, or a combination, of the following
methods of analysis:

(a) Linear analysis (LA).

(b) Linear buckling analysis (LBA).

(c) Geometric nonlinear analysis (GNA).

(d) Geometric and material nonlinear analysis with geometric imperfections (GMNIA).

NOTE The methods of analysis vary in complexity. It is at the discretion of the designer to choose the method. Linear analysis is the simplest and often the preferred method. Geometric nonlinear analysis more
accurately predicts design actions and is the recommended method. Geometric and material nonlinear analysis with geometric imperfections (GMNIA) is the most complex method and requires competence in
nonlinear ünite element modelling. GMNIA is the most accurate method and may lead to higher design capacities than the simpler LA and GNA methods.

The requirements for each method of analysis in regard to geometric and material modelling are set out in Clause 4.3.5. Geometric imperfections shall be taken
into account in the structural model, as speciüed in Clause 4.3.3, or indirectly in the design of members, see Clause 5.3. The speciüed geometric imperfections
depend on the method of analysis. Eccentricities at supports, joints and application of actions shall also be taken into account in the structural model, as
speciüed in Clause 4.3.4.

Structural analysis programs used to perform LA, LBA, GNA and GMNIA analyses shall be validated against benchmark analytical solutions, well-documented
experimental tests, or similar benchmark results.

4.3.3 Imperfections
4.3.3.1 Global imperfections (out-of-plumb)
The eûects of global imperfections (out-of-plumb) shall be accounted for by the use of notional horizontal actions.

Where the form deck is unrestrained horizontally, notional horizontal actions shall be applied at the form deck level where vertical actions are applied and be
equal to 0.01 times the factored vertical permanent and variable vertical actions, as speciüed in Figure 4.3.3.1(a).

Where the form deck is restrained horizontally, notional horizontal actions shall be applied at the form deck level where vertical actions are applied and be equal
to 0.005 times the factored vertical permanent and variable vertical actions. In addition, notional horizontal actions shall be applied at the joints closest to the
mid-height. These actions shall be equal to 0.01 times the factored vertical permanent and variable vertical actions applied to the upright. If a joint is not present
at mid-height, half of the total force at the centre shall be applied at each adjacent joint to the mid-height level, as shown in Figure 4.3.3.1(b). Each force shall be
equal to 0.005 times the factored vertical permanent and variable vertical actions.

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Figure 4.3.3.1 4 Notional horizontal forces

The notional horizontal actions shall be applied in either direction. The notional horizontal actions shall be applied in combination with actions speciüed in
Clause 3.2. These actions are in addition to horizontal actions speciüed in Clause 3.2.

Where the falsework is supported horizontally in one or both directions, supports shall be designed to resist the notional horizontal actions in one or both
directions, as appropriate, as well as torsional action from eccentricity of equivalent horizontal forces from supports.

C4.3.3.1 For unrestrained form decks, the notional horizontal action is equivalent to an out-of-plumb of 0.01. This is consistent with BS-EN 12812.

For restrained form decks, the notional horizontal action at mid-height (0.01 F) is applied in lieu of a bow imperfection that varies linearly from each end and
attains its maximum at mid-height. The notional action produces the same moment at mid-height as the second order moment caused by the bow imperfection
and is based on the out-of-plumb angle of 1/200 as speciüed in Table 6.3.1.

4.3.3.2 Compression member imperfections

When GMNIA structural analysis is used for determining internal actions, imperfections of members shall be included in the structural model. The maximum
permitted member out-of-straightness imperfection is eT = L/300. See Figure 6.3.1 for allowable construction tolerances.

Where it can be conürmed that the out-of-straightness is less than L/300, a smaller value may be used not less than L/1000.

Compression member out-of-straightness imperfections may be implemented in the structural model by either 4

(a) performing an LBA, scaling the buckling mode to an amplitude of eT and superimposing the scaled buckling mode onto the perfect straight-member
geometry; or

(b) oû-setting nodes relative to the straight member geometry by eT. It is suþcient to oû-set nodes in two consecutive lifts as shown in Figure 4.3.3.2.1. The lifts
should be chosen near jacks and include spigot joints where applicable.

Figure 4.3.3.2.1 4 Modelling compression member out-of-straightness imperfections

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4.3.4 Eccentricities
4.3.4.1 Eccentricity of actions
For all members in tension or compression, account shall be taken of eccentricity in the application and reaction thereto of actions. The values for eccentricity for
members in each direction shall be not less than the following values, as appropriate:

e
(a) Where the applied forces on the members are at a üxed eccentricity ( ′ ) the total eccentricity (e) shall be taken as follows in Equation 4.3(1):

e = e′
4.3(1)

(b) For all cases other than those covered under Item (a) above, the eccentricity shall be taken as follows in Equation 4.3(2):

e = e′′
4.3(2)

where
e = total eccentricity
e ′
= üxed eccentricity
e′′ = maximum possible unintentional eccentricity, which shall not be less than 5 mm (see
Figure 4.3.4.1)

The eccentricities calculated in Items (a) and (b) above are intended to apply to members typically encountered in formwork construction. Where relevant, larger
eccentricities shall be used.
NOTE In some cases the maximum eccentricity may not occur under maximum load on the formwork.

Figure 4.3.4.1 4 Eccentricity of actions

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4.3.4.2 Bracing members

The eûects of reduced bracing member elastic axial stiûness due to connector eccentricity and looseness shall be included in the global analysis.

For braces capable of carrying axial forces only, the reduced axial stiûness may be modelled by adopting a reduced brace cross-sectional area (Ab.red) given by
Equation 4.3(3) as follows:

Ab.red = Ab
1 + 2kEbbLAbb

4.3(3)

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where

Lb = the brace length;

Eb = modulus of elasticity of the brace;
Ab = the brace gross cross-sectional area
kb = axial stiûness of the connector, determined by testing.

In the absence of tests, the axial stiûness (kb) shall be taken as 1 kN/mm.

4.3.4.3 Spigot joints

Angular change (φj) between two compression members connected end-to-end with spigot joints or telescopic member joints (see Figure 4.3.4.3(a)) shall be
calculated from Equation 4.3(4) as follows:

1.3(di − do )
tan φj =
lo
g 0.01;
4.3(4)

where

φj = angle between the two members, in radians

di = nominal inner diameter of the outer tube,
do = nominal outer diameter of the inner member,
lo = overlap length

When a series of parallel compression members are connected, the angle of deviation (φjs) at each spigot joint may be obtained from Equation 4.3(5) as follows:

nv tan φj
tan φjs = √0.5 + 0.7
4.3(5)

where

nv = number of connected vertical members erected side by side

φj = angular change calculated from Equation 4.3(4)

Where compression members are joined, the oû-set (ej) between two connected members (see Figure 4.3.4.3(b)) shall be calculated as follows in
Equation 4.3(6):

ej = 1.3 (di −2 do )
f 2 mm
4.3(6)

When a series of parallel compression members are connected, the oû-set between connected members (ejs) at each spigot joint may be obtained from
Equation 4.3(7) as follows:

ejs = √0.5 + 0.7

n ej v

4.3(7)

where

nv = number of connected vertical members erected side by side

ej = oû-set calculated from Equation 4.3(6)

The total joint deviation shall be taken into account in the design of the system, including angular change and oû-set between compression members.

Figure 4.3.4.3 4 Example of deviations at spigot joints

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NOTE For jacks inserted into tube, positively locating the end of the tube in the adjusting nut and üxing a washer or spacer to the top of the shaft of the jack can reduce the diûerence in diameter.

4.3.5 Analysis of falsework

4.3.5.1 General
For the purpose of global structural analysis, the system lines shall coincide with the centroids of the gross cross-sections. Eccentricities at joints shall be
modelled unless accounted for in the axial stiûness of the connector (kb) speciüed in Section 4.3.4.2.

In a global analysis, the actual number of bays may be considered. Alternatively, where all bays have the same conüguration of beam levels, it is suþcient to
consider a representative number of bays. In this case, the minimum number of bays is üve or the actual number of bays, whichever is the lesser. The
representative sub-structure shall contain at least one lift of bracing.

Further simpliücation of the sub-structure used for the analysis is possible, provided 4

(a) all requirements speciüed in Section 2 are accounted for in the simpliüed model and loads applied;

(b) all simplifying assumptions are conservative and justiüed; and

(c) the simpliüed analysis is documented in accordance with Clause 2.2.

The applicable methods of analysis are set out in Clause 4.3.2. The requirements for each method of analysis regarding geometrical and material modelling
shall be in accordance with Clauses 4.3.5.2 to 4.3.5.5. These methods are summarized in Table 4.3.5.1.

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Table 4.3.5.1 — Methods of structural analysis

Member
Analysis Material Global imperfection Eccentricity Basis of structural analysis
imperfection
LA Elastic No Yes (see Note 2) Yes (See Note 3) Equilibrium is obtained in the original (undeformed) frame conüguration (i.e. the
displacements are assumed inünitesimal).
The analysis may be based on prismatic beam-elements.
The analysis shall account for semi-rigidity of connections.
LBA Elastic No Yes (see Note 2) Yes (See Note 3) The pre-buckling internal actions may be obtained from an LA analysis.
The analysis shall account for semi-rigidity of connections.
GNA Elastic No Yes (see Note 2) Yes (See Note 3) Equilibrium is obtained in the deformed frame conüguration.
The analysis may be based on prismatic beam-elements.
The analysis shall account for semi-rigidity of connections.
GMNIA Inelastic Yes Yes (see Note 2) Yes (See Note 3) Equilibrium is obtained in the deformed frame conüguration.
(see Note 1) The plasticity modelling shall be based on ýow theory.
The modelling of the nonlinear stress-strain relationship shall be based on recognized
models for hot-rolled or cold-formed steel, as appropriate.
Residual stresses shall be modelled directly or indirectly (e.g. through the stress-strain
curve).
The analysis shall account for semi-rigidity of joints.
Cross-sections shall be able to develop their full squash load (Afy) and full plastic
moment capacity.
The analysis may be based on prismatic beam-elements.

NOTE 1 Member geometric imperfections shall be modelled in accordance with Clause 4.3.3.2.

NOTE 2 Global imperfections shall be accounted for using notational horizontal actions in accordance with Clause 4.3.3.1

NOTE 3 Eccentricity of action, reduced stiûness of bracing member, and oû-set eccentricity at spigot joints shall be modelled in accordance with Clauses 4.3.4.1, 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.4.3, respectively.

4.3.5.2 Linear Analysis (LA)

In Linear Analysis, also referred to as ürst order analysis, individual members shall be assumed to remain elastic under the action of the design loads for all limit
states. Changes in the geometry are not accounted for in the analysis, and changes in the eûective stiûnesses of the members due to axial force are neglected.
The eûects of these changes on the bending moments shall be allowed for by amplifying the ürst-order bending moments and determining the nominal member
compression strength (Nc) using eûective lengths as speciüed in Clause 5.3.2.4.

The eûect of global imperfections (out-of-plumb) shall be accounted for in accordance with Clause 4.3.3.1. Compression member geometric imperfections (see
Clause 4.3.3.2) are not required to be accounted for in LA.

Linear Analysis shall take into account the eûect of eccentricities and ýexibility of connections on the displacements and internal actions of the falsework in
accordance with Clause 4.3.4.

4.3.5.3 Linear Buckling Analysis (LBA)

Linear Buckling Analysis predicts the critical elastic buckling load of the falsework and the associated buckling mode. Higher order buckling loads and modes
can also be determined. Linear Buckling Analysis conducts 4

(a) ürst, an LA to determine the distribution of internal actions in accordance with Clause 4.3.5.2; and

(b) subsequently, an eigenvalue analysis to determine buckling loads and associated buckling modes.

Linear Buckling Analysis may be conducted for the following:

(i) For the purposes of frame classiücation in accordance with Clause 4.3.6.

(ii) To calculate eûective buckling lengths for compression member design in accordance with Clause 5.3.2.2.4.

(iii) To obtain buckling mode(s) for modelling geometric imperfections in accordance with Clause 4.3.3.2.

The modelling of geometric imperfections and eccentricities in LBA is the same as for LA, see Clause 4.3.5.2.

4.3.5.4 Geometric Nonlinear Analysis (GNA)

In Geometric Nonlinear Analysis, also referred to as second-order elastic analysis, the members shall be assumed to remain elastic. Changes in frame geometry
under the design load shall be accounted for. It is not required to amplify bending moments in design as ampliücation is accounted for in the analysis, as
speciüed in Clause 5.3.2.2.

Compression member geometric imperfections are not required to be accounted for in GNA as they are already included in the elastic eûective stiûnesses of the
members due to axial force and in the use of strength curves for member capacity calculations.

The eûect of global imperfections (out-of-plumb) shall be accounted for in GNA in accordance with Clause 4.3.3.1. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis shall take into
account the eûect of eccentricities and ýexibility of connections on the displacements and internal actions of the falsework in accordance with Clause 4.3.4.

4.3.5.5 Geometric and Material Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections (GMNIA)

Geometric and Material Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections (GMNIA), also referred to as Advanced Analysis, shall take into account all of the following
eûects:

(a) Flexural, shear and axial member deformations, and connection deformations that contribute to displacements of the structure.

(b) Second-order eûects arising from displacements of the structure and its members.

(c) Geometric imperfections, comprising global imperfections (out-of-plumb) and member imperfections (out-of-straightness).

(d) Stiûness reductions due to axial forces and inelasticity including the eûect of residual stresses and partial yielding of the cross-section.

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(e) Uncertainty in system, member, and connection stiûness and strength.

Any rational analysis that considers all of the listed eûects is permitted.

The structural analysis shall be tested against 4

(i) benchmark analytical solutions;

(ii) well-documented experimental tests; or

(iii) similar benchmark results.

The modelling of the nonlinear stress-strain relationship shall be based on recognized models for the particular material. The plasticity modelling shall be based
on ýow theory. Residual stresses shall be modelled directly or indirectly (e.g. through the stress-strain curve), as applicable. Geometric imperfections shall be
accounted for, including global and compression member imperfections in accordance with Clause 4.3.3. The eûect of eccentricities and ýexibility of
connections on the displacements and internal actions of the falsework shall be accounted for in accordance with Clause 4.3.4.

4.3.6 Falsework classiücation

Falsework classiücation shall be based on the elastic critical action ratio (N*/Ncr), where 4

N* = design value of vertical action on the falsework

Ncr = elastic critical buckling value of the vertical action.

In classifying a falsework, the following shall be taken into account:

(a) Where N*/Ncr f 0.1, a falsework shall be classiüed as stiû; i.e. the response to in-plane horizontal forces is suþciently stiû for it to be acceptably accurate to
neglect any additional internal forces or moments arising from horizontal displacements of the nodes. In such a case, an LA analysis without ampliücation shall
be suþcient.

Any other falsework shall be classiüed as a ýexible frame. The eûects of the horizontal displacement of its nodes shall be taken into account in its design.
NOTE 1 The critical action may be determined from a rational LBA. The analysis may be carried out on the actual number of bays or a representative number of bays, see Clause 4.3.5.1.

NOTE 2 Unbraced falsework is highly likely to be classiüed as ýexible, and therefore second order eûects should be considered.

(b) Where 0.1 < N*/Ncr f 0.3, an LA analysis may be used in which second order eûects are incorporated using moment ampliücation factors, see Clause 5.3.2,
or a GNA analysis may be used in which second order eûects are treated directly.

(c) Where 0.3 < N*/Ncr, a GNA or GMNIA analysis shall be required in which second order eûects are treated directly.

DRAFTING NOTE: The committee invites comment on the requirement speciüed in falsework classiücation.

5 Design
5.1 General
The design capacity (Rd) of formwork and falsework, their components, members and connections shall be determined by one of the following:

(a) Calculation in accordance with the applicable material structural design Standard.

(b) Testing in accordance with the applicable material structural design Standard.

The design capacity shall also take into account the inýuence of the imperfections speciüed in Clause 4.3.3 and eccentricities speciüed in Clause 4.3.4.

Where diûerences exist between requirements of the material design Standards and this Standard, the requirements of this Standard shall take precedence.

In the case of proprietary formwork and falsework, the design capacity shall be as set out in the proprietary documentation prepared in accordance with
AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.5.

5.2 Formwork
The structural design of formwork components for design actions determined in Clause 4.2 shall be performed according to the structural design Standard for
the relevant material.

Design of timber and plywood components shall be performed in accordance with AS 1720.1. Design of aluminium components shall be performed in
accordance with AS/NZS 1664.1. Design of steel components shall be performed in accordance with AS 4100 or AS/NZS 4600 as applicable.

5.3 Falsework
5.3.1 Member action eûects
5.3.1.1 General
In the case of elastic two-dimensional analysis, in order to design the vertical members the action eûects arising from analysis of intersecting two-dimensional
plane frames shall be combined using interaction equations. Other elements shall be designed on the basis of the relevant plane frame analysis.
NOTE The design of vertical members involves combining the axial force with bending moments about both axes of the section.

5.3.1.2 Moment ampliücation

Where design actions have been obtained from a GNA or GMNIA analysis, the analysis accounts for second order eûects and moment ampliücation shall not be
required.

Where design actions have been obtained from LA analysis, and 0.1 < N*/Ncr f 0.3 in accordance with Clause 4.3.6, bending moments shall be ampliüed to
incorporate the additional second order moments produced by the displacements of the frame.
NOTE Diûerent approaches are adopted in diûerent materials Standards to account for second order eûects. In AS/NZS 4600 and AS/NZS 1664.1, second order eûects are implicitly accounted for in the
interaction equations speciüed in Clauses 5.3.2.2.2 and 5.3.2.2.3, respectively.

5.3.2 Design criteria

5.3.2.1 General
The design procedure depends on the type of global structural analysis used to determine design actions, in accordance with Clause 4.3.1. Clauses 5.3.2.2 and
5.3.2.3 specify the applicable design procedure for each type of global structural analysis.

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5.3.2.2 Design based on LA or GNA analysis

In the case of LA analysis, second order eûects may be implicitly accounted for in design strength equations depending on the materials Standard.
Clauses 5.3.2.2.1, 5.3.2.2.2 and 5.3.2.2.3 set out the applicable provisions of AS 4100, AS/NZS 4600 and AS/NZS 1664.1, respectively.

Eûective ýexural buckling lengths for determining the compression capacity (Nc) shall be in accordance with Clause 5.3.2.2.4.

5.3.2.2.1 Design to AS 4100

When performing the structural design to AS 4100, ampliücation of moments in the case of LA (ürst order) analysis is speciüed in AS 4100:1998 Clause 4.4.2.
The design of vertical members requires the use of interaction equations considering the combined eûects of compression and bending in accordance with
AS 4100:1998 Clauses 8.3 and 8.4. The design actions (N*, Mx*, My*) in AS 4100:1998 Clauses 8.3 and 8.4 are second order moments determined either
directly from a GNA (second order) analysis or by amplifying ürst order moments obtained from an LA analysis in accordance with AS 4100:1998 Clause 4.4.2.

