Fundamental of Mechanics-Statics

Unit-5

By: Dr. Abhishek Priyam

Assistant Professor-Mechanical
MPSTME-NMIMS University, Mumbai
 Syllabus
Unit Description Duration
1 Introduction 04
Unit Description Duration
Introduction to Mechanics and Idealization of Bodies, Laws and fundamental principles including
Mechanics and force system: Significance and relevance: Mechanics, statics, dynamics, space,
Law of transmissibility of a force and Newton’s laws of motion; Force system and its classification.
time, mass, particle, body, rigid body. Scalar and vector quantity, Units of measurement (SI units) -
2 1 Resolution and composition of Forces 0806
Fundamental units and derived units. Force: Unit, characteristics and effects of a force, Principle of
Resolution of a force into components, Parallelogram Law, Polygon Law, resultant of coplanar
transmissibility of force, Force system and its classification.
force system, resultant of a parallel forces acting in same direction and in opposite direction,
Resolution
couple. and composition
Resolution of Forces:
of a force into a forceOrthogonal and Moment
and a couple. non-orthogonal components
of a force of a of
and theorem force,
Moment of a force, Varignon’s theorem. Resultant of forces, analytical method of determination
Varignon.
3 2 Equilibrium
of resultant for concurrent, non-concurrent and parallel co-planar force systems, Law of triangle, 0806
parallelogram
Equations and polygon
of equilibrium, of forces.
types of supports and support reactions, Free body diagram with
different types of loads, equilibrium of a body subjected to two forces and three forces,
Equilibrium: Meaning of equilibrium, free body diagrams, Conditions of Equilibrium, Analytical
application of Lami’s Theorem, numericals on different types of beams.
and graphical methods of analyzing equilibrium. Lami’s Theorem – statement and explanation,
4 3 Friction 0808
Types of beam, supports, determination of reactions at supports for various types of determinate
Introduction to friction; Dry friction - Laws of friction, angle of friction, cone of friction,
beams.
Equilibrium of bodies on rough horizontal and inclined plane; simple problems on friction
Friction:
involving Friction and its relevance in engineering, Laws of friction, angle of friction, angle of
blocks.
repose,
5 4 Centroid andcone of friction,
moment Equilibrium of bodies on rough horizontal and inclined plane, Simple
of inertia 0908
problems
Concept of friction
of centroid, involving
Centroid ofblocks.
two dimensional body (square, rectangle, triangle, circle, semi-
circle, quarter circle),
Introduction Centroid
to trusses: of composite
Introduction, plane
Analysis figures
of pin (composed
jointed of notPerfect
plane trusses: more truss
than and
threeTruss
5 geometrical figures), moment of inertia of an area of plane figure, polar moment of inertia, and 08
analysis using method of joints.
parallel axis theorem.
Centroid and moment of inertia: Centroid, Centroid of geometrical plane figures (square,
6 Simple Lifting Machines 08
rectangle, triangle, circle, semi-circle, quarter circle), Centroid of composite figures composed of
6 Introduction, Simple machines and definitions, ideal machines and Efficiency of a machine,
not more than three geometrical figures, moment of inertia, polar moment of inertia, and 09
Condition of irreversibility of a machine, Law of a machine, Friction of a machine, Important
parallel & perpendicular axis theorem.
Lifting Machines- Simple wheel and axle, Differential wheel and axle, Worm and worm wheel.
Total
Total hours
hours 4545
Centroid and moment of inertia
Concept of centroid, Centroid of two
dimensional body (square, rectangle, triangle,
circle, semi-circle, quarter circle), Centroid of
composite plane figures (composed of not more
than three geometrical figures), moment of
inertia of an area of plane figure, polar moment
of inertia, and parallel axis theorem.
 Introduction:
A body may be considered to be made up of a number of
minute particles having weights having weights w1, w