Earth and Life Notes

Rocks - A relatively hard,
naturally occurring mineral

Igneous rocks are classified by
material. Rock can consist of a
how quickly they cool and the
single mineral or of several
size of the mineral grains that
minerals that are either tightly
form.
compacted or held together by a
cementlike mineral matrix. classification of igneous rock
The three main types of rocks are 1. Composition
igneous, sedimentary, and  FELSIC -also
metamorphic. called granitic,
Igneous light in color.
 MAFIC - also
 rocks that are formed called basaltic.
from the solidification of dark in color;
molten rock material made up of
(magma or lava). magnesium and
 Molten rock material can iron.
solidify below the surface  INTERMEDIAT
of the earth (plutonic E – also called
igneous rocks) or at the andesitic.
surface of the Earth Between mafic
(volcanic igneous rocks). and felsic.
 Note that the rate of generally
cooling is one of the most medium colored
important factors that (medium gray).
control crystal size and  ULTRAMAFIC
the texture of the rock in - very dark color
general.
 Melted rock, called 2. TEXTURE

magma, cools and  Aphanitic - fine
hardens to form igneous grained.
rock.  Phaneritic-
coarse grained
 Porphyritic-
large crystals
with small
crystals
Two types of Igneous Rocks  Glassy- non-
ordered solid
from rapid  Weathering
quenching  transport agent
 Pyroclastic- (Water, wind, ice)
composite of
ejected fragments
three types of sedimentary
rocks
1. Clastic
Rocks are made up of
pieces (clasts) of pre-
existing rocks. Pieces of
rock are loosened by
weathering, then
transported to some basin
or depression where
sediment is trapped. If the
sediment is buried deeply,
it becomes compacted
SEDIMENTARY and cemented, forming
sedimentary rock.
 These are rocks that
formed through the
accumulation,
2. Chemical
compaction, and
rocks form by chemical
cementation of sediments.
precipitation that begins
 They generally form at when water traveling
surface or near surface through rock dissolves
conditions. some of the minerals.
 Particles of sand, shells, These minerals are
pebbles, and other carried away from their
fragments of materials source and eventually
called sediments redeposited, or
accumulate in layers and precipitated, when the
over a long period of time water evaporates away.
harden into rocks.
FACTORS 3. Organic
AFFECTING Rocks form from the
SEDIMENTARY accumulation and
PROCESS lithification of organic
debris, such as leaves,  Pressure
roots, and other plant or - occurs in areas that
animal material. have undergone
deformation during
Metamorphic
orogenic events resulting
rocks that form from the in mountain belts.
transformation of pre-existing
rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rocks) through the
process of metamorphism.
Metamorphism can involve
changes in the physical and
chemical properties of rocks in
response to heat, pressure, and
chemically active fluids.
Metamorphic rocks can form

from igneous and sedimentary Creates foliated
rocks, or from other metamorphic metamorphic rocks.
rocks.
Metamorphic rocks are different

than their original form because
their properties change.
Factors that affect

metamorphic
 Temperature
- occurs when a pre-
existing rock get in
contact with a heat
source (magma)
Creates non-foliated Rock Cycle
metamorphic rocks. - Rocks change from one form to
another.
Minerals
A. Definition
 a naturally occurring (not
man-made or machine
generated), inorganic (not
a by_x0002_product of
living things) solid with
an orderly crystalline
structure and a definite
chemical composition.
Minerals are the basic
building blocks of rocks.
There are substances that meet 3

of the 4 criteria and are called
mineraloids.
Example: Opal – does not have an

orderly arrangement of atoms.
B. How many minerals are
there?
 3500 known minerals in
the Earth’s crust
 Minerals combine to form
all rocks on Earth.
 Rock type depends on 5. Crystal shape / External
mineral composition. Crystal Form / Crystal
20 minerals combine to Systems
form 95% of all rocks. - a set of faces that
on Earth. have a definite
geometric
Physical Properties relationship to each
- All minerals have at least 9 other.
physical properties that can be The external shape
used to define, describe, and of a crystal or groups
identify them as unique minerals of crystals is
1. Color – every mineral is displayed / observed
some color, and some are as these crystals grow
found in multiple colors. in open spaces.
 could be very helpful and
distinctive or could be
very ambiguous. This is not always shown clearly
when crystals are growing and
2. Luster – the way a competing for space with other
mineral reflects light. minerals.
 Glassy/ Non-metallic –
reflects light like a piece
of glass does. 6. Mineral Cleavage – the
 Metallic – reflects light ability of a mineral to
like a piece of metal does. break, when struck along
specific planes.
3. Streak – the color of the - the property of some
pulverized powder of a minerals to break
mineral along specific planes
of weakness to form
The color could be smooth, flat surfaces.
different from the - These planes exist
crystal’s color and is because the bonding
always distinctive. of atoms making up
the mineral happens
4. Hardness – the to be weak in those
stretchability of a areas.
mineral, or a mineral’s
durability.
.

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Rocks - A relatively hard,

naturally occurring mineral

 Melted rock, called 2. TEXTURE

Metamorphic rocks can form

Metamorphic rocks are different

Factors that affect

There are substances that meet 3

Example: Opal – does not have an

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