5.3.2.2.2 Design to AS/NZS 4600

When performing the structural design to AS/NZS 4600, in the case of LA analysis, the ampliücation of moments is accomplished through the terms Cmx, Cmy,
αnx and αny of AS/NZS 4600:2018 Equation 3.5.1(1). It is implicit that the design actions (N*, Mx*, My*) of AS/NZS 4600:2018 Clause 3.5.1 have been obtained
from an LA (ürst order) analysis.

When performing the structural design to AS/NZS 4600, in the case of GNA analysis, the terms Cmx, Cmy, αmx and αmy of Equation 3.5.1(1) shall all be taken as
unity, in accordance with AS/NZS 4600:2018 Clause B3. The design actions (N*, Mx*, My*) shall be obtained directly from the GNA (second order) analysis.

5.3.2.2.3 Design to AS/NZS 1664.1

When performing the structural design to AS/NZS 1664.1, in the case of LA analysis, the ampliücation of moments is accomplished through the terms Cmx, Cmy,
(1-fa/Fex) and (1-fa/Fex) of AS/NZS 1664.1:1998 Equation 4.1.1(1). It is implicit that the design actions (fa, fbx, fby) in AS/NZS 1664.1:1998 Clause 4.1.1 have
been obtained from an LA (ürst order) analysis.

When performing the structural design to AS/NZS 1664.1, in the case of GNA analysis, Equation 4.1.1(1) shall be replaced by Equation 5.3(1) as follows:

fa fbx fby
+ + f1
Fa Fbx Fby
5.3(1)

The design actions (fa, fbx, fby) shall be obtained directly from the GNA (second order) analysis.

5.3.2.2.4 Eûective lengths

The critical buckling load of a member or structure can be obtained using an LBA in accordance with Clause 4.3.5.3. Alternatively, the elastic buckling load of a
member in compression can be calculated in accordance with Equation 5.3(2) as follows:

Ncr = πLEI
2

2
e

5.3(2)

where

E = Young’s modulus
I = the second moment of area of the standard or jack, as appropriate
Le = the eûective buckling length

The eûective buckling length depends on the bracing arrangement and whether the frame is restrained at the top. Eûective lengths for common bracing
arrangements are shown in Figure 5.3.2.2.4(A) for top-restrained falsework and in Figure 5.3.2.2.4(B) for free-standing falsework.

Figure 5.3.2.2.4(A)Eûective lengths for top-restrained falsework

Figure 5.3.2.2.4(B)Eûective lengths for free-standing falsework

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Le = max{L1, L2, L3}

5.3(3)

Le = L2
5.3(4)

Le = max{Ljb, Ljt}
5.3(5)

Le = max{2Ljb + L1, 2Ljt + L3}

5.3(6)
5.3.2.3 Design based on GMNIA analysis
For falseworks to be designed by GMNIA analysis, all members shall be able to support their full squash load Afy where A is the nominal area and fy is the
nominal yield stress of the cross-section.

For the strength limit state, the frame capacity shall calculated as the applied factored limit states actions multiplied by φ, where φ = 0.9. The factored limit
states actions shall be taken as the applied actions in the ultimate limit state of the frame, as obtained from a GMNIA analysis, or the applied actions when the
stiûness of the frame is reduced to 5 % of the initial stiûness.

C5.3.2.3 Guidance on the modelling and GMNIA (advanced) analysis of falsework systems is available in [5]. The capacity factor, φ=0.9, was derived from a
system reliability analysis of falsework systems as detailed in [6].

5.3.2.4 Serviceability limit state

Action eûects for the serviceability limit state shall be determined assuming the value of unity for all partial factors shown in Table 3.3.1. The maximum action
eûect shall satisfy the serviceability limit states set out in Clause 2.3.2.

5.3.3 Working load limit

The working load limit (WLL) speciüed in the propriety documentation shall be the lesser of the following:

(a) For strength limit states, in accordance with Equation 5.3(7) as follows:

WLL f
Rd
³WLL
5.3(7)

where

Rd = the design capacity of the speciüed formwork, or components, or members, or

connections, determined in accordance with Clause 2.3.4.1.
³WLL = limit state conversion factor, such that ³WLL = 1.7

(b) For serviceability limit states, the maximum action eûect determined in accordance with Clause 5.3.2.4, satisfying the serviceability limit states set out in
Clause 2.3.2.

6 Construction
6.1 Scope of section
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This Section sets out the requirements for the construction of formwork. Speciüc requirements are included for 4

(a) acceptance criteria for formwork;

(b) fabrication, erection and stripping of formwork; and

(c) multi-storey supports.

C3.6.1 This Section covers site practices that should be observed in order that the formwork assembly fulüls its intended function. Because of the variation of
design requirements that exists from one project to another, this Section can only outline minimum requirements. Any additional features that are required by
the project designer and which are applicable to a speciüc project, should be indicated in the project documentation and repeated in the formwork
documentation.

Most of this Section concerns the requirements of in situ concrete, but some of its provisions apply equally to precast concrete and are noted accordingly.

6.2 Application of section

This Section applies to the construction of the formwork for both in situ and precast concrete. The requirements of this Section apply in addition to the
instructions given in the formwork documentation, refer to AS 3610.1.

6.3 General requirements

6.3.1 General
The formwork shall be erected, used and maintained in a manner that will ensure 4

(a) stable formwork throughout all stages of construction;

(b) conformance with the project documentation, construction documentation and formwork documentation; and

(c) there is no partial or complete dislodgment of any component.

NOTE Refer to AS 3610.1 for documentation requirements.

6.3.2 Stages of construction

The various stages of construction are as follows:

(a) Stage 1 4 Prior to placement of concrete, including the period 4

(i) during handling and erection of the formwork; and

(ii) when the formwork is erected, but prior to placement of concrete.

(b) Stage 2 4 During placement of concrete.

(c) Stage 3 4 After placement of concrete, and until the formwork is removed.

C6.3.2 The erection of the formwork assembly and the works which follow have been designated as separate stages of construction, to diûerentiate the major
activities.

In Stage 1 the correct preparation of the formwork assembly is necessary to enable the following stages to progress unhindered. Poor preparation could lead
to costly delays, remedial work or possible failure. A particular problem during this stage is overturning of the unloaded formwork assembly due to wind load or
racking due to insuþcient bracing.

Stage 2 is the critical stage, with the programming of concrete delivery coinciding with site activities to produce a well-cast slab, column, beam, wall or other
element. During this stage a large number of personnel will be working on or adjacent to the formwork assembly.

Stage 3 is the ünal loading stage, when the formwork provides support for the concrete until it becomes self-supporting and attains suþcient strength to
withstand the imposed loads. Typically, stacked materials are placed at this stage.

At any stage in a project, any two or all of these stages can be proceeding simultaneously.

6.3.3 Access and edge protection

6.3.3.1 Access
Safe access to and egress from all formwork areas shall be provided. Access may take the form of access platforms, stairways, üxed ladders and platforms
being part of formwork assemblies, portable ladders or other means, in accordance with the following:

(a) Access platforms and stairways constructed of scaûolding equipment shall conform to AS/NZS 1576.1 or AS/NZS 1576.6.

(b) Ladders üxed to formwork shall conform to AS 1657.

(c) Portable ladders shall be single ladders conforming with industrial grade requirements of AS 1892.1.

6.3.3.2 Edge protection

Where edge protection is required, it shall be provided by one of the following means:

(a) Perimeter protection screens extending from one working platform to the working platform above conforming to AS/NZS 4994.4.

(b) Edge protection conforming to AS/NZS 4994.1.

(c) Scaûolding equipment conforming to AS/NZS 1576.1.

NOTE Refer to relevant authorities for requirements on working at heights.

6.3.3.3 Omission of edge protection

Edge protection or components of edge protection may be omitted at points of access from a ladder, stairs or at edges of platforms adjacent to the ýoor or face
of a building or structure, provided there is conformity to the operational requirements of AS/NZS 1576.1.

6.3.4 Components
6.3.4.1 General
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All formwork components shall be of the speciüed type and material grade, see Clause 6.3.5.

Proprietary formwork shall conform to the acceptance criteria of Table 6.3.1. Where components do not meet these criteria, they shall conform to the following
rigorous design (see Sections 4 and 5) or satisfactory proof testing under the provisions of Appendix A.

Single-use formwork shall conform to the acceptance criteria speciüed in the formwork documentation.

All formwork components shall be assembled in accordance with the formwork documentation and requirements of this Section.

C6.3.4 The use of defective components will lead to a compromised formwork structure. Normal site use leads to wear and tear damage of components.
Table 6.3.1 sets out the limits of misalignment within which a component can still be considered acceptable. Note that the out-of-straightness limit of L/300 for
tubular and threaded components will require those items to be designed for that degrading eûect, see Section 4.

Items that are damaged outside the criteria of Table 6.3.1 can be tested in accordance with Appendix A.

Attention should be given to the following:

(a) Falsework components such as steel tubes, props, frames and modular scaûold are commonly subjected to damage during transit, site assembly,
disassembly and mishandling.

(b) The extent of this damage should not signiücantly impair the structural capacity of the component. Visible localized deformations should not exceed 1/15 of
the diameter of the member. The deformation and its location relative to other deformations (or adjustment holes in props) will possibly induce eccentricities or
other conditions that signiücantly aûect the capacity of falsework systems.

(c) Obvious, extensive, visible dents, bends, cuts, and creases which exceed 1/15 of the diameter of the member will require repair or removal. Straightening
should only be carried out where the circular section of the tube is not deformed. Attempts should not be made to repair severely damaged or bent tubes.
Damaged tubes may be shortened to a useful length by cutting oû the damaged portion.

(d) Tubes to be butted end-to-end, or seated on baseplates, or support a jack, should not be cut with an oxyacetylene torch. They may, however, be cut with a
power saw ütted with suitable clamps which will ensure that the end is cut square.

(e) Ancillary formwork üttings such as ties, screw jacks, couplers, and clamps, should be kept in serviceable condition. All moving parts should be lubricated,
to ensure easy and positive movement. Items that are severely damaged, unserviceable or inoperable should be discarded.

(f) Aluminium beams and joists, form panels and soldiers are prone to damage. Proper care in erection and dismantling will reduce this damage. Most types of
damage to these components is repairable or, alternatively, parts of the component may be salvaged. Components that have induced deformations and have
not recovered to their original position should not be re-used.

(g) Where the serviceability of manufactured components is in doubt, then the manufacturer or responsible agent should be contacted to conürm the structural
capacity of the component in question.

(h) The safest and most economical way to ensure unhindered erection, pouring and other associated formwork sequences is to check or monitor formwork
components before use. In this manner, faulty or outmoded components can be readily replaced without major repercussions to the continuity of work.

6.3.4.2 Mixing of components

Components placed in a formwork assembly that are of a diûerent fabricator/supplier and type are permitted provided the following is identiüed:

(a) Components have similar strength and performance characteristics.

(b) Components can be connected or assembled together.

(c) All components can be identiüed and have accompanying proprietary documentation.

(d) Formwork assembly is veriüed under the requirements of Formwork Importance Level II or III, whichever is relevant, see Clause 2.4.

(e) Formwork assembly is inspected in accordance with Clause 6.4.2.

C6.3.4.2 Attention is drawn to the potential dangers of mixing formwork components of diûerent brands. Although formwork components made by diûerent
manufacturers are often interchangeable, they should not be mixed unless they are physically identical or unless their compatibility has been veriüed by design
or testing. Some components from diûerent sources can cause incompatible structural actions. Experience in formwork practices is required.

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Table 6.3.1 — Acceptance criteria for assemblies and components

Acceptable deviations End-to-end

Component Required condition Connections Eccentricity of loading
Out-of-straightness Out-of-plumb bearing surfaces

Tube and coupler Free from splits, For tube, not to exceed Verticals to be within Centre-lines of tubes Where the junction For components intended
cracks, visible tube L/300 mm, see L/200 or a maximum of at node points to be of members to be placed centrally
deformations, rust and Figure 6.3.1(a). 40 mm, unless more as close as possible intended to be under supported
dents, see Notes 3 stringent requirements and never more than assembled with end members, the eccentricity
and 4. are speciüed in the 150 mm apart, see to end bearing and shall not exceed the more
formwork or proprietary Figure 6.3.1(d). compression have stringent criteria speciüed
documentation, see been damaged, they in the formwork
Figure 6.3.1(b). shall have the documentation and
mating surfaces proprietary
within 1° of square documentation.
with no local
protrusion in excess
of 1 mm, see
Clause 6.3.1(c).
Props Inner and outer tubes For each member (inner As per formwork As per formwork
free from splits, and outer), not to exceed and proprietary and proprietary
cracks, visible L/300 mm of individual documentation. documentation.
deformations, rust and length, see
dents, see Notes 3 Figure 6.3.1(a).
and 4.
Frames and modular shoring Free from splits, For each member not to
systems cracks, visible tube exceed L/300, where L is
deformations, rust and the overall length of each
dents, see Notes 3 member in the frame,
and 4. unless more stringent
Threaded component Threads free from requirements are
visible wear and speciüed in the formwork
deformation. In the or proprietary
case of threaded documentation.
hollow sections, free
from splits, cracks,
visible tube
deformations, rust and
dents, see Notes 3
and 4.
Other proprietary As speciüed in the
components proprietary
documentation.
Timber assemblies and All timber and timber
components products shall be in
accordance with the
relevant Australian
Standard. Assemblies
and components shall
be used in
accordance with the
proprietary
documentation.

NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to the possibility of cumulative errors and the need to consider this eûect on the total system.

NOTE 2 Attention is drawn to the possibility of the formwork documentation or proprietary documentation specifying more stringent accuracy than those speciüed in this Table.

NOTE 3 Visible deformations and dents for tubes, props, frames and modular scaûolds should not normally exceed 1/15th of the member diameter.

NOTE 4 Assemblies and components are to be free from the results of corrosion (e.g. rust), which may impair their strength or eþciency.

Figure 6.3.1 4 Acceptable deviations

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6.3.5 Materials
6.3.5.1 General
All materials used in formwork shall be in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards. Used materials shall have structural characteristics at least equal
to those of the speciüed materials. Where there is no relevant Australian Standard, the materials shall be demonstrated as having structural characteristics that
will result in the formwork satisfying the requirements of this Standard and, in particular, being suitable for use as formwork during its design working life, see
Clause 1.4.
NOTE 1 Used materials that are organic in origin such as timber, LVL and plywood may, in certain environments, degrade in strength over time due to weathering, see Clause 6.3.5.3.

NOTE 2 Only Structural Laminated Veneer Lumber in accordance with AS/NZS 4357.0 should be used.

C6.3.5.1 As is the case with components, all materials used needs to be identiüed, and the structural capacity established.

6.3.5.2 Unidentiüed components and materials

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Where it is not possible to identify components or materials as being of the type and grade speciüed in the formwork documentation, they shall not be used in the
formwork unless structural capacity has been established by testing or, where permitted, capacity reductions of the material is determined based on minimum
material strengths. The following requirements shall apply to the use of materials where the structural capacity cannot be identiüed:

(a)Aluminium 4 No assumptions shall be made in respect of alloy or temper unless the aluminium component can be positively identiüed by brand marks, or
other distinguishing features. A representative sample of the material shall be submitted for testing to determine identiücation where unidentiüed.

(b)Steel 4 Unless the steel can be positively identiüed by brand marks, or other distinguishing features, as being of a particular grade, the yield strength shall be
assumed to be not more than 200 MPa.

(c)Timber 4 Unless the stress grading of the timber is clearly marked on the members, no assumptions shall be made in respect of grading. The visual grading
of timber shall be made in accordance with the requirements of the following Standards:

(i) Hardwood, AS 2082.

(ii) Softwood, AS 2858.

A representative sample of timber may also be submitted for testing for identiücation to enable visual stress grading to be achieved in accordance with the
above Standards.

(d)LVL (Structural Laminated Veneer Lumber) 4 Unless the stress grading of the LVL is clearly marked on the member or it can be positively identiüed by brand
marks, or other distinguishing features, as being of a particular structural grade, then no assumptions shall be made in respect to grading. A representative
sample of the material shall be submitted for testing to determine identiücation where unidentiüed.

(e)Plywood 4 Unless the stress grading of the plywood is clearly marked on the sheets, no assumptions shall be made in respect of grading. Only plywood that
has been graded in accordance with AS 6669 and appropriately branded or identiüed shall be used.

(f)Other materials 4 Appropriate means of identiücation, by established visual grading methods, non-destructive evaluation or laboratory tests, shall be
undertaken before the material is used for formwork construction.

C6.3.5.2 Unidentiüed materials should not be used in the construction of formwork. Many formwork collapses in the past were due mainly to the use of
unidentiüed materials, or the wrong use of proprietary items.

For unidentiüed formwork equipment not in construction usage, it may be practical for the material to be tested for evaluation and identiücation or, determine
capacity via analysis and design utilizing a given material’s lowest possible strength where the use of a minimum material strength is permitted. Assumptions
about a given material’s lowest strength can be used to conservatively determine an unidentiüed material capacity, provided the component’s dimensions can
be ascertained. Testing a minimum of three representative samples is the recommended method in determining the unidentiüed components material
capacity.

For unidentiüed components or materials in use within an operational formwork assembly, and where it is impractical to test or determine capacity with
minimum material strengths, then the unidentiüed component/material needs to be replaced with a known item or bypassed with an identiüed component. An
example of this is where an unidentiüed formwork frame is discovered during a formwork inspection and it cannot be safely replaced. A solution would be to
use identiüed props of similar capacity to the frame legs, placed adjacent to each frame leg and directly in support of the formwork above, therefore bypassing
the unidentiüed formwork frame.

Speciüc consideration should be given to the following materials:

(a) Aluminium 4 Structural aluminium is produced with many alloys and tempers that have a large range of diûering performances. Non-structural aluminium
is proliüc. Structural aluminium cannot be visually identiüed between alloys and tempers. In fact, it cannot be distinguished from non-structural aluminium.
Unidentiüed aluminium components and materials needs to be tested to establish structural properties.

(b) Timber 4 Where the timber stress grade is either unknown or in dispute, particularly in the case of previously used material, then re-grading should be
carried out. The re-graded timber should be re-marked with the new stress grade. Only timber that has been visually or mechanically stress-graded and
appropriately branded or identiüed should be used.

(c) LVL 4 Structural LVL has its grade nominated by its manufacturer in accordance with AS/NZS 4357.0. Without identifying the manufacturer or brand then
it will be impossible to determine the structural grade unless testing a representative sample of the material. Also note, non-structural LVL products are
produced. They are not to be used.

(d) Plywood 4 Veriücation of plywood stress grades should be carried out in accordance with AS 6669, which covers three methods for stress-grading
requirements. Visual grading is not possible with formwork plywood. Caution should be taken to ensure that non-structural plywood products are not used.

6.3.5.3 Environmental eûects on components and materials

Materials that are susceptible to degradation due to environmental exposure eûects shall be assessed on an ongoing basis commensurate with the given
environmental conditions and the material.

Proprietary documentation shall give a percentage allowance, if any, for the reduction of material for a particular component. Where components do not meet
these criteria, they shall be deemed to conform if they satisfy the design requirements of Section 4 and 5 (provided material reduction can be accurately
determined) or satisfactory proof testing under the provisions of Appendix A.

Timber based materials shall be visually inspected prior to re-use. For further information see Commentary C6.3.5.3.

Where LVL or plywood is delaminating, and where a timber-based component is suûering biological attack, then it shall not be used.

A timber-based component shall have its capacity reduced commensurate with the level of mechanical damage present, or not be used.

Where a metal component is delaminating, deforming or splitting due to corrosion then it shall not be used.
NOTE See Clause 2.3.6 for design requirements with environmental conditions and durability.

Timber members with cross-sections reduced, and are still in use, shall have structural capacity reassessed.

C6.3.5.3 The eûects of local environmental conditions will also determine the life expectancy of components and materials. Components set up in corrosive
environments (e.g. wharfs, jetties, chemical plants, reüneries) should be very closely monitored for deterioration.

As a guide only, it is considered that when components such as tubes, frames, props and system scaûolds have been in service in corrosive environments,
any rust ýakes or pitting should not reduce the surface area (or cross-sectional area, where appropriate) of the component by more than 5 %. Material loss
can be ascertained by cleaning corroded areas oû and weighing the component very accurately with comparisons to a similar uncorroded item. Where the loss
in material owing to corrosion cannot be determined by the method above, then ultrasonic wall thickness measurement can be undertaken. Where a
component is delaminating, deforming or splitting due to corrosion then it is not to be used.

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With timber, the load carrying capacity is adversely aûected by weathering and mechanical damage. Maintenance and care of timber will prevent reduction in
stress grades due to weathering eûects.

It is good practice to visually inspect all timber materials prior to re-use, with special attention to excessive knots and grain defects and loss of branding colour
in the case of structural LVL. The use of deteriorated timber requires special care, and in this respect, visual grading is essential.

However, if delamination, biological attack (termites, fungus, rot), or severe mechanical damage is present then the timber member is not to be used.

6.4 Formwork construction 4 in situ concrete

6.4.1 Stage 1 of construction 4 Formwork erection
6.4.1.1 General
All formwork shall be 4

(a) in accordance with the formwork documentation; and

(b) erected so that the ünished concrete is within the required tolerances.

6.4.1.2 Foundations
The formwork shall be founded on material that conforms with the formwork documentation.

C6.4.1.2 Special attention is drawn to the following situations which can be unacceptable if appropriate action is not taken, see Figure C6.4.1:

(a) Weak materials overlaid by soils of greater bearing capacity. The use of geotextiles, steel mesh laid on the ground and other ground improvement methods
may oûer possible solutions.

(b) Inadequately compacted back-ülled areas.

(c) Formwork assemblies erected adjacent to the edges of slopes and terraces. Such assemblies are prone to lateral movement.

(d) Boulders or rocks buried in soils. They are likely to cause diûerential settlement.

(e) Scouring or settlement caused by ýooding. This may aûect foundations.

(f) Surfaces in wet conditions. Ground conditions can vary greatly after rain. Settlement of the lower areas may occur due to ponding or erosion. Temporary
diversion drains or dams may be needed. Rain also activates expansive soils or clays and some soils are softened or, in extreme cases, can liquefy.

The problems of inadequate foundations may be tackled in two ways, as follows:

(i) Adequate remedial or protective work can be carried out on the foundations. Diversion works such as drainage channels would minimize the possibility of
scouring or other eûects associated with wet foundations.

(ii) The supports to the base of the formwork may be designed to overcome the foundation’s deüciencies. Where there is any indication of inadequate
foundations, a thorough soil investigation is recommended.

Unstable ground, uneven surfaces, loose üll, softened ground, frozen ground, or areas that are liable to be undermined by adjacent work practices may
require special action.

Remedial work may involve methods such as ground improvement, use of the footings to the permanent structure, soil stabilization and piles.

Figure C6.4.1 4 Diûerential settlement due to inadequate foundations

6.4.1.3 Footings
Where the falsework is not supported on a permanent structure, the footings shall be constructed in accordance with the formwork documentation.

Where on-site foundation conditions diûer from those described in the formwork documentation, a revised design shall be obtained. Alternatively, the foundation
material may be modiüed to satisfy the requirements of the formwork documentation.

C6.4.1.3 A footing system can range from a simple sole plate to a complex system of piles or steel beams spanning poor soils. The permanent structure may
be used, or a suitable footing system may be provided. It is assumed that no signiücant movement in the permanent structure would take place, but this is
subject to any conditions speciüed in the project documentation, refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.2.4. It is important that the permanent structure is veriüed
for any induced formwork loads.

Be aware of ground slabs built on reactive soils. These are eûectively suspended slabs that cannot be backpropped. They often do not have the capacity to
support formwork loads which may result in costly solutions of post-installed supports to foundations. Best practice is to have the ground slab designed for the
construction loads above.

To avoid the type of occurrence shown in Figure C6.4.2, a stiûening spreader should be used to spread the load more uniformly, see Figure C6.4.3.

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When sole-plates rest upon rocky or stony ground, special precautions should be taken to ensure that eccentric action will not arise because of raised points
just under the surface. This situation is shown in Figure C6.4.4. Possible solutions are spreader beams or concrete pads.

Soleplates should be of good quality timber equivalent in size and strength to hardwood timber scaûold planks and should not include long splits.

Figure C6.4.2 4 Inadequate soleboard ýexes on soft ground

Figure C6.4.3 4 Stiûened supports for soft ground

Figure C6.4.4 4 Eccentric loading on ground

Diûerential settlement is the movement of one part of the formwork assembly in relation to another part. It is caused by diûerences in the foundation capacity.
Both uniform and diûerential settlement of the formwork may have an eûect on the permanent structure, especially during the initial set and early gain in
strength of the concrete.

It is necessary to ensure that footing systems are capable of sustaining any induced horizontal loads upon the system, see Figure C6.4.5.

Where the ground surface is inadequate, it may be necessary to provide a deep foundation such as piles. This solution is often used in the construction of
heavy civil engineering structures. The formwork documentation should provide the necessary information.

In all cases the integrity of the foundations should be maintained, especially where adverse conditions, such as ýooding or scouring, are likely to occur.

Figure C6.4.5 4 Sliding of whole assembly

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6.4.1.4 Adjustment devices

Adjustment devices shall be used with formwork assemblies to allow for erection, adjustment, and stripping.

C6.4.1.4 All adjustment devices should be designed to allow vertical and horizontal adjustment to be made to facilitate erection and stripping of forms, and to
compensate for expected movements or deýections. Adjustments may be provided at both top and bottom of support systems. For example, level adjustments
may be made with the use of screw-jacks. These include adjustments to soþt forms and wall forms.

Care should be taken when using devices that unwind or have the tendency to unwind under load, as under vibration they have the potential to cause
dislodgment of supports.

Adjustment devices with formwork systems are designed to adjust under little to no load, carry large static loads, and release at load by human manipulation.

Unless speciücally designed to do so, adjustment devices are not to be used to raise or lower loads. The friction between the threaded component and the nut,
especially cast nuts such as jack nuts and form-tie nuts, will erode the nut to the point of a catastrophic slip failure.

6.4.1.5 Formwork assembly

The formwork assembly shall 4

(a) be erected with the required conditions of Table 6.3.1;

(b) conform to the acceptance criteria detailed in Table 6.3.1; and

(c) conform to the stability requirements of Clause 6.4.1.6.

C6.4.1.5 The formwork assembly for a soþt form could consist of baseplates, frames, props, system scaûolds, bearers, joists, plywood, screw jacks and U-
heads. The formwork assembly is a combination of components and adjustment devices used to support the concrete and it rests either on footings or directly
on the foundation.

Poor erection practices often cause eccentric loadings which are likely to cause failure. Figures C6.4.6 and C6.4.7 illustrate how eccentric loadings can occur.
These eccentric loadings will reduce the capacity of the props and frames.

Figure C6.4.6 4 Out-of-plumb prop causing eccentric (oû-centre) loading.

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Figure C6.4.7 4 Eccentric (oû-centre) loading causing bending of the prop

U-heads that are used to support bearers should be arranged with the fork-head twisted as shown in Figure C6.4.8 to ensure the bearers are loaded centrally
over the supports. Care is also needed to ensure that bearers are placed correctly on U-heads. Correct and incorrect assembly conügurations for u-heads and
bearers are shown in Figure C6.4.9.

Figure C6.4.8 4 U-head turned to sit tightly against bearer, with bearer centralized over prop

Figure C6.4.9 4 U-head and bearer conügurations

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Bracing is needed at the anticipated position of commencement of the pour as this will give the braced panel the maximum resistance to overturning, due to
the increased vertical load from the fresh concrete. In most cases the pour will commence at the edge of the form.

Where a mixture of frames and props exist, the frames and their bracing should be positioned at the perimeter of the form.

Bracing is needed to maintain the formwork within the tolerances speciüed under the eûects of anticipated load. In all cases, the bracing should be suþciently
rigid to prevent permanent deformation under load.

Dumped loads can cause bearers to lift oû at adjacent props. In Figure C6.4.10 the large dumped load induces a curvature in the bearer, and this allows the
bearer to lift away from the props. This problem is likely to induce failure of other members. For this reason, when single props are used, all bearers should be
fastened to the prop, either by nailing or by some other form of üxing. Alternatively, the props may be stabilized by fastening a horizontal top brace and
bracing, as shown in Figure C6.4.11.

Figure C6.4.10 4 Dislodgement of non-üxed prop due to a non-uniform loading

Figure C6.4.11 4 Illustration of üxing with a top brace

Materials should always be stacked in a manner that will prevent overloading of the formwork assembly, see Figure C6.4.12.

Figure C6.4.12 4 Locations for stacking of materials

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6.4.1.6 Stability
The stability of the formwork shall be maintained throughout the erection procedure.

C6.4.1.6 Stability 4 The formwork assembly should be erected in a manner that does not present stability problems during erection, placement of the
concrete, dismantling and relocation. Bracing needs to be provided to allow for the safe and stable erection of the formwork assembly, and for any
adjustments that may be required. It may also be necessary to provide additional bracing during erection.

The following bracing methods are common:

(a) First method 4 Connections between the permanent structure and the formwork to provide overall stability.

(b) Second method 4 Framed bracing between the formwork supports.

For the ürst method, conürmation that the permanent structure is structurally adequate is required. For example, the loads on the formwork can cause cracking
at the base of columns, as shown in Figure C6.4.13.

Figure C6.4.13 4 Horizontal loads transferred to columns

In the second method, where framed bracing is provided, there is a requirement to assess the capabilities of the formwork assembly. Single storey frame
systems, installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions, are usually adequate to cater for normal horizontal construction loads and wind at ground
level. For other cases, the stability of the assembly should be checked, as supplementary braces and guys may be needed.

Vibration, construction loads, and minor impact loads can all contribute to the tendency of the form to move. An example of this problem with the separation of
components is shown in Figure C6.4.14. Tying is needed to avoid this type of failure.

Figure C6.4.14 4 Separation caused by vibration

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Separation and subsequent instability due to a lack of connection is illustrated below in Figure C6.4.15.

Figure C6.4.15 4 Unstable situation arising from a lack of connection at joint

Attention is drawn to the possible dislodgment of timber wedges. Where this is likely to occur, some form of positive üxing, e.g. nailing, is necessary.

6.4.1.7 Deviation indicators

Where speciüed by the formwork documentation, deviation indicators shall be installed to monitor formwork movements.

C6.4.1.7 When close control of the deýection of surfaces is needed it is normal to install deýection indicators. Often these consist of stringlines üxed to rigid
parts of the formwork framing. During the pour a close watch is kept on the distance between the stringline and the adjacent surface the deýection of which is
being monitored. This indicates if any remedial action is needed during the pour.

6.4.1.8 Forms
The forms shall be constructed in accordance with the formwork documentation.

The form face material shall be compatible with the speciüed class of surface ünish in accordance with AS 3610.1.

C6.4.1.8 The formwork designer needs to ensure that the selected method of structural support is satisfactory and compatible with the achievement of the
speciüed surface ünish. Attention to the quality of ünish will place restrictions on the selection of materials.

With all timber-based formwork products, it is practically impossible to produce a surface which is impervious to moisture penetration. Even in plywood
formwork products with heavy facings of phenolic impregnated paper, a very small amount of moisture will penetrate the surface and be absorbed by the
plywood. This process can lead to diûerential swelling within the face veneer, which can show on the concrete surface as a grain imprint. The subject of
acceptable grain imprint is contentious, as assessment of acceptable levels is extremely subjective.

Test panels should be cast so that acceptable levels of grain imprint can be established.

6.4.2 Stage 1 of construction 4 Formwork inspection

6.4.2.1 General
The formwork shall be inspected during Stage 1, when complete and prior to the placement of concrete during Stage 2. The inspection(s) shall conürm
conformance with the requirements of the formwork documentation and the AS 3610 series.

The criteria for acceptance of the formwork shall be as speciüed in Clauses 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3, and 6.4.2.4 as appropriate.

6.4.2.2 Formwork documentation

The formwork shall conform to the requirements of the formwork documentation. In particular, the following shall be checked:

(a)Scope of formwork documentation 4 The formwork documentation provides the requirements for the foundation, footings, falsework and forms.

(b)Design assumptions 4 The design assumptions speciüed in the formwork documentation are valid, in particular 4
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(i) design loads;

(ii) sequence and method of concrete placement;

(iii) concrete materials and admixtures;

(iv) vibration equipment and methods; and

(v) foundation material and preparation.

(c)General arrangement 4 All the members, including bracing, shown on the formwork documentation are identiüed as present.

(d)Materials and components 4 All materials and components can be identiüed as the type and grade speciüed in the formwork documentation. Components
shall meet the acceptance criteria speciüed in Table 6.3.1.

(e)Proprietary components 4 All proprietary components are used in accordance with the proprietary documentation.

(f)Connections 4 All components are connected in accordance with the formwork documentation and cannot be partially or completely dislodged. All
connection devices are securely üxed and cannot be unintentionally disconnected.

(g)Eccentricities 4The eccentricity of loads applied to supports or at joints does not exceed the limitations speciüed in the formwork documentation.

(h)Out-of-plumb 4 The out-of-plumb of all components is within the acceptance criteria speciüed in Table 6.3.1.

(i)Adjustment 4 The formwork is ütted with devices to facilitate adjustment of the formwork.

(j)Stripping 4 The formwork is designed to allow stripping in a controlled manner.

(k)Surface quality 4 The formwork has the potential to achieve the required class of surface ünish.

6.4.2.3 Inspection during erection

During erection of the formwork, regular inspections shall be carried out to ensure that the formwork is being erected in accordance with the formwork
documentation. Inspections should check the orientation and location of components, especially bracing members, the use of temporary supports and the
proper installation of the correct connectors, couplers and üttings.

During installation, components shall be inspected for damage. Damaged components shall be segregated and not installed.

6.4.2.4 Inspection of formwork prior to placement of concrete

After erection of the formwork and prior to placement of concrete, the formwork and the foundation shall be inspected to determine that the requirements of the
formwork documentation have been fulülled.

As a minimum, the inspection shall verify the following:

(a) The erection conforms to the formwork documentation.

(b) The dimensional accuracies, plumb and straightness are within the speciüed tolerances.

(c) The foundations are not likely to be disturbed and they and the lower parts of the supporting structure are not liable to damage by interference, accident,
traþc, scouring or undermining.

(d) Soleplates, where required by the formwork documentation, are properly bedded down, levelled and, where necessary, adequately supported.

(e) Members are correctly positioned and connected.

(f) The stipulated limits of adjustable components (e.g. adjustable jacks and U-heads) have not been exceeded.

(g) All required components, pins, bolts, nuts, clips, and similar components are undamaged and are of the correct type and have been correctly inserted and
are secure.

(h) Soþt formwork is clear of debris.

The results of the inspection and action taken to correct any non-conformance shall be recorded in writing.
NOTE 1 A documented handover should be provided. In some states of Australia, it is a mandatory requirement.

NOTE 2 Inspection may be undertaken by several parties, e.g. a competent person ensures deck is clear of debris while a qualiüed person inspects critical falsework.

6.4.2.5 Non-conformance
Where the formwork does not meet the acceptance criteria in Clause 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3, and 6.4.2.4 the non-conforming formwork shall be rectiüed to conform to
the project, construction and formwork documentation prior to the commencement of Stage 2.
NOTE In some circumstances, it may be necessary to redesign the formwork or amend the documentation.

C6.4.2.5 Conformance with the documentation, good workmanship, careful supervision and proper bracing will prevent problems associated with concrete
pours. It is essential that the completed formwork is inspected, checked and suitably modiüed, where required, prior to concrete placement.

Where ambiguities in the formwork documentation are found, it is emphasized that the documenters be consulted as appropriate.

6.4.3 Stage 2 of construction 4 Concrete placement

6.4.3.1 Safety considerations
Prior to the concrete being poured, a method of communication between the supervising personnel and the placing crews shall be established.

Where applicable 4

(a) indicators shall be monitored to facilitate the detection of undue settlement or distortion during concrete placement; and

(b) the concrete and concrete placement, including mounding, shall be monitored to ensure conformance with the formwork documentation.

During the placement of the concrete, there shall be continuous supervision of the process, including observation of the formwork, to ensure early detection of
potentially dangerous situations. Where component failure, undue settlement or distortion of the formwork is observed, the placement of concrete shall be
stopped immediately. An assessment shall be made, and action taken, which shall not jeopardize the safety of any personnel working on it or in the vicinity.
NOTE 1 It may be necessary to review and amend the formwork documentation, rectify and re-inspect the formwork construction.

NOTE 2 An exclusion zone should be established to prevent people other than formwork observers accessing the area under the formwork during the concrete pour and the exclusion zone should be maintained
until the concrete reaches adequate strength.

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6.4.3.2 Surface ünish

Concrete shall be placed and compacted in a manner that is compatible with the speciüed quality of class of surface ünish.

C6.4.3 Placement of the concrete and the unhindered continuity of the pour is the culmination of various activities. Site activities should coincide with the oû-
site delivery programs. Electrical conduits, plumbing, block-outs, set-downs, steel reinforcing, plywood surface cleaning and preparation, levelling,
construction joints and wall/column steel should be completed, checked and rechecked to prevent problems in Stages 2 and 3.

Experienced personnel are necessary to observe and supervise concrete placement, to prevent excessive mounding of wet concrete that could cause
localized overstressing in the formwork system directly below.

Cantilever formwork structures at the perimeter of soþt forms are a common source for the start of instability. Concrete pours usually commence at the
perimeter of the work and there is, therefore, at the start of the pour, no stabilizing weight of freshly poured concrete in position to prevent the cantilever from
overturning. Eûective ties into adequate anchors are essential (e.g. ties into the previously poured slabs), see Figure C6.4.16.

Figure C6.4.16 4 Importance of anchors to cantilever

Where excessive movement of formwork takes place during the pour, extreme care should be taken in carrying out remedial action, e.g. realignment of forms.

Impact from craned items such as kibbles, wall forms, and reinforcing steel can be avoided by good work practice.

The concrete itself should also be monitored, so that site personnel are aware of the concrete characteristics; some additives and super-ýowing type concrete
create abnormal features in the concrete. In some situations, such as in extremely hot or cold climates, the concrete will require specialist supervision.
Supervisors should also be aware of the problems associated with high-strength concretes, or concretes with large aggregate sizes used in columns or walls.
Excessive re-vibration of these types of concrete, and also of the more common forms of concrete, creates excessive concrete pressures at the base and
lower portions of the vertical formwork, see Clause 3.2.3.8.

Materials should not be stacked upon completed ýoors, unless this is allowed in the formwork documentation. Excessive overloading of the formwork system
and the recently placed in situ concrete has occurred where materials for the next level have been placed immediately upon the uppermost level, after the
concrete has achieved its initial set.

6.4.4 Stage 3 of construction 4 After placement of concrete and formwork stripping

6.4.4.1 Construction loads
Loads on the newly poured concrete (e.g. stacked materials) shall not exceed those permitted in the project documentation, construction documentation and the
formwork documentation, refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Clauses 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4.

6.4.4.2 Stripping times

Stripping of formwork from in situ concrete shall not be undertaken earlier than as speciüed in the project and construction documentation.

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NOTE AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 4.4.3 and Appendix C provide guidance on stripping times in particular circumstances.

C6.4.4.2 In the absence of stripping time instruction with project and construction documentation, the stripping times listed in AS 3610.1:2018 Appendix C are
regarded as conservative for most applications.

6.4.4.3 Stripping procedures

General stripping of formwork shall conform to procedures speciüed in the project documentation, the construction documentation and the formwork
documentation. Stripping shall be carried out in a controlled and planned manner that ensures the gradual transfer of load, from the formwork or the supports, to
the permanent structure or existing structure. Procedures that have the potential to cause damage to the permanent structure or existing structure shall not be
used.
NOTE AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 4.4.2 provides guidance on stripping procedures.

C6.4.4.3 The procedures employed in stripping formwork have a direct bearing on the quality of the ünal structure. Early stripping, or haphazard removal of
components, can result in permanent defects such as cracking, colour variations and non-durable surfaces.

These aspects are subject to consideration at the design stage, and requirements appropriate to the project should be clearly speciüed in the documentation.

6.4.5 Multistorey supports

6.4.5.1 General
Multistorey formwork systems for in situ construction and procedures that involve the use of undisturbed supports, backpropping or reshoring shall be in
accordance with the project documentation, construction documentation and formwork documentation, refer to AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 2.2.4.

6.4.5.2 Reshoring
Reshoring procedures shall be supervised to ensure 4

(a) they are carried out in strict accordance with the project documentation, construction documentation and formwork documentation, refer to AS 3610.1:2018
Clause 2.2.4(a); and

(b) there are no visible detrimental eûects to the permanent structure from the loading of early-age concrete, e.g. cracking or deýections that may impair the
strength or serviceability of permanent structure.

NOTE AS 3610.1:2018 Clause 4.3 provides conformance requirements and Appendix F of this Standard provides guidance on determination of multistorey shoring loads.

7 Special structures and construction methods

7.1 Scope of section
7.1.1 General
This Section sets out the additional requirements for the documentation, design and construction of formwork for special structures and special construction
methods.

Formwork for all special structures and methods shall be in accordance with Sections 1 to 6 and Clauses 7.2 and 7.3 of this Standard and with AS 3610.1

7.1.2 Special methods of formwork construction

Speciüc requirements are included for 4

(a) single-sided wall formwork;

(b) slip formwork;

(c) jump formwork;

(d) precast concrete as formwork;

(e) permanent formwork; and

(f) travelling formwork.

7.1.3 Special formwork structures

For speciüc requirements for underground structures, see Clause 7.3.

7.2 Special methods of formwork construction

7.2.1 Single-sided wall formwork
7.2.1.1 General
This Section is applicable to a method of formwork construction where the system resists concrete lateral pressure via external bracing only, referred to as
single-sided wall formwork. Focus of this clause is on the additional design and construction requirements for single-sided wall formwork.

Single-sided wall formwork shall be designed in accordance with Sections 2 to 6 and Clause 7.2.1.2.

C7.2.1.1 When ties are not or cannot be used to balance lateral concrete pressure, then the wall formwork system is regarded as single-sided. The resulting
system needs to resist both lateral and vertical uplift loads via external bracing. Underestimation in the magnitude of the uplift forces is a common error.

Single-sided wall formwork occurs regularly with edge forms for slabs, both suspended and on ground, shallow beam sides, through to high walls typically
used for lining excavations. Single-sided forms supporting concrete deeper than 1 m become more complex and costly in the amount of work involved in
restraining them.

Studies into the cause of falsework failures suggest that often the failure of the side formwork is a trigger for the collapse of falsework.

7.2.1.2 Documentation
7.2.1.2.1 General

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Speciüc additional documentation requirements shall be in accordance with Clauses 7.2.1.2.2 to 7.2.1.2.3, where applicable.

7.2.1.2.2 Formwork documentation

Formwork documentation shall include the following:

(a) Detailed drawings of the set-out of the form bracing (falsework), and anchorage.

(b) Concrete rate of rise and minimum allowable concrete temperature.

(c) Diagrams for concrete placement sequence where control measures are required.

(d) Vertical reaction loads or anchor loads be detailed on the formwork set-out drawings.

7.2.1.2.3 Project documentation

Concrete properties, including constituent concrete materials shall be provided.

7.2.1.3 Actions, combinations and allowances

Actions and combinations as detailed in Sections 2 and 3 shall be used.

7.2.1.4 Construction
7.2.1.4.1 General
Construction shall be in accordance with Section 6 of this Standard and Clauses 7.2.1.4.2 and 7.2.1.4.3, where applicable.

7.2.1.4.2 Concrete delivery

Concrete delivery shall conform to the following:

(a) Concrete delivery shall conform to the formwork documentation requirements.

(b) The design concrete vertical rate of rise shall be adhered to.

(c) Concrete temperature shall be checked prior to concrete placement.

7.2.1.4.3 Anchorage
Post-üxed anchors with ultimate design reactions greater than 50kN in tension shall be tested at their design working load or an additional capacity reduction
factor of 0.5 shall be applied to the design anchorage resistance. If the anchorage zone is aûected by water, then the post-üx anchor/s shall be tested to their
design working load.

DRAFTING NOTE: The committee invites comment on the requirement speciüed in Clause 7.2.1.4.3.

7.2.1.5 Materials
Proprietary systems shall be able to be identiüed and have supporting documentation, where proprietary systems are to be used.

All other formwork materials shall conform to this Standard.

7.2.2 Slip formwork

7.2.2.1 General
This clause is applicable to a method of formwork construction where the forming process is incremental or fully continuous. This method can be utilized for
vertical, horizontal and sloping concrete structures.

C7.2.2.1 A slip-form is a form assembly that slips/slides and leaves formed concrete in place. The rate of movement of the forms is controlled so the forms
leave the concrete once the concrete is stiû enough to maintain its shape and support all the applied loads from the construction process and environment.

Structures that can accommodate the slip-forming process are the following:

(a) Vertical structures such as core/shaft structures of buildings, silos, chimneys, vertical shaft linings, and bridge piers.

(b) Horizontal structures such as channels, road barriers, pavements, kerbs, retaining walls, and tunnel linings.

(c) Sloping structures such as dam linings.

(d) Concrete structures that are uniform in shape and length/height.

7.2.2.2 Documentation
7.2.2.2.1 General
Speciüc additional formwork documentation shall be provided in accordance with Clauses 7.2.2.2.2 and 7.2.2.2.3.

7.2.2.2.2 Vertical slip-forming

Documentation for vertical slip-forming shall include the following:

(a) Detailed drawings of the slip-form system with the following included:

(i) Jack layouts.

(ii) Formwork layouts including form camber.

(iii) Working platforms.

(iv) Access and egress systems and their locations.

(v) Concrete placement procedures.

(b) Detailed elevation drawings of openings, embedment’s and cast-in items for the concrete structure being constructed.

(c) Applied loads to the concrete structure being formed including jack loads and environmental actions such as wind.

(d) Minimum and maximum design slide speeds.

7.2.2.2.3 Horizontal and sloping slip-forming

Documentation for horizontal and sloping slip-forming shall include the following:

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(a) Detailed drawings of the slip-form system with the following included:

(i) Handling equipment, procedures and diagrams.

(ii) Formwork layouts.

(iii) Working platforms.

(iv) Access and egress systems and their locations.

(v) Concrete placement procedures.

(b) Minimum and maximum design slide speeds.

7.2.2.3 Actions, combinations and allowances

7.2.2.3.1 General
Actions and combinations as detailed in Sections 2 and 3 shall be used in conjunction with the relevant additional actions, combinations and allowances of
Clauses 7.2.2.3.2 to 7.2.2.3.5.

7.2.2.3.2 Stacked material (Qm)

Special attention for stacked materials shall be made with vertical slip-form systems owing to the conüned spaces typical of those installations. The minimum
stacked materials allowance of 2.5 kPa may not be appropriate for a slip-form arrangement.

C7.2.2.3.2 Reinforcing tends to be concentrated in bundles adjacent to the walls being formed. This can lead to high load concentrations on the aûected deck
level. Designated landing areas and material storage areas are recommended.

7.2.2.3.3 Slide friction (Xf)

Friction due to the slide of the slip-form system shall be determined. This is additional to the slip-form vertical forces of self-weight and live load.

The minimum friction due to the sliding of the forms shall not be less than 3.0 kPa acting over the area of the forms in contact with concrete.

C7.2.2.3.3 Frictional drag from the forms sliding over the plastic and semi-hard concrete creates a signiücant vertical force. Deeper forms and a higher pour
rate (greater form pressure) can increase the friction which in turn results in higher jacking loads.

7.2.2.3.4 Incremental lateral concrete pressure (Pc.inc)

The incremental lateral concrete pressure for designing slip-form systems shall be as follows in Equation 7.2(1):

Pc.inc = Pi + T525 r < Pc.hyd

+ 18

7.2(1)

where

Pc.inc = lateral concrete pressure for incremental concrete pour, speciücally but not limited to slip-
forming, in kilopascal
Pc.hyd = plastic concrete hydrostatic lateral pressure, in kilopascal
Pi = initial average pressure of plastic concrete
= 5.0 kPa for partial internal vibration
= 7.5 kPa for full internal vibration
r = vertical rate of concrete placement, in vertical metres per hour
T = concrete temperature at placement, in degrees Celsius
NOTE 1 A high vertical rate of rise will result in lateral pressures equalling or exceeding the concrete hydrostatic pressure. The concrete hydrostatic pressure is the maximum lateral pressure.

NOTE 2 Concrete placement typically requires emersion vibration owing to low slump concrete. Each layer is partially vibrated. For containment structures full vibration of each layer may be necessary. Re-
vibration of all the concrete layers together will result in full hydrostatic concrete lateral pressure Ph.

NOTE 3 Equation 7.2(1) is not limited to slip-form systems. It can be used for determining lateral concrete pressure where the pour characteristics are similar for slip-forming i.e. concrete placed in layers and low
rate of rise. It is not permitted for column pours, self-consolidating concrete (SCC), deep re-vibration of concrete and forms with external vibrators.

C7.2.2.3.4 Concrete placement for slip-forming is incremental, typically in shallow layers of 150 mm to 250 mm with low or no vibration. Owing to the low
height of contained concrete, typically 1 000 mm to 1 200 mm, the lateral pressure is not governed by the vertical head of concrete. Rate of rise, temperature
and vibration have the greater inýuence.

7.2.2.3.5 Slip-form slide speed (Sv)

The slide speed for vertical and sloping construction shall not exceed the vertical rate of concrete placement for which the slip-form system is designed for. Slide
speeds of 300 mm to 450 mm per hour should be used for vertical slip-forming. Faster rates are possible for both vertical and horizontal construction provided
comprehensive design, planning and on-site testing is undertaken.

C7.2.2.3.5 Although the maximum rate of slide is designed and planned, experience in slip-forming is required to determine the actual on-site slide speed of
the system. Maximum and minimum rates of movement will be aûected by weather, concrete slump, initial set of concrete, workability, concrete supply and
other factors that may not be predicted but will be of inýuence.

If the slide rate is too fast, then plastic concrete will fall out once the forms pass, and if too slow, then the concrete may stick to the forms and rip away.

Higher slide rates may be possible than those recommended with high-early strength concretes, increased form height, appropriate jacking equipment, and
eûective project management.

7.2.2.4 Construction
7.2.2.4.1 General
The acceptance criteria for formwork, its fabrication and erection as required in Section 6 are to be used in conjunction with the additional construction related
items of this clause.

7.2.2.4.2 Slip-form movement process

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Vertical, sloping or horizontal movement of forms may be a continuous process or a sequence of ünite placements. For specialized slip-form systems, see
Clause 7.3.2 for mass concrete structures (dams) and Clause 7.3.4 for underground structures (tunnels).

7.2.2.4.3 Slip-form stripping

Stripping occurs continuously as the form moves away from the hardening concrete. Stripping shall be governed by the slip-form slide speed, see
Clause 7.2.2.3.4.

For vertical slip-form operations, the level of hardened concrete in the form shall be checked frequently to conürm the actual allowable slide speed.

C7.2.2.4.3 A probing rod or more sophisticated method for determining concrete hardening such as temperature monitoring will be required for calibrating the
design slide speed with the actual speed.

7.2.2.4.4 Slip-form deviation

For continuous slipping operations a check of the form alignment and plumbness shall be undertaken a minimum of every 2 h. For intermittent slipping
operations a check of the form alignment and plumbness shall be made at the beginning of each slipping operation.

C7.2.2.4.4 Deviation occurs more readily on single, tall, slender structures such as vertical building cores. The form system tends to twist out-of-alignment and
out-of-plumb. Bracing and regular readjustment of the form system are typically required.

7.2.2.4.5 Slip-form height

The height of the slip-form form shall be governed by the slide friction, concrete hardening speed, desired form slide speed and predicted environmental
conditions.

7.2.2.5 Materials
The form-face material should be selected for durability and being constantly moist.

All other materials to be selected to suit structural requirements from the appropriate design Standard.

C7.2.2.5 Material selection for the form-face of a slip-form system will be governed by its ability to endure the dragging along the concrete face and being
perpetually wet due to the fresh concrete. Timber plywood may not be suitable for this application. It may swell, which could result in tolerance issues and
greater friction when sliding.

7.2.3 Jump Formwork

7.2.3.1 General
This section is applicable to a method of formwork construction where the form and falsework are incorporated into a mobile system. Focus of this clause is on
the additional design and construction requirements for jump/climb formwork which is limited to systems that relocate vertically.
NOTE 1 See jump formwork deünition (Clause 1.4.1).

NOTE 2 For systems that relocate horizontally, see Clause 7.2.6 for travelling formwork.

C7.2.3.1 Jump-form systems form a substantial concrete element, then <jump= to the next level or location. The forming process is not particularly remarkable,
but the jumping process varies greatly in method, magnitude and complexity.

Vertical and sloping structures that can accommodate the jump-forming process are similar to slip-forms, see Clause C7.2.2.1 for examples of these
structures.

Jump-form systems can be self-climbing or crane lifted.

Jump formwork systems can be as large as a buildings plan area, form all the vertical elements of the building at each jump, support concrete placement
booms, material hoists, external stair systems, site amenities and the buildings perimeter protection screens or be a single wall shutter with access platforms.

7.2.3.2 Documentation
7.2.3.2.1 General
Speciüc additional formwork documentation shall be provided in accordance with Clauses 7.2.3.2.2 and 7.2.3.2.3.

7.2.3.2.2 Formwork documentation

Formwork documentation for jump formwork shall include the following:

(a) Detailed drawings of the jump-form system with the following included shall be provided:

(i) Fabrication and/or proprietary drawings.

(ii) Assembly and disassembly drawings.

(iii) Jumping sequence drawings.

(iv) Support anchors, their installation details, properties and locations.

(v) Formwork wall shutter drawings including tie locations.

(vi) Working platforms with nominated allowable loads.

(vii) Access and egress systems and their locations.

(viii) Locations of additional items such as concrete placement systems, material hoists, perimeter protection screens, site amenities, etc.

(ix) Concrete placement procedures.

(b) Details on method of jumping, as follows:

(i) Self-climbing: Drive system to be used, and power requirements.

(ii) Crane lifted: Indicate lift points, centre of gravity and weight of system.

(c) Applied loads to the concrete structure being formed including jack loads, anchorage loads and thrust ties.

(d) Minimum concrete strengths for jumping.

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7.2.3.2.3 Project documentation

Project documentation for jump formwork shall include the following:

(a) Detailed elevation drawings of openings, embedment’s and cast-in items for the concrete structure being constructed.

(b) Set-out, location and technical information for construction systems to be attached or placed on the jump formwork system, i.e. concrete boom pump.

(c) Conürmation that the reactions from the jump form system can be resisted by the structure in its various stages of building construction.

7.2.3.3 Actions, combinations and allowances

7.2.3.3.1 General
Actions and combinations as detailed in Sections 2 and 3 are to be used in conjunction with the relevant additional actions, combinations and allowances of
Clauses 7.2.3.3.2 to 7.2.3.3.4.

7.2.3.3.2 Actions for jump-form construction phases

Additional actions and combinations for the design of the jump formwork system at the various construction phases shall be as follows:

(a) Jumping shall conform to the following:

(i)Unanticipated load redistribution 4 Jacking points or lifting points shall have their design action eûects increased by ³d = 1.3, see Clause 2.3.4.2.

(ii)Wind actions 4 The minimum design wind speed shall be 18 m per second during jumping.

(iii)Variable actions 4 Stacked materials shall not be reduced for jumping. An allowance for workers and their equipment may be required.

(iv)Additional systems 4 The out-of-service self-weight and wind drag of additional systems such as concrete booms, perimeter screens, etc. shall be taken
into account.

(b) Operation shall conform to the following:

(i)Unanticipated load redistribution 4 Anchor points shall have their design action eûects increased by ³d = 1.3, see Clause 2.3.4.2.

(ii)Wind actions 4 The minimum service wind speed shall be in accordance with Clause 3.2.3.7.1(b) during operation.

(iii)Variable actions 4 See Clause 7.2.2.3.1.

(iv)Additional systems 4 The operational loads and wind drag of additional systems such as concrete booms, perimeter screens, and any additional systems
shall be taken into account.

(c) Out-of-service shall conform to the following:

(i)Unanticipated load redistribution 4 Anchor points shall have their design action eûects increased by ³d = 1.0. See Clause 2.3.4.2.

(ii)Wind actions 4 The ultimate design wind speed shall be in accordance with Clause 3.2.3.7.1(a) during out-of-service.

(iii)Variable actions 4 Only stacked materials to be taken into account. See Clause 7.2.2.3.1.

(iv)Additional systems 4 The out-of-service loads and wind drag of additional systems such as concrete booms, perimeter screens, etc. shall be taken into
account.

NOTE See Clause 7.2.3.4.1 for description of jump formwork construction phases.

7.2.3.3.3 Interaction of jump formwork system with supporting structure

The interaction of the jump-form system and the supporting, incomplete, permanent structure shall be taken into account, when the jump system is supported oû
more than one independent structural element. The analysis shall include the stiûness of the as-built structure and the jump-form system for the three jump-form
construction phases.

NOTE: A building core is regarded as a single structural element, while support from separate walls, columns and cores would require the stiûness of those
structures to be taken into account with the jump-form system when designing. When a jump-form system is supported from a single structural element then its
stiûness is not critical for determining the applied loads from the jump-form system.

7.2.3.3.4 Jump formwork crane lifting

For crane handling, the jump formwork shall be designed with the relevant actions in accordance with AS 1418.1.

7.2.3.4 Construction
7.2.3.4.1 General
The acceptance criteria for formwork, its fabrication and erection as required in Section 6 are to be used in conjunction with the additional construction related
items of Clauses 7.2.3.4.2 to 7.2.3.4.5.

7.2.3.4.2 Jump-form construction phases

There are three phases of construction for a jump formwork system as follows:

(a)Jumping 4 The jump formwork system is either self-climbing or being crane lifted to its next operational position.

(b)Operation 4 Construction operations such as closing the wall shutters, placing reinforcement, pouring concrete and stripping takes place.

(c)Out-of-service 4 The jump formwork system is dormant, for example, the work site is closed overnight.

7.2.3.4.3 Jump-form alignment

A check of the form alignment and plumbness shall be made at each operation phase.

C7.2.3.4.3 Regular adjustment of the wall/column shutters is typical. Indirect eûects such as the columns leaning in due to shrinkage of connected slabs
below, axial shortening of the building or diûerential temperature can contribute to misalignment. Direct actions such as eccentric construction loads on walls
or columns can also eûect alignment. The stiûness of the jump formwork system can also contribute to alignment issues.

7.2.3.4.4 Self-climbing systems

System cut-outs shall be used to prevent overloading of jacks or drive rod assemblies during the mobilization phase of self-climbing jump formwork systems.

7.2.3.4.5 Crane-lifted systems

Construction of crane-lifted systems shall conform to the following:

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(a) Lift points and weight of the jump formwork assembly shall be clearly identiüed.

(b) A check shall be undertaken prior to each lift to ensure all movable parts of the jump formwork are secured, no unintended connections to the building are
occurring and no obstructions are present.

C7.2.3.4.5 Prior to lifting jump formwork assemblies, items such as roll-back shutters, loose materials, etc. need to be secured. An important check is to
ensure no ties are still connecting the shutter to the concrete structure.

7.2.3.5 Materials
Proprietary systems shall be able to be identiüed and have supporting documentation, where they are to be used.

Self-climbing equipment such as hydraulics or motorised screw adjusters shall conform with the relevant Standards and codes of practice.

All other formwork materials shall conform with this Standard.

7.2.4 Precast concrete as formwork

7.2.4.1 General
This Section is applicable to a method of formwork construction where plastic concrete is partially or fully supported by precast concrete elements. The focus of
this clause is on the design and construction requirements to maintain the strength and stability of the formwork-precast system.

A precast concrete element utilized as formwork shall be designed in accordance with Sections 2 to 6 of this Standard, AS 3600, AS 3850, and with
Clauses 7.2.4.2 to 7.2.4.6.

7.2.4.2 Documentation
7.2.4.2.1 General
One party should be responsible for coordinating all the loads applied to a given precast element and ensure that an appropriate strength and stability analysis
of the system is undertaken.

Speciüc additional documentation shall conform to Clauses 7.2.4.2.2 and 7.2.4.2.3, where applicable.

C7.2.4.1 Vertical precast concrete elements (parapet shells, spandrel panels and tilt-up panels) can be highly unstable prior to being permanently connected
into a structure. In situ concrete used to join the precast elements can apply signiücant lateral concrete pressures that will further destabilize the precast
system. Though the precast element is forming the concrete, its lack of connectivity warrants great care in determining the safety of the form support system.

Horizontal precast concrete elements such as bridge girders are similarly aûected with lateral concrete loads while precast slabs are sensitive to applied
vertical loads as follows:

(a) Parapet shell 4 A parapet shell is the architectural outer portion of concrete used for bridge parapets. To join the shell to the bridge structure, in situ
concrete is poured against it. Parapet shells are supported by location brackets that may not support the concrete lateral pressure loads. Additional bracing to
support the shell and inside formwork is usually required.

(b) Spandrel panel 4 Spandrel panels are the architectural outer portion of concrete used at slab edges for buildings. They typically require vertical and
horizontal support. Vertical support of the panel is provided by falsework while lateral concrete is contained by the panel. The lateral loads are transferred into
the falsework. Stability of the vertical support can be problematic, as the panel is sometimes outside the line of the supporting ýoor. Signiücant instability of the
formwork and falsework can occur in that instance.

(c) Tilt-up panel 4 Precast walls or columns have large height to base width ratios and are subsequently highly wind sensitive. Bracing is provided for
instability due to the wind and out-of-plumb self-weight of the panel, but concrete lateral pressure is often neglected. Signiücant lateral concrete pressure can
be applied to these panels, especially at transfer ýoors of buildings. Confusion over assigned responsibility for the design of the panel stability due to formwork
concrete loads can occur.

(d) Precast slab 4 Precast slabs are incorporated into a structure by pouring a <topping= slab over. This method of composite construction is commonly used
for lids of lift shafts, splitting large slabs into two or more horizontal pours and spanning over areas that cannot be formed using falsework. The intent is for the
precast element to be the formwork and carry the wet load of the topping slab with or without additional propping. Precast slabs that need only support a very
thin topping slab can be highly sensitive to concrete mounding and construction live loads.

(e) Precast beam/girder4 Used for bridge construction and spanning over areas that cannot be formed using falsework. In the case of bridges, the girders
directly support the wet concrete load of the deck. The girders are often based on narrow bearings that result in high instability when pouring deck slabs or
cross beams. The lateral concrete pressure and the additional edge formwork can destabilize the beam unless appropriate restraint is designed.

7.2.4.2.2 Formwork documentation

Formwork documentation shall include the following:

(a) Detailed drawings for the bracing or shoring of the supporting precast element.

(b) Provide formwork loads for the supporting precast element. These shall be marked on the relevant location of the precast element with appropriate
magnitude and direction.

(c) Sequence and method of concrete placement.

(d) Sequence and method of construction.

(e) Lifting design for precast element.

7.2.4.2.3 Project documentation

Project documentation shall include the following:

(a) Indicate if the precast element does or does not require propping or bracing.

(b) Ensure documented coordination between all parties involved in the precast formwork system.

(c) Written conürmation that the precast element has been designed for the applied plastic concrete loads.

(d) The precast elements maximum allowable spans.

(e) Required support methodology i.e. continuous support or discreet props.

(f) Nominate the minimum concrete strength for the precast element to support plastic concrete loads.

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(g) Stripping time for temporary supports.

(h) Bonding method between precast-form and cast-in-place structure.

NOTE 1 Precast elements may be self-stable when resisting the design loads of the given construction situation and may not require shoring or bracing. Documentation should conürm this case.

NOTE 2 The maximum span for a given precast element may not suit the available shoring/bracing system. The spans may need to be reduced to accommodate the shore/brace capacity.

7.2.4.3 Design
In the case of pouring concrete on or against precast concrete elements then the formwork design shall conform to the requirements of Importance Level III, see
Clause 2.4

7.2.4.4 Actions, combinations and allowances

7.2.4.4.1 General
Actions and combinations as detailed in Sections 2 and 3 are to be used in conjunction with the relevant additional actions, combinations and allowances in
accordance with Clauses 7.2.4.4.2 to 7.2.4.4.6.

7.2.4.4.2 Variable vertical actions for precast as formwork

For precast concrete elements directly supporting fresh concrete and spanning less than or equal to 2.5 m, then the variable actions of Clause 3.2.3 shall apply.

For precast concrete elements spanning greater than 2.5 m, the value for the vertical imposed action from the weight of workers, equipment, concrete ponding
and concrete mounding shall be taken as the most adverse combination of Clauses 7.2.4.4.2 to 7.2.4.4.4.
NOTE 1 Clauses 7.2.4.4.2, 7.2.4.4.3 and 7.2.4.4.4 apply concurrently and for Stage 2 only.

NOTE 2 Where simpliücation of design is desired then design in accordance with Clause 3.2.3 for all spans.

7.2.4.4.3 Weight of workers and equipment for precast as formwork

For Stage 2, weight of workers and equipment shall be one of the following:

(a)Qw2 = 1.0 kPa where the tributary area A is less than or equal to 23 m2.

(b)Qw2 = 0.6 kPa where the tributary area A is greater than or equal to 46 m2.

(c)Qw2 = the linear variance between 1.0 and 0.6 kPa where the tributary area A is between 23 and 46 m2.

(d)Qw2 = 0 kPa.

Where the tributary area, A, is the area of the individual precast element spanning between its supports. The supports may be temporary shoring or permanent
supports.
NOTE The magnitude of Qw2 = 2.0 kPa in Clause 3.2.3.1 unnecessarily penalises long span systems. As a result, Qw2 is reduced in Stage 2 dependant on tributary area for long span formwork.

7.2.4.4.4 Concrete ponding for precast as formwork (Gp)

The additional weight of plastic concrete due to vertical displacement of the supporting precast element (concrete ponding) shall be taken into account.

Concrete ponding, Gp, shall be determined by assuming an average increase in slab depth equal to 0.7 times the maximum deýection of the precast concrete
element. The maximum deýection of the precast concrete element shall be determined by calculating its vertical displacement when only supporting the load of
the topping slab and the precast self-weight.

Disregard concrete ponding where the precast concrete element is designed to mitigate deýection due to the applied topping slab concrete.

C7.2.4.4.4 Concrete precast elements with long spans and large loads due to plastic concrete can deýect signiücantly causing the topping slab thickness to
increase and subsequently add greater load to the support system. An allowance for the additional concrete load needs to be made unless actions such as
propping, stiûening or hogging the concrete precast element to mitigate the additional displacement is undertaken.

7.2.4.4.5 Concrete mounding for precast as formwork (Qc)

The additional weight of plastic concrete due to localized mounding during concrete placement for topping slabs, applying to a 1.6 m × 1.6 m area at the most
adverse location on the supporting precast element, Qc shall be one of the following:

(a)Qc = 3.0 kPa, for concrete slabs less than 150 mm thick.

(b)Qc = 2.0 kPa, for concrete slabs greater than 150 mm and less than 200 mm thick.

(c)Qc = 1.0 kPa, for concrete slabs greater than 200 mm and less than 250 mm thick.

(d)Qc = 0 kPa, for concrete slabs greater than 250 mm thick.

NOTE 1 Qc for precast formwork is to be applied irrespective of concrete delivery method.

NOTE 2 Qc is not to be combined if Qw2 = 0 kPa.

7.2.4.4.6 Lateral concrete pressure for precast formwork

The lateral concrete pressure applied to vertical precast elements shall be designed in accordance with Clause 7.2.1 of this Section.
NOTE Precast lateral concrete support is typically single sided.

7.2.4.5 Construction
Construction of precast formwork for concrete shall be in accordance with Section 6 of this Standard and the following, where applicable:

(a) Concrete strength for the precast formwork element shall be conürmed prior to pouring concrete.

(b) Concrete strength for the supporting permanent structure shall be conürmed prior to pouring concrete.

(c) All cast-in concrete üxings used for supporting precast concrete shall have their embedment depth conürmed.

(d) Precast formwork system shall be inspected prior to pouring concrete.

7.2.4.6 Materials
The precast concrete element as formwork shall conform to the design requirements of AS 3600 or AS 5100 and AS 3850.

A precast element of unknown origin shall not be used unless tests are undertaken to conürm its capacity.

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7.2.5 Permanent formwork

7.2.5.1 General
This Section is applicable to a method of formwork construction where the formwork is permanently incorporated into the structure. Focus of this clause is on the
additional design and construction requirements for suspended decks using permanent formwork.

Permanent formwork shall be designed in accordance with Sections 2 to 6 of this Standard and with Clauses 7.2.5.2 to 7.2.5.5.
NOTE 1 See Clause 7.2.4 for precast concrete as permanent formwork.

NOTE 2 Refer to AS/NZS 2327.1 for integrated permanent formwork design. However, the formwork loads from this Standard should apply.

C7.2.5.1 Permanent formwork is formwork left in place that may or may not become an integral structural component of the permanent structure. This
permanent formwork can be one of the following types:

(a) Rigid 4 Such as proüled steel sheeting, precast concrete, timber, plastics, and übre-cement sheeting.

(b) Flexible 4 Reinforced, water-repellent cardboard, mesh with impermeable inüll.

Rigid forms can be long-span systems that may require temporary propping and bracing of the supporting structure or short span applications with no direct
connection to its support.

Flexible systems can be used for suspended slabs or void forms. Typically, their connection to the supporting structure is critical.

7.2.5.2 Documentation
7.2.5.2.1 General
Speciüc additional documentation shall conform to Clauses 7.2.5.2.2 to 7.2.5.2.4, where applicable.

7.2.5.2.2 Formwork documentation

Formwork documentation shall include the following:

(a) Where the permanent formwork has no function in the permanent structure, then it shall be speciüed in the formwork documentation.

(b) For rigid form systems, detailed drawings for the permanent forms shall show the speciüed form system, its gauge/thickness, dimensions, properties,
connections, lap lengths onto supports, number of continuous spans and temporary shoring where required.

(c) For ýexible form systems, detailed drawings for the permanent forms shall show the speciüed form system, dimensions, properties, and connections.

(d) When using manufactured systems for formwork, proprietary documentation conforming with AS 3610.1 shall be used for the design of the permanent
formwork.

(e) For penetrations, allow for the loss in the form strength and specify propping type and locations, where required.

(f) Void form connections shall be detailed.

7.2.5.2.3 Project documentation

Project documentation shall include the following:

(a) Where the permanent formwork has a composite function with the permanent structure, then it shall be speciüed in the project documentation.

(b) The permanent formwork shall be designed for the formwork construction loads of this Standard as well as its performance as a part of the composite
structure in its ünished state.

(c) Detailed drawings for the permanent forms shall show the speciüed form system, its gauge/thickness, coating, dimensions, properties, connections, lap
lengths over supports, number of spans, intermediate temporary shoring locations for the form, where required, and shoring/bracing requirements for the
supporting structure, where required.

(d) The minimum span continuity of the permanent form system over supports shall be speciüed.

(e) Record where shoring or bracing for the supporting permanent structure is not required.

(f) Indicate pre-camber for the permanent formwork, where required.

(g) Highlight the method of connection of the permanent formwork to the supporting structural elements where the permanent form contributes to those
supporting element’s strength and stability when supporting fresh concrete.

(h) Indicate all service penetration locations.

(i) For penetrations requiring propping, specify propping loads and locations.

(j) Void form dimensions and locations shall be speciüed.

7.2.5.2.4 Proprietary documentation

Proprietary documentation shall include the following:

(a) For proüled metal sheeting, indicate the minimum bearing width for temporary support.

(b) Indicate the applied load span and deýection limits.

(c) Indicate the maximum penetration size and location permitted without the need for local additional propping.

7.2.5.3 Actions, combinations and allowances

7.2.5.3.1 General
Actions and combinations as detailed in Sections 2, 3 and 7.2.4.4 are to be used in conjunction with the relevant additional actions, combinations and
allowances in Clauses 7.2.5.3.2 to 7.2.5.3.8.

7.2.5.3.2 Variable vertical actions for long-span permanent formwork

For permanent formwork directly supporting fresh concrete and spanning less than or equal to 2.5 m, then the variable actions of Clause 3.2.3 shall apply.

For permanent formwork spanning greater than 2.5m, the value for the vertical imposed action from the weight of workers, equipment, concrete ponding and
concrete mounding shall be taken as the most adverse combination of Clauses 7.2.4.4.2 to 7.2.4.4.4.
NOTE 1 Clauses 7.2.4.4.2, 7.2.4.4.3 and 7.2.4.4.4 apply concurrently and for Stage 2 only.
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NOTE 2 When referring to Clauses 7.2.4.4.2, 7.2.4.4.3 and 7.2.4.4.4, substitute precast as formwork with permanent formwork and substitute precast concrete element with permanent form.

NOTE 3 Where simpliücation of design is desired then design in accordance with Clause 3.2.3 for all spans.

NOTE 4 The tributary area, A, for permanent formwork is the area of either individual elements that do not load share such as übre cement sheeting and precast concrete panels, or the interlocked proüled steel
sheeting spanning between its supports. The supports may be temporary shoring or permanent supports.

7.2.5.3.3 Local deformation of permanent formwork

For proüled steel sheeting, an allowance shall be made for local deformation at intermediate temporary support locations where minimum bearing widths need to
exceed 75 mm.

DRAFTING NOTE: The committee invites comment on the requirement speciüed in Clause 7.2.5.3.3.

C7.2.5.3.3 Direct continuous support of proüled steel sheeting is commonly achieved by using timber bearers. A typical minimum width for bearers is 75 mm.
The proüled steel sheeting formwork should be designed for a maximum bearing width of 75 mm and either make an allowance for local deformation should
the bearing width be insuþcient or close up recommended support spacings. A bearing width greater than 75 mm is generally not practical.

7.2.5.3.4 Pre-cambered permanent formwork

Pre-cambered permanent formwork shall be designed to take into account the eûects of intermediate temporary shoring.

C7.2.5.3.4 When a permanent form is pre-cambered for the self-weight of the concrete and that load is prevented from being applied to the supporting
members due to temporary shoring, there may be excess camber left in the ünal structure.

7.2.5.3.5 Buckling from indirect loads

Connections shall be designed to prevent buckling of the permanent form where it is aûected by indirect loads such as temperature.

C7.2.5.3.5 Long-span systems can be aûected by expansion and contraction due to temperature ýuctuation. The permanent form, if rigid, may buckle if the
connections do not allow lateral movement across the supporting members.

7.2.5.3.6 Permanent formwork continuity with construction constraints

Connection interaction between supporting structural members and continuous spanning permanent formwork shall be undertaken with an understanding of
construction constraints.

C7.2.5.3.6 Where continuity of span over permanent supports is required, then an understanding of the connection to the supporting members is critical. It
may not be practical to have a beam with stud connections supporting a permanent form that spans continuously across that member. The permanent form
may lose its continuity eûects after it has been ütted around the studs.

7.2.5.3.7 Supporting structure for ýexible forms

The supporting structure shall be rigid enough to resist the catenary load eûects of ýexible forms.

C7.2.5.3.7 Flexible permanent formwork relies on the supporting structure to not lose its shape in order for it to support load.

7.2.5.3.8 Void form

Permanent void formwork shall accommodate for the following:

(a) Connection of the void form to a stiû üxture to resist ýotation.

(b) The void form is to be designed to resist crushing or excessive deformation from the external concrete pressure.

The void form connection shall be designed to resist the volume of concrete displaced multiplied by a factor of 1.2.

C7.2.5.3.8 Connections need to be to a rigid system in order to prevent dislodgement or loss of shape of the void form.

7.2.5.4 Construction
7.2.5.4.1 General
See Section 6 of this Standard and Clauses 7.2.5.4.2 and 7.2.5.4.3.

7.2.5.4.2 Rigid permanent formwork

Construction of rigid permanent formwork shall conform to the following:

(a) Penetrations in formwork for services shall be propped unless speciüed not to do so in the project documentation.

(b) A suspended permanent formwork system shall be inspected at Stage 1 where part or all its support are foundered on ground material.

(c) The permanent formwork shall be connected where speciüed.

(d) The permanent formwork shall span over the number of permanent and temporary supports as speciüed.

(e) All joints and laps are to be sealed.

(f) Temporary supports shall be either self-stable or connected to the permanent form.

NOTE Large penetrations through the formwork should be cut after pouring concrete where possible.

7.2.5.4.3 Flexible permanent formwork

Construction of ýexible permanent formwork shall conform to the following:

(a) Flexible forms shall be securely connected to the supporting structure.

(b) Bracing shall be provided to supporting members where required.

(c) Void forms shall be secured to the form deck to prevent ýotation.

(d) Void forms shall be sealed to prevent concrete or water incursion.

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7.2.5.5 Materials
Proprietary systems shall be able to be identiüed, where they are to be used.

All other materials shall conform with this Standard.

Where the permanent formwork has no function in the permanent structure, then the material selected shall have no adverse eûects on the permanent
structure’s long term durability.

7.2.6 Travelling formwork

7.2.6.1 General
This Section is applicable to a method of formwork construction where the form and falsework are incorporated into a mobile system. The focus of this clause is
on the additional design and construction requirements for travelling formwork and is limited to systems that relocate horizontally.
NOTE 1 See travelling formwork (Clause 1.4.2).

NOTE 2 For systems that relocate vertically, see Clause 7.2.3 for jump formwork.

Travelling formwork shall be designed in accordance with Sections 2 to 6 of this Standard and with Clauses 7.2.6.2 to 7.2.6.5.

C7.2.6.1 Travelling formwork construction is based on reusable forms mounted on movable falsework. The system is referred to as a travelling form. The
method of mobility ranges from large self-propelled systems to smaller systems that are either towed, crane lifted, fork handled or moved by hand with a trolley
and attached wheels. The design for most systems will be little diûerent to that for conventional formwork; however, cyclic loading through all the stages of
formwork construction for the travelling formwork system may require special attention.

Typical travelling formwork systems are the following:

(a) Table-form 4 Used predominantly for forming suspended slabs and beams.

(b) Jump-form 4 Used predominantly for forming walls. See Clause 7.2.3.

(c) Parapet traveller 4 Used for forming parapets on bridges.

(d) Tunnel liner 4 Used for forming the lining in tunnels and underground structures. This can support both lateral and vertical concrete pressure concurrently.

7.2.6.2 Documentation
7.2.6.2.1 General
Speciüc additional documentation shall be in accordance with Clauses 7.2.6.2.2 to 7.2.6.2.4, where applicable.

7.2.6.2.2 Formwork documentation

Travelling formwork documentation shall include the following:

(a) Detailed drawings of the set-out of travelling forms which may include fabrication drawings.

(b) The travelling formwork system shall be detailed to clear beams, columns and other obstructive features of the completed structure.

(c) Detail lifting points, tow points and allowable fork locations for handling.

(d) Specify allowable handling methods and devices.

(e) Crane handling study of the travelling formwork system where crane handling is required.

(f) Stripping sequence methodology for an individual travelling form shall be provided.

(g) Concrete placement diagrams shall be provided for cantilevered travelling forms and for any other system where unbalanced loads due to uneven concrete
placement could result in instability.

NOTE Stripping sequence methodology for the coordination of movement of multiple travelling forms should be used.

7.2.6.2.3 Project documentation

Project documentation shall include the following:

(a) Provide information for any obstacles, openings and changes in proüle that will aûect the movement of the travelling form.

(b) Crane movement study of the travelling formwork system where crane handling is required.

7.2.6.2.4 Proprietary documentation

Proprietary travelling formwork systems shall also conform to the documentation requirements of AS 3610.1

7.2.6.3 Actions, combinations and allowances

7.2.6.3.1 General
Actions and combinations as detailed in Sections 2 and 3 are to be used in conjunction with the relevant additional actions, combinations and allowances in
Clauses 7.2.6.3.2 to 7.2.6.3.6.

7.2.6.3.2 Travelling formwork crane lifting

For crane handling, the travelling form shall be designed with the relevant actions in accordance with AS 1418.1.

All travelling form components shall be designed to be connected with veriüable methods and materials for crane lifting.

C7.2.6.3.2 Materials such as plastic zip-ties, steel-üxers wire and any other unveriüable or unrated items shall not be used for connecting travelling formwork
assemblies when crane lifting.

7.2.6.3.3 Travelling formwork movement and handling

The travelling form shall be designed to not permanently deform while being moved and handled.

The travelling form handling design shall allow for reasonable variation of handling device contact points or place speciüc restrictions on the location of allowable
handling points.

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Where the travelling form has interconnected wheel or skid mountings, then the most adverse mounting location shall be designed to simulate increased drag
while the system is in motion. The moving falsework system shall be stiû enough to resist an applied braking force of a jammed wheel dragging or a skid with 50
% more drag.

C7.2.6.3.3 Actions from handling can result in deformation of the travelling formwork system. Concentrated bearing contact points due to forks from plant such
as forklifts, powered pallet trollies and other material handling devices will lead to inelastic deformation of the falsework where not allowed for.

When moving a travelling form and a wheel or skid becomes jammed, then the ensuing braking force can severely displace the falsework framing if it lacks
suþcient strength and rigidity.

7.2.6.3.4 Travelling formwork stripping

Design actions due to stripping of travelling formwork shall be designed assuming reasonable variations in the stripping process.

C7.2.6.3.4 The stripping of travelling form systems can be problematic as the formwork needs to remain intact and tends to have greater surface area then
conventional formwork. Lightweight long-span systems, especially trusses, may suûer stress reversals or other detrimental actions where stripping is uneven,
i.e. tension members such as tie rods could go into compression.

Designing for various stripping approaches, even when only specifying a singular approach, will give the travelling form greater robustness.

7.2.6.3.5 Travelling formwork concrete placement

The travelling formwork system shall be designed so that reasonable variations in concrete placement are allowed for.

C7.2.6.3.5 Tunnel liners and other travelling formwork systems that support, both lateral and vertical concrete loads can be sensitive to unbalanced concrete
placement. An allowance for uneven concrete levels (typically a minimum of 300 mm) or out-of-order concrete placement is a prudent design approach.
Unsymmetrical loadings from unbalanced concrete pressures is commonly the reason for large lateral deýections of components or displacement of the entire
formwork system.

7.2.6.3.6 Design for reuse

The travelling formwork system shall be designed for the cyclic loading of Stages 1, 2 and 3 for the design life of the system.

C7.2.6.3.6 Travelling formwork systems typically remain in use for long time periods and are loaded and unloaded repeatedly. Simpliücations to economize
fabrication can lead to eccentric connections and light bracing to reduce weight. Though the system may be strong enough for the applied concrete pressures,
its build may result in susceptibilities with reuse. The stripping process, variance in concrete placement, movement and handling may lead to inelastic
deformations over time if the system is not designed with appropriate robustness.

7.2.6.4 Construction
7.2.6.4.1 General
Construction of travelling formwork shall conform to Section 6 of this Standard and Clauses 7.2.6.4.2 to 7.2.6.4.4, where applicable.

7.2.6.4.2 Movement of travelling formwork

Movement of travelling formwork shall conform to the following:

(a) Where table forms are utilized, coordinate adjustment of the systems to ensure they do not become locked within the completed structure.

(b) For long crane lifted formwork systems, ensure there is enough distance between adjacent structures for its movement from the building being constructed.

(c) Travelling formwork systems that are to be crane lifted shall have all components interconnected with veriüable connection mechanisms.

(d) Ensure the form travelling path is kept clear of obstructions.

NOTE Small materials can foul wheels, rails or skids that will lead to increased lateral loads in the system.

7.2.6.4.3 Stripping
Stripping of travelling formwork shall conform to the following:

(a) Stripping shall conform to the formwork documentation.

(b) Consultation with the travelling formwork systems design shall be undertaken where deviation from the designed stripping process is required.

7.2.6.4.4 Concrete placing sequence

Concrete placement of travelling formwork shall conform to the following:

(a) Concrete placement shall conform to the formwork documentation.

(b) Consultation with the travelling formwork systems design shall be undertaken where deviation from the designed concrete placement methodology is
required.

7.2.6.5 Materials
Proprietary systems shall be able to be identiüed and have supporting documentation, where they are to be used.

All other formwork materials to conform to this Standard.

Mechanical drive, tow and handling systems are not covered in this Standard.

7.3 Special formwork structures 4 Underground structures

7.3.1 General
This Section is applicable to tunnels, vertical shafts and other enclosed formwork structures within excavations.

Underground structures formwork shall be designed in accordance with AS 3610.1:2018, Sections 2 to 7 of this Standard and with Clauses 7.3.3 to 7.3.5.

7.3.2 Documentation
Speciüc additional underground formwork documentation requirements are as follows:

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(a) Applied pressure diagrams used in the design of the formwork. Diagrams shall include, where applicable, the following:

(i) Up-lift/ýotation loads.

(ii) Unbalanced lateral or vertical loads.

(b) Pressurized concrete loads including pump pressure, over-break increase, and external vibration.

(c) Any other load applicable to the installation.

(d) Diagrams and procedures detailing the proposed methods for handling the form during erection, operation, dismantling and mobilization.
NOTE The constricted operating environment of tunnels warrants extra attention for this documentation.

(e) Concrete placement procedure.

(f) Capacity and working feed pressure of the concrete delivery pump.

(g) Concrete delivery inlet locations.

(h) Over pressure valve locations.

7.3.3 Actions, combinations and allowances

7.3.3.1 General
Actions and combinations as detailed in Section 3 are to be used in conjunction with the relevant additional actions, combinations and allowances of
Clauses 7.3.3.2 to 7.3.3.5.

7.3.3.2 Flotation
An allowance shall be made for ýotation or up-lift for the following situations:

(a) Tunnel walls that initially slope upwards.

(b) Initial concrete placement for a full circumference tunnel pour.

7.3.3.3 External vibration

Where an external vibrator is located, the form face pressure shall be designed as a hydrostatic pressure, Pc.hyd, see Clause 1.4, Clause 3.2.3.8(a) and
Appendix E.

The action eûect shall be applied over an area of 2.0 m × 2.0 m around the external vibrator.

The applied action shall be increased with ³p = 1.5.

NOTE This is only applicable to the form face, joists/walers, and bearers/soldiers. This eûect does not apply to the global structure design stability, where applicable.

C7.3.3.3 External vibrators are commonly used on tunnel forms owing to tight curves and general diþculty of access.

7.3.3.4 Over-break allowance

An allowance shall be made for an increase in vertical concrete pressure owing to over excavation of the tunnel roof.

The magnitude of the over-break allowance shall be determined from a survey.

C7.3.3.4 Over excavation or over-break is common in tunnels. The concrete tunnel lining is generally speciüed as a minimum thickness. The result of the over-
break is for the concrete lining to substantially thicken. For example, if a tunnel lining is designed at 500 mm thick and the over-break is 500 mm or greater
then potentially the resulting load increase for the vertical concrete pressure, at a minimum, is 100 %.

7.3.3.5 Pump inlet pressure (Qp)

An allowance shall be made for a localized pressure increase at the pump inlet for an enclosed soþt form.

The pump inlet pressure shall be applied over an area of the form of 1.0 m × 1.0 m, be no less than 130 kPa if applicable, and no greater than the pump delivery
pressure.
NOTE 1 This only applies to areas where the ýuid concrete is fully enclosed at the pump inlet to the form. This typically occurs at the pump inlet of the crown of an arch form or the ünal pour position of a ýat soþt
form.

NOTE 2 Where concrete delivery is delayed then concrete surrounding the pump may harden and create an enclosed space resulting in the pump delivery pressure being applied.

C7.3.3.5 The ünal pump feed is typically at the crown of a tunnel form and as the concrete rises and surrounds the pump inlet position it can create a conüned
space or enclosed form where the concrete pressure equalises the pump delivery pressure.

If the delivery pressure is limited, then the inlet pressure can be reduced. The delivery pressure should be reduced to the form capacity so that this type of
overload cannot occur.

7.3.4 Construction
7.3.4.1 General
See Section 6 of this Standard and Clauses 7.3.4.2 to 7.3.4.5, where applicable, for requirements for construction of underground structures.

7.3.4.2 Concrete placement

Concrete shall be placed to limit unbalanced loads.

The tunnel formwork shall be restrained where self-weight alone does not provide stability during concrete pour operations.

C7.3.4.2 It is critical with enclosed tunnel forms that the rise of concrete on either side, during the vertical pour phase, is limited so that the unbalanced lateral
load does not shift the tunnel form out of position. The formwork documentation needs to clearly indicate the maximum allowable height diûerence between the
opposing vertical pours.

Tunnel forms with vertical concrete pressures owing to initially upward sloped faces need to be restrained to prevent ýotation if the self-weight of the formwork
is insuþcient.

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7.3.4.3 Pressure relief

Pressure relief valves are to be placed adjacent to pump inlets, unless concrete delivery pressure shall be less than the form design capacity, then relief valves
will not be required.

7.3.4.4 Stripping times

Stripping for curved soþts, such as in tunnels, shall be performance tested where stripping times faster than those in AS 3610.1:2018 Appendix C are required.

C7.3.4.4 The stripping time guidance in AS 3610.1:2018 Appendix C is conservative. It is not out of the ordinary for curved tunnel soþts to be stripped under
24 h. A full-scale performance test should be used where stripping times under 24 h are desired.

7.3.4.5 Vibration eûects

All üxings, joints and ties shall be constructed to resist the eûects of vibration, where applicable.

C7.3.4.5 Form assembly needs to utilize üxings, joints and ties that are of a vibration proof type; connections between formwork members are susceptible to
loosening due to vibrating forces. The use of self-locking nuts for bolted connections between members, specifying additional positive connections, and
stiûening form areas at vibrator locations to avoid distortion and ýutter of the form face, need to all be considered.

7.3.5 Materials
Materials unaûected by high humidity should be selected for underground construction.
NOTE Short-term exposure or single use forms could result in use of materials eûected by moisture provided an appropriate design/risk assessment is undertaken.

C7.3.5 Material selection for underground structures is typically based on the shape, the magnitude of the hydrostatic concrete or pump pressures, amount of
reuse and required movement of the form system.

Tunnel environments are typically warm and high in humidity, subsequently materials unaûected by those conditions are best selected.

Appendix A
(normative)

Testing of formwork
A.1 Scope
This Appendix sets out requirements for determining and proving the structural capacity of formwork components and assemblies by destructive or non-
destructive methods.

A.2 Application
This Appendix applies to the testing of all formwork components or assemblies.

The appropriate test procedures may be used as follows:

(a) For design of the component or assembly.

(b) For sample evaluation, see Clause A.4

(c) For proof testing, see Clause A.5.

The formwork components shall be tested in accordance with the following appendices:

(i) Frames, see Appendix B.

(ii) Adjustable props, see Appendix C.

(iii) Base jacks and adjustable U-heads, see Appendix D.

A.3 Testing of formwork components and assemblies

As a result of the mode in which failure can occur, it may be necessary to test complete assemblies and not calculate values obtained from the group of
components that make up the assembly, i.e. the mode of failure of an individual component does not necessarily reýect the mode of failure of the assembly.

In addition, vertical compression members such as props and frames shall be tested out of plumb, see Figure A.1. The oûset B shall be as follows:

(a) For sample evaluation of any formwork component or assembly 4 B = L/200

(b) For proof testing of any formwork component or assembly 4 B = L/400

Figure A.1 4 Out of plumb testing

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The arrangement for the application of the test load(s) shall be made to simulate, as closely as practicable, the üeld use of the formwork component or
assembly. Notwithstanding this, the point of application of the test loads and the point of application of the reaction(s) to these loads shall be made at
eccentricities which are not less than those given in Clause 4.3.4. However, in this situation lateral movement of the applied loads shall be prevented.

Where the eccentricity can apply in more than one direction, the test load(s) shall be applied with the eccentricity in the least favourable direction for the
formwork component or assembly being tested. The relevant deformations of a component or assembly shall be measured during the course of the test.

Adjustable bases and U-heads shall be tested in accordance with AS/NZS 1576.2.

A.4 Destructive testing

A.4.1 General
In addition to the general requirements set out in Clause A.3, the speciüc requirements detailed in Clause A.4 for destructive testing shall apply.

A.4.2 Principle
Destructive methods involve tests on a prototype unit or on a sample of formwork components or assemblies, tested by the application of load(s) until the unit
fails.

A formwork component or assembly shall be determined to have failed when it is unable to carry the applied load(s) or has exhibited unacceptable deformation.

Strength limit state load capacity and working load capacity shall be determined by statistical analysis from the test results in accordance with Clause A.4.4. The
test results may be used as the basis of acceptance of all components or assemblies in the population from which the prototype test units were taken.

For destructive testing, the failure mode shall be taken into account to ensure that the test arrangement does not interfere with the ünal failure mode and the
validity of the test.

Emphasis is placed on eccentricity of load action and reactions, out-of-plumb erection of supports and application of eccentric action or actions in the least
favourable direction. Where components are able to be erected with eccentric action occurring in more than one direction then tests in these alternative
directions shall be tested.

A.4.3 Sample size

A random sample shall be selected from the population. A sample can be of any size. Although no limitation is placed on the sample size, attention is drawn to
the sampling factor (ks) (see Table A.1) which reduces as the sample size increases.
NOTE A minimum sample size of three should used.

A.4.4 Calculation of load capacities

A.4.4.1 Test data
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A.4.4.2 Analysis of test data

following Equation A.4.4(1):

where

where

V
x
s
n
xi

x
ks

Sample size

NOTE
1
2
3
4
5
10
30 or more
=
=
=
=
=

=
=

0.05
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
x

á n

accumulated sample size or total number of units tested to destruction

test result of each individual unit of the sample

A.4.4.3 Calculation of strength limit state load capacity (φRu)

à
coeþcient of variation for the failure load of the formwork units (percent)
mean value of the test results of the accumulated sample of units
(xi ^' x)2
s = ⎷[i^'=1 n ^' 1 ]

standard deviation of a ünite population of formwork units tested to destruction

The strength limit state load capacity (φRu) shall be calculated from the following Equation A.4.4(2):

mean value of test data (see Clause 1.6)

Ru = kx

Coefficient of variation of the strength of units

0.1
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
0.15
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
0.2
2.2
2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.2
s
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Test data shall comprise data from current tests. Test data may also comprise data from other similar tests which are accompanied by test reports on similar
units.

Where tests are being carried out on an item that has been tested before, the current test results and the previous results may be accumulated to increase the
sample size. The greater number of tests has the beneüt of reducing the sampling factor and hence increasing the limit state load.

After the completion of the destructive tests the mean of the accumulated sample shall be calculated. For an accumulated sample size of 30 or more
comprising current tests plus previous similar tests, the coeþcient of variation shall be the lower of that taken from Table A.2 and the value calculated by the

V =
100s
x

Where the component or assembly is of timber, or timber products, the strength limit state load, (φRu) shall be calculated from the following Equation A.4.4(3):

where

φRu = strength limit state capacity

Ru = k xk
s d1

sampling factor, from Table A.1. In the determination of the sampling factor, a value of the
coeþcient of variation is needed. This coeþcient of variation shall be obtained from Table A.2

Alternatively, where destructive tests have been previously carried out on formwork components or assemblies of the same type in numbers adequate to enable
calculation of the coeþcient of variation in accordance with Clause A.4.4.2, the calculated value may be used.

kd1 =
=
modiücation factor for duration of load
1.0 for steel, aluminium; for timber. See Table A.3.

Either the kd1 appropriate to the longest duration of the load in the load combination or the load modiücation factor based on the weighted average shall be used.

Table A.1 — Sampling factor

Value of sampling factor (ks)

Unless justiüed by a rigorous statistical analysis, the working load capacity shall be calculated from the following Equation A.4.4(4):

A.4.4.5 Future use of components and assemblies subject to this test

Working?"Load?"Capacity%

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0.3
3.3
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.7
1.2

For intermediate coeþcients of variation, use linear Interpolation on a log/log plot of coeþcients of variation versus sampling factor

A.4.4.4 Derivation of working load capacity

x
1.5ks kd1
0.4
4.8
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.6
2
1.3
A.4.4(1)

A.4.4(2)

A.4.4(3)

A.4.4(4)

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Those components or portions of assemblies that have failed shall not be used again.

Table A.2 — Recommended value of coefficient of variation

Value of coefficient of variation

Manufactured
Member Steel,
Plastic Timbera Plywood laminated timber
aluminium
products
Tension members 0.10 0.15 0.40 NA NA
Flexural members 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.15 0.15
Columns 0.15 0.05 0.20 NA 0.15
Connectors 0.05 0.10 0.15 NA NA
aLarger coeþcients of variation relate to timber containing large defects in structural grades No. 4 and No. 5 as
described in AS 2082 and AS 2858.

A.5 Non-destructive testing

A.5.1 General
In addition to the general requirements set out in Clause A.3, the speciüc requirements for non-destructive testing that are detailed in Clauses A.5.2 to A.5.7
shall apply.

When testing is being carried out to determine the standard of manufacture of a component or assembly, it shall be done in accordance with sample evaluation
as set out in Clause A.3.

Future use of components or assemblies shall conform to this test.

A component or assembly which has passed a non-destructive test has proven its ability to carry the nominated test load in the üeld. The component or
assembly shall not be damaged or overstressed in any way by the test.

Some unique formwork assemblies are so complex that they can only be designed by test. In such cases, it may be impracticable to construct a prototype for
test and consign it to the scrapheap after it has passed the test. That prototype may be used in the üeld, provided that the actual loads imposed upon it at any
time, combined in accordance with Table 4.3.5.1, do not exceed the value of S* used to calculate the test load (St) in Clause A.5.4.

A.5.2 Principle
The non-destructive testing method involves the testing by load application of all or part of a population of formwork components or assemblies. The magnitude
of the testing load or loads shall be determined in accordance with Clause A.5.3 and A.5.4.

The acceptance criteria is that the tested unit shall be capable of withstanding a speciüed test load without signs of failure.

A formwork component or assembly shall be determined to have failed when it is unable to carry the test load(s) or has exhibited unacceptable deformation.

A.5.3 Documentation
One of the limitations of designing components by test is that those components (or assemblies) should never be used under conditions other than those
simulated in the test. It is not possible to extrapolate.

Therefore the manufacturer’s documentation shall specify the limitations beyond which the use of the component or assembly is not validated. These limitations
comprise two main categories, as follows:

(a)Incorrect assembly 4 The documentation shall be explicit as to the correct method of assembly or erection for use.

(b)Incorrect use 4 The documentation shall be explicit as to those limitations beyond which the test result does not apply, e.g. the height/load limitations of
frames or props, or the maximum working load which may be applied to a form tie.

CA.5.3 For reasons of safety, the documentation should emphasize the working load capacity and not the limit state load capacity. Nonetheless, those
designers who are familiar with limit state design procedures will in many cases be able to derive some economy from converting the nominated working load
capacity to limit state capacity by using the nominated load factor(s). The load factor(s) should be noted in the documentation where appropriate, but should
not be emphasized.

A.5.4 Sample size

Where the number of components to be tested (the sample) is equal to the total number of units under test (the population) the test procedure shall be known as
proof testing. Where the sample is less than the population, the sample shall be randomly selected. The test procedure shall be known as sample evaluation.

A.5.5 Test load

A.5.5.1 General
The test load, or loads, as appropriate shall be calculated from the relevant equation as follows:

(a) For proof testing, Equation A.5.5(1):

St = 1.1kdS*
A.5.5(1)

(b) For sample evaluation, Equation A.5.5(2):

St = kdksS*
A.5.5(2)

where
St = the test load
kd = Clause A.5.5.2.
ks = sampling factor given in Table A.1. The coeþcient of variation may be obtained from Table A.2.

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Alternatively, where destructive tests have been previously carried out on formwork components or assemblies of the same type in numbers adequate to enable
calculation of the coeþcient of variation in accordance with Clause A.4.4.2, the calculated value may be adopted.

S* = strength limit state load capacity obtained from Items (i) or (ii) below, as appropriate:

(i) The loads speciüed in Clause A.4.4.

(ii) The strength limit state load capacity (ϕRu) derived from previous destructive tests carried out in accordance with Clause A.4 on production run formwork
components or assemblies that are similar to these which as subject to these tests.

A.5.5.2 Modiücation factor

The modiücation factor (kd) shall be determined as follows:

(a) For steel and aluminium components, Equation A.5.5(3):

kd = 1.0
A.5.5(3)

(b) For timber components, Equation A.5.5(4):

kd = kd1 × kd2
A.5.5(4)

where kd1 and kd2 are obtained from Tables A.3 and A.4 respectively.

(c) For plastic components kd is obtained from Table A.5.

Table A.3 — Factor (kd1) for timber components

Value of factor (kd1)

Duration of loada Metal connectors
Timber members
Failure in wood Failure in metal
5s 1 0.9 1
5 min 1 1 1
3 days 1 1.2 1
5 months 1.1 1.3 1
5 years 1.3 1.5 1
50 years 1.8 1.8 1
a The longest duration of the load in a load combination.

Table A.4 — Factor (kd2) for timber components Table A.5 — Modiücation factor (kd) for plastic components

Type of component Dry timber Green timber Duration of load kd

Tension members 1 1 5s 0.9
Beams: 5 min 1
(a) Slenderness coeþcient f 10 1 1 3 days 1.3
(b) Slenderness coeþcient > 10 1.1 1.4 5 months 1.5
Columns 1.1 1.4 5 years 1.6
Metal connectors: 50 years 1.8
(a) Failure in wood 1 1.2
(b) Failure in metal 1 1

A.5.6 Evaluation of test results

Where all of the formwork components or assemblies tested sustain test load(s) without signs of failure or excessive distortion they shall be deemed to have
passed this test.

In sample evaluation, where a formwork component or assembly fails to sustain the test load(s) and only where it is clear that the failure was for a reason other
than faulty design or construction, a further two units may be tested. The test load for these further tests shall be the same as that used for the test that failed.
Only where both additional units satisfactorily sustain the test load shall all remaining units be deemed to be satisfactory.

A.5.7 Future use of components or assemblies subject to this test

Those formwork components or assemblies that have been deemed to have passed this non-destructive test may be used in the üeld including similar untested
components and assemblies.

A.6 Test report

Formwork components or assemblies tested in accordance with this Appendix require a test report that shall contain at least the following:

(a) Drawing or pictorial representation which clearly identiües the item to which it refers.

(b) Adequate information to fully describe its intended use.

(c) Any precautions to be observed in its use.

(d) The working load capacities.

(e) The limit state factor for converting the working load capacities into limit state terms.

(f) A statement that the formwork depicted in the test report conforms with this Standard.

(g) Detailed description, drawing or photograph of the force transmitting device used.

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(h) Date(s) of testing.

(i) Name, position and qualiücations of the person responsible for the testing.

(j) Signature of the person responsible for the testing, including the date of test(s).

(k) Names and positions of persons witnessing the testing.

(l) A detailed description of the test arrangement.

(m) A detailed description of the test procedure.

(n) A reference to this Standard, e.g. AS 3610.2.

(o) The results of the test, which shall cover the following where relevant:

(i) The load at failure in the case of destructive testing.

(ii) Description of the progress of the test including mode of failure and any permanent deformations.

(iii) Details of load deformation curves so proportioned that where there has been any discontinuity or considerable departure from linearity during the
process of increasing the loads then this will be clearly evident.

(iv) Strength limit state load capacity.

(v) Any other relevant information such as signs of distress prior to failure.

Appendix B
(normative)

Testing of falsework frames

B.1 General
This Appendix sets out a method for determining the loadbearing capacity of falsework frames to support formwork.

B.2 Principle
Falsework frames typically are tested in pairs when stacked on top of another to achieve the required height between the foundation and the formwork that is to
be supported. The frames are stabilized by the use of bracing to ensure they erected at a speciüed distance apart. Typically, falsework frames are used stacked
two or more frames in height with all frames ütted with purpose designed braces. Adjustable U-heads and adjustable bases are used to support formwork at the
speciüed height on site.

The tests detailed are for multi-height frame assemblies, nominally 6m in height, or a minimum of three frames high. The frame assembly is tested in
compression with the vertical members erected to induce eccentricities. Frame assemblies are tested with eccentricities parallel to the frames and also with
eccentricities at right angles to the frames.

The test procedure speciüed here is an alternative to design by analysis.

NOTE The testing detailed here does not in any way mean that setting up of frames with eccentricities can be adopted on site where tolerances better than those required in Table 6.3.1 need to be achieved.

B.3 Apparatus
A rigid structure is required to enable the test loads to be applied through adjustable U-heads, at maximum extension, installed in the top of the vertical
members of the frames. The test assembly is supported by adjustable bases, at maximum extension, on a rigid base.

For Test B1 and B2, using multi-level frames, the required load eccentricities for the test can be achieved by cutting a sloping base to the formwork support
bearer where it is supported on the cup head of the frames and at the base of the jacks with shaped steel bearing plates. See Figure B.1 and B.2.

Test B1 is with load eccentricities parallel to the multi-level frames.

Test B2 is with load eccentricities are at right angles to the multi-level frames.

B.4 Procedures for testing of frames

B.4.1 Test B1 4 When the load eccentricities are parallel to the multi-level
frame
B.4.1.1 Test arrangement
The test arrangement is to determine the load bearing capacity of multi-level frame test assembly with the load eccentricities parallel to the frames, see
Figure B.1.

The test arrangement consists of a number of frames, nominally 6 m or a minimum of 3 frames in height, connected together with their sides braced. Four
hydraulic jacks, connected to the same pump system, applies the test load to a grid of beams.

The upper transverse beams are located centrally above the frame legs. The beams which span between the frames and are supported on the adjustable U-
heads are located eccentric to the frame legs and have a slope of 1:40 cut in the base of the beam. See Figure B.1, Detail A.

The base plates of the jacks shall have a sloping shaped steel block üxed to the test bed. See Figure B.1, Detail B.

Figure B.1 4 Test arrangement for Test B1 with load eccentricities parallel to the frames

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B.4.1.2 Method of loading

The test load shall be applied uniformly over each of the adjustable U-heads.

The test shall be applied in steps not exceeding 20 % of the anticipated failure load, or increasing uniformly at a rate not exceeding 20 % per minute of the
anticipated failure load. The rate of loading shall ensure that accurate recording of the horizontal deýections, and the frame failure load are both possible. The
deýection readings shall be recorded at each step. Increase the load until the frame fails. Record the maximum load. The deýections shall be recorded either
step by step or autographically.

The test load shall be applied until the test assembly is unable to support any increase in the load or a component fails.

Remove the test load and inspect and record the frame test assembly mode of failure.

B.4.1.3 Deýection measurement

Out-of-straightness of the frame legs is to be measured and recorded prior to testing.

Set up gauges to measure horizontal deýections under load at the top and bottom of the frame test assembly and the joints between the frames for each of the
frame verticals. These measurements are to be taken horizontally to a datum independent of the test assembly.

The plotted deýection graphs shall be included in the test report.

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B.4.2 Test B2 4 When the load eccentricities are at right angles to the multi-
level frames
B.4.2.1 Test arrangement
The test arrangements for Test B2, the testing of the frame assembly with load eccentricities at right angles to the frames shall be similar to test arrangements
for load eccentricities parallel to the frame. See Figure B.2 and see Clause B.4.1.

B.4.2.2 Method of loading

The method of loading shall be the same as that detailed in Clause B.4.1.2.

B.4.2.3 Deýection measurement

The deýection measurement shall be the same as set out in Clause B.4.1.3.

Figure B.2 4 Test arrangement for Test B1 with load eccentricities at right angles to the frames

B.5 Acceptance criteria

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When tested in accordance with this Appendix components of the test assembly shall not exhibit any of the following:

(a) Welds in fabricated joints cracking.

(b) No permanent deformation of the frame verticals.

(c) No fracturing of the frame connectors.

B.6 Derivation of the working load capacity

The frame working load capacity (WLC) for both orientations of the frame assembly shall be calculated in accordance with Clause A.4.4.4.

B.7 Test report

Test reports shall conform to Clause A.6

Appendix C
(normative)

Testing of adjustable props

C.1 General
This Appendix speciües the procedure for testing the loadbearing capacity of adjustable props.

C.2 Principle
Adjustable props are designed such that their length can be site adjusted to suit the distance between the supporting surface and the item that needs to be
supported. Props are designed to enable various speciüed extensions can be achieved. Additionally they include a screw device where small adjustments can
be made within the speciüed adjustments. Adjustable props are tested at various extensions within their design length from minimum extension to maximum
extension.

Adjustable props, at full extension, can be of a length that presents diþculties when tested in the vertical orientation that simulates üeld use. Accordingly, props
may be tested in a horizontal testing machine provided a vertical compensating force is be applied at the mid-length of the prop that is equivalent to half the
weight of the prop. Where horizontal testing is used all sizes of props from that test batch shall be tested horizontally.

C.3 Apparatus
The testing apparatus shall consist of a rigid base and a movable loading head where the test load can be applied progressively.

C.4 Procedure for testing props

C.4.1 General
The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Prior to testing each test sample will be inspected at full extension to determine whether there is any existing out-of-straightness. Where any out-of-
straightness is established, testing may continue provided the out-of-straightness shall be measured and recorded.

(b) The prop shall be set on a steel base out of plumb B by L/200 or 40 mm maximum, where L is the length of the prop as set up for the test, see Figure C.1.

(c) Where a prop is tested in the horizontal orientation, the load oûset shall be as shown in Figure C.1.

(d) At the head of the prop, position a steel bar 50 mm diameter on the same side of the prop as the line of contact with the base and with an eccentricity of 10
mm (±0.5 mm).

(e) The prop shall be set up with its least resisting axis in the same orientation of the load eccentricity and out of plumbness.

Friction in the bar joint shall be minimised by lubrication.

The natural set-up of the prop shall not be supported by the use of wedges or other means.

Figure C.1 4 Out of plumb testing

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C.4.2 Deýection measurement

The section properties of the outer tube are signiücantly greater than the inner tube. Set up gauges to measure horizontal deýections under load at the middle of
the prop length as tested. These measurements will be taken horizontally to a datum independent of the test rig.

C.4.3 Method of loading

The test load on the specimen shall be applied in steps not exceeding 20 % of the anticipated failure load, or increasing uniformly at a rate not exceeding 20 %
per minute of the anticipated failure load. The rate of loading shall ensure that accurate recording of the deýections required above and the prop failure load are
both possible. The deýection readings shall be recorded at each step. Increase the load until the prop fails or the load cannot be increased further. Record the
maximum load. The deýections shall be recorded either step by step or autographically.

Remove the test load and inspect the prop for mode of failure.

The plotted deýection graphs shall be included in the test report.

C.4.4 Determination of test results

The maximum load used to calculate the WLL shall be reduced by a reduction factor based on the actual tensile yield strength of an undeformed portion of the
inner tube compared with the nominal tensile yield of the material grade used in the manufacture of the inner tube.

The working load capacity (WLC) of the prop shall be determined in accordance with Clause A.4.4.4.

C.5 Procedure for testing prop pins

Three pins shall be tested using the following procedure:

(a) Cut a section of the prop as shown in Figure C.2.

(b) Measure and record the diameter of the pin here it will bear on the prop nut.

(c) Insert the sample into a compression testing machine and gradually apply a load until the pin shears or the hole in the inner tube elongates by 10 %.

(d) Record this load and calculate the shear strength of the pin or the supporting holes.

(e) Inspect the pin for excessive deformation or potential failure.

Figure C.2 4 Dimensions of prop section for the test of prop pin

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C.6 Acceptance criteria

The shear strength of the pin or supporting tube shall be not less than three times the maximum working load capacity of the prop as determined by
Clause C.4.3.

C.7 Test report

Test report shall conform to Clause A.6.

Appendix D
(normative)

Testing of base jacks and adjustable U-heads

D.1 General
This Appendix speciües the procedure for the testing the load bearing capacity of adjustable baseplates and adjustable U-heads (also known as fork heads).

D.2 Principle
The adjustable baseplates or adjustable U-heads has one end ütted inside a length of scaûold tube with the maximum extension of thread shank exposed. A
predetermined force is applied to the assembly. The strength of the adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head is measured as a function of the movability of the
adjusting nut and the straightness of the shank after the load is removed.

D.3 Properties
The plan area of an adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-heads shall have a minimum area of 20 000 mm2, with a minimum length or width of 120 mm.

Steel used for the base plate or U-head shall be of a minimum thickness of 10 mm and a minimum yield strength of 215 MPa.

The threaded shank shall have a maximum adjustment extension not exceeding 600 mm. When fully extended, the length of the shank that remains in the
supporting shoring frame or scaûold standard shall be the greater of L/4 and 150 mm, where L is the overall length of the shank.

The adjusting nut shall incorporate a spigot, socket or other device to accommodate and shall positively locate the end on the vertical member of a frame or
scaûold standard.

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The adjusting nut shall provide a ýat, even bearing surface across the full contact face of the bearing tube allowing for any eccentricity, resulting from any
diûerence between the spindle diameter and the inside diameter of the bearing tube.

The threaded length of the adjusting nut shall be not less than 0.875 times the nominal thread diameter.

For a hollow shank adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head, the minimum wall thickness of the shank shall be a nominal 5 mm.
NOTE 1 The hollow shank of an adjustable baseplate should be hot-dipped galvanized internally and externally.

NOTE 2 A drainage hole, not less than 12 mm in diameter, should be placed near the centre of the baseplate.

D.4 Evaluation
D.4.1 Performance criteria
When tested in accordance with this Appendix the adjustable baseplates and adjustable U-heads shall be tested to failure at which load the component is
unable to support and increase in load or there is a slip between the nut and the thread of the stem. This load shall be the ultimate load.

An adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head whose ultimate load deviates from the mean by more than 10 % shall be discarded and an additional component
shall be tested.

A minimum of three adjustable baseplates or adjustable U-heads shall be tested.

The ultimate test results shall satisfy the following:

WLL g 30 kN

where

WLL = (3Pu/n)/2.5
Pu = individual ultimate load, in kilonewtons
n = number of tests

D.4.2 Acceptance criteria

When tested in accordance with this Appendix an adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head 4

(a) shall not show change in straightness of the shank exceeding 2 mm; and

(b) the adjusting nut shall be able to turn by hand, for the full depth of the nut, downwards from the test position and return upwards to the test position.

D.5 Testing
D.5.1 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required:

(a) A device capable of applying compressive force between two platens as shown in Figures D.1 or D.2.

(b) A 300 mm minimum length of steel tube applicable to the stem diameter with ends square cut to the tube axis.

(c) A steel plate tapered to a slope of 1:10 for an adjustable baseplate.

(d) A timber block with one end slopes at 1:40 (see Figure D.2, Detail A).

(e) Timer

The adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head shall be assembled in a vertical orientation (see Figures D.1 or D.2) with the upper portion of the shank ütted
inside the steel tube and the adjusting nut set at full extension. The upper portion of the shank shall extend not more than 150 mm into the steel tube.

D.5.2 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Set the nut of the adjustable baseplate of adjustable U-head to the maximum working extension of the shank. Check the straightness of the shank in three
positions 45° apart and record any deviation.

(b) Fit the steel tube over the shank of the adjustable baseplate of adjustable U-head and place the assembly between the testing machine platens as shown in
Figure D.1 or Figure D.2.

(c) Apply a force of 60 kN progressively over a period of 3 min and hold for a period of 15 min 40, +15 s.

(d) Remove the force.

(e) Measure and record the straightness of the shank in the same positions as before.

(f) Determine and record the ease with which the adjusting nut can be turned by hand for the full depth of the nut, downwards from the test position and returned
upwards to the test position. If it is not possible to turn the nut, freely by hand, this shall be deemed as failure.

(g) If the adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head passes this test, re-test the adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head with an increasing load until failure
(that is, the adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head is no longer able to support an increase in load or there is a slip between the thread of the nut and the
thread of the stem). This load shall be recorded as the ultimate failing load.

D.5.3 Report
In addition to the requirements of Clause A.6, the report shall include the following information:

(a) The number of adjustable baseplates of adjustable U-heads tested.

(b) The test force applied to the adjustable baseplate or adjustable U-head assembly.

(c) The change in straightness of the shank and the ease with which the adjusting nut can be turned downwards and upwards from the test position for the 60kN
test load.

(d) The number of adjustable baseplates or adjustable U-heads that passed the acceptance criteria and Clause D.5.2(f).

(e) The failure load for each component tested and mode of failure.

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(f) A determination of the WLL in accordance with Clause D.4.1.

(g) A reference to the test procedure as detailed in Clause D.5.2.

Figure D.1 4 Test apparatus for adjustable baseplate

Dimensions in millimetres

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Figure D.2 4 Test apparatus for adjustable U-head

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Dimensions in millimetres

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Appendix E
(normative)

Lateral concrete pressure 3 CIRIA

The maximum lateral pressure exerted by the plastic concrete during Stage 2 shall be the smaller of the following Equations E.1(1) and E.1(2):

Pc = 1 pg [C1 √r + C2 K √H − C1 √r]
000

; or
E.1(1)

Pc.hyd = 1pghc
000
E.1(2)

where

Pc = maximum lateral concrete pressure, in kilopascals

g = 9.8 m/s2, acceleration due to gravity
ρ = wet density of concrete, in kilograms per cubic metre
C1 = coeþcient dependent on the size and shape of formwork
= 1.5 where both plan width and breadth of the section are less than 2 m
= 1.0 for all other cases
r = rate at which the concrete rises vertically up the formwork, in metres per hour
C2 = coeþcient given in Table E.1 for the constituent materials of the concrete
K = temperature coeþcient
K = (T 36
+ 16 )
2

E.1(3)
H = vertical form or concrete discharge height, whichever is greater, in metres
hc = vertical pour height, in metres
T = concrete temperature at placement, in degrees Celsius

r
Where h f 1.0 m, or C1√ > H, or where R or H are not known, Equation E.1(2) above shall be used.
NOTE 1 The above equations were obtained from CIRIA Report No. 108.

NOTE 2 The equations are conservative for no-ünes concrete, underwater concreting, controlled permeability form fabrics, and very permeable forms such as expanded metal.

NOTE 3 Equation E(1) has not been proven for concrete temperatures in excess of 30°C or below 5°C.

Table E.1 — Value of coefficient C2

Group Concrete C2
A 3 Basic Concrete Concrete with GP or HE cement 0.30
Concrete with GB cement containing less than 20 % ýy ash and/or
slag that also includes metakaolin or silica fume
B 3 Retarded Concrete Concrete with LH, SR, or SL cement 0.45
Concrete with GB cement.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC).
C 3 Heavily Retarded Concrete Any Group A or B concrete (including SCC) with cement 0.60
containing greater than 35 % ýyash or greater than 65 % slag

For any concrete (including SCC) in Group A or B, increase the value of C2 by adding 0.15 where a retarding
admixture is used in the concrete.
NOTE 1 Retarding admixtures include retarders, retarding water reducers, retarding superplasticizers and any admixture that is used such that it
eûectively acts as a retarder.

NOTE 2 Products that have become commercially available since the publication of CIRIA Report No. 108 in 1985 should be investigated to
determine whether they should be classiüed as retarders.

NOTE 3 This Table is based on updated guidance on CIRIA Report No. 108 and Pallet, P.F. Concrete groups for formwork pressure determination.
Concrete, Vol. 43 No. 2 March 2009. The appropriate types of cement given in AS 3972 have been substituted for those tested. Note that in AS 3972,
Type SR cement is deüned on a performance basis and may contain a high percentage of slag necessitating the use of a higher value of coeþcient
C2.

NOTE 4 Silica fume has a marked eûect on the properties of fresh concrete and is frequently used in conjunction with superplasticizers. Concrete
with this ingredient falls outside the test parameters of CIRIA Report No. 108 and no guidance can be provided.

Appendix F
(informative)

Guideline for axial loads in multistorey supports

F.1 General
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For a given multistorey support layout, each support should be designed to resist the axial load (Np) given in Equation F.1(1).

NP = SP × (´A − ´B )
F.1(1)

where

Np = axial load
Sp = eûective elastic axial stiûness of each individual multistorey support (see Clause F.2)
´A = deýection of the slab at the top of the multistorey support at the point where the support is
located (see Clause F.3)
´B = deýection of the slab at the bottom of the multistorey support at the point where the support
is located (see Clause F.3)

The deýection of the slab at the top of each support (´A) should equal the sum of the deýections that arise from the point load from each individual formwork or
multistorey support and any other construction loads acting downward on the top of the slab, less the reduction in deýection that arises from the sum of the
eûects of the point load from each individual multistorey support on the same level as the support in question, acting upward on the underside of the slab.

The deýection of the slab at the bottom of each support (´B) should equal the sum of the deýections that arise from the point load from each individual
multistorey support on the same level as the support in question and any other construction loads acting downward on the slab, less the reduction in deýection
that arises from the sum of the eûects of the point load from each individual multistorey support on the level below the support in question (where present),
acting upward on the underside of the slab.

In determining the deýections of the slab at the top and bottom of each support account should be taken of 4

(a) slab elastic ýexural stiûness (see Clause F.3);

(b) preload (see Clause F.4); and

(c) the eûects of changes in ambient temperature have on the slabs and supports (see Clause F.4).

NOTE 1 The accuracy of estimates of the axial load in multistorey supports, and therefore the load distribution between slabs, depends on 4

(a) the accuracy of the estimates of slab deýections; and

(b) ensuring site conditions, construction methods, sequence, timing, materials and equipment conform with the assumptions upon which the multistorey shoring
design is based.

NOTE 2 Failure to take account of the eûective elastic axial stiûness of multistorey supports may lead to underestimation of the load carried by the uppermost (youngest) slab. Similarly, multistorey support layouts
based on multistorey support strength only (e.g. thinning multistorey support on lower levels) have the eûect of increasing the share of the load carried by the uppermost (youngest) slab.

NOTE 3 Typically, the axial load signiücantly increases in multistorey supports located toward the centre of the span compared to multistorey supports located in the vicinity of slab permanent supports, such as
columns and walls.

C4.3.3.1 To calculate the load in each multistorey support requires ürst accurately predicting the deýection of slabs at the location of each multistorey support,
which is extremely complex and prone to error if the algorithm for deýections is not accurate over the whole slab area, applicable for various slab dimensions
and a wide range of support üxity.

Historically, the emphasis of researchers has been to seek simple methods for determining the multistorey load distribution. However, there is evidence that,
for reshoring in particular, the load carried by the upper slabs may have been signiücantly underestimated by simple methods.

Given the ready availability of software for ünite element analysis and its growing use for the design of multistorey structures, it would seem logical that the
load distribution and eûects of multistorey shoring on the structure also be analysed using FEA, even more so if the safety, economic and time beneüts are
taken into account.

F.2 Eûective elastic axial stiûness of multistorey supports

The eûective elastic axial stiûness of a single formwork or multistorey support (Sp) should consider the reduction in stiûness caused by 4

(a) forms, packing or other material between the top and/or bottom of the support and the concrete;

(b) inclination of the support; and

(c) other support imperfections.

Eûective elastic axial stiûness of a single formwork or multistorey support (Sp) should be determined with Equation F.2(1) as follows:

Sp =
ϕp
1 1
Ss + Sf
F.2(1)

where

ϕp = capacity reduction factor for support axial stiûness that takes account of the detrimental eûects
of imperfections;
in the absence of tests to conürm the actual axial stiûness of formwork or multistorey supports,
ϕp f 0.80
Ss = axial stiûness of a support, see Equation F.2(2)
Sf = axial stiûness of any formwork or packing between the top or bottom of the support and the
concrete, see Equation F.2(3)

Axial stiûness of a support (Ss) should be determined with Equation F.2(2) as follows

Ss =
Es × As
ls
F.2(2)

where

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Es = modulus of elasticity of the support material

As = cross-sectional area of the support
ls = length of the support

Axial stiûness of any formwork or packing between the top or bottom of the support and the concrete (Sf) should be determined with Equation F.2(3) as follows

Sf =
Ef × Af
lf
F.2(3)

where

Ef = modulus of elasticity of the forms or other material between the top and/or bottom of the support
and the concrete
Af = bearing area of the forms or other material
lf = thickness of the form or other material
NOTE 1 Failure to take account of reductions in axial elastic stiûness of supports may lead to underestimation of the load carried by the uppermost slabs.

NOTE 2 The presence of softwood forms between the supports and concrete may substantially reduce the eûective axial stiûness of a steel support based on the support section only.

NOTE 3 The presence of imperfections, such as inclination, reduces the theoretical support stiûness and should be taken into account.

NOTE 4 The eûective elastic axial stiûness of supports will be less where there is high-strutting to the slab above, e.g. entrance foyers, plant rooms.

NOTE 5 Aluminium and timber supports may have signiücantly less elastic axial stiûness than steel shores.

F.3 Slab elastic ýexural stiûness

The elastic ýexural stiûness of each concrete slab used to estimate slab deýections varies with concrete age. Estimates of slab deýections should take account
of slab eûective second moment of area (cracking), modulus of elasticity, span and support conditions of the slab, as well as changes in ambient temperature.
NOTE 1 For reinforced concrete, the second moment of area will change with the onset of cracking, refer to AS 3600.

NOTE 2 In the case of relatively short construction times, for the purpose of Clause F.1, long-term eûects of creep and concrete shrinkage may be neglected.

NOTE 3 For a rigid foundation, such as a thick concrete raft, the second moment of area approaches inünity.

NOTE 4 The concrete modulus of elasticity varies with age. Unless determined by testing in accordance with AS 1012.17, it would be prudent to determine the sensitivity of the multistorey load distribution to the
variability of the mean modulus of elasticity in accordance with AS 3600, which may vary up to ±20 % of the actual value.

F.4 Preload
In determining the axial load in multistorey supports, the eûect of excessive, or predetermined, tightening of the supports during installation may be taken into
account.

CF.4 Generally, it is assumed that reshores and backpropping are installed with zero preload; however, signiücant preload is nearly always present that will
increase the load on and deýection of the slab below and decrease the load on and deýection of the slab above.

To rely on preload would require developing a controlled method of preload that was measurable, i.e. with load cells or other special methods. In the absence
of such controlled methods, preload should not be relied upon, but it may be taken into account in mitigation.

F.5 Changes in ambient temperature

In determining the axial load in multistorey supports, the eûect of changes in ambient temperature on the multistorey support and slab ýexural stiûness should be
taken into account.
NOTE 1 A change in temperature relative to the time of the pouring a new slab will cause a change in load distribution between slabs connected by multistorey supports and may increase the maximum load.

NOTE 2 The eûect of changes in ambient temperature on multistorey load distribution is not well understood, but is signiücant. Research shows multistorey support temperatures tend to follow changes in ambient
temperature; however, changes in slab temperatures lag behind and never quite reach ambient temperatures. In addition, the temperature varies across the slab depth. Furthermore, changes in average load of 1 %
to 6 % per ±1°C change in ambient temperature have been measured with the average load in multistorey supports decreasing when the ambient temperature rises and increasing when ambient temperature falls.

Bibliography
ACI 347R-14 Guide to Formwork for Concrete

AS 1012.17, Methods of testing concrete, Method 17 4 Determination of the static chord modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens

AS 3972, General purpose and blended cements

AS/NZS 2327.1, Concrete structures 4 Simply supported beams

AS/NZS 4357.0, Structural Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), Part 0: Speciücations

BS3EN 12812, Falsework Performance requirements and general design

BS3EN CIRIA Report 108 Concrete Pressure on Formwork. Construction Industry Research and Information Association (UK)")

BS 5975, Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of falsework

DIN 18218, Pressure of fresh concrete on vertical formwork

[1] ZHANG H., REYNOLDS J., RASMUSSEN. K.J.R., ELLINGWOOD B.R. Reliability-based load requirements for formwork shores during formwork
placement. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2016, 142(1)

[2] BLUM H.B., MEIMAND V.Z., SCHAFER. B.W. Flexural Bracing Requirements in Axially Loaded Cold-formed Steel-framed Walls. Pract. Period. Struct.
Des. Constr. 2015, 20(4)

[3] TIMOSHENKO S.P., GERE J.M. Theory of Elastic Stability. McGraw Hill, New York, Second Edition, 1961

[4] TRAHAIR N.S. Column Bracing Forces. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering. 1999, SE2(2&3) pp. 163-168

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[5] CHANDRANGSU T., RASMUSSEN K.J.R. Structural modelling of support scaûold systems. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2011, 67(5) pp.
8663875

[6] WANG C., ZHANG H., RASMUSSEN K.J.R., REYNOLDS J., YAN, S. System reliability-based limit state design of support scaûolding systems.
Engineering Structures. 2020, 216.

Further reading
[1] CARINO N.J., LEW, H.S., and VOLZ, C.K. <Early age temperature eûects on concrete strength predicted by the maturity method.=
ACI Journal, March-April 1983, American Concrete Institute

[2] SADGROVE B.M. <The early development of strength in concrete.= CIRIA Technical Note No 12, July 1970

[3] HARRISON T.A. <Tables of minimum striking times for soþt and vertical formwork.= CIRIA Report 67, October 1977

[4] M ADAM P.S. BEHAN, J.E. <Multistorey formwork loading.= Technical Paper No 7. Concrete Institute of Australia, 1989

[5] GRUNDY P., KABAILA A. Construction loads on slabs with shored formwork in multistorey buildings. ACI Journal Proceedings. 1963,
60(12) pp. 1729-1738

[6] TAYLOR P.J. Eûects of formwork stripping time on deýection of ýat slabs and plates. Australian Civil Engineering and Construction.
1967, 8(2) pp. 31-35

[7] BERESFORD F.D. <Shoring and reshoring of ýoors in multistorey buildings.= Symposium on Formwork, April 1971, Concrete Institute
of Australia, p. 14

[8] M ADAM P.S. ORCHARD, I.H., <Specifying concrete surface ünishes to AS 3610.= Technical Paper No 5. Concrete Institute of
Australia 1989

[9] MONKS W. Appearance matters. Vols. 1-9 Cement and Concrete Association (UK)

[10] McADAM P.S. Architectural concrete. Civil Engineering Department, Queensland University of Technology

[11] CAMPBELL K.D. <The speciücation of quality concrete surface ünishes.= Technical Note No 38, Cement and Concrete Association

[12] GAGE M. Guide to exposed concrete ünishes. The Architectural Press, London

[13] <Standard speciücations for tolerances for concrete.= A.C.I. Journal November- December 1988. American Concrete Institute

[14] GARDNER N.J. <Pressure of concrete on formwork.= ACI Journal, September-October 1985. American Concrete Institute

[15] GARDINER J.W. <Design of formwork.= Technical Paper No 6, Concrete Institute of Australia 1989

[16] Formwork, Concrete Society Technical Report No 13 March 1977, The Concrete Society, The Institution of Structural Engineers

[17] Formwork, A guide to good practice. Concrete Society Technical Report, August 1986, The Concrete Society, Institution of Structural
Engineers

[18] Plywood in concrete formwork. Plywood Association of Australia

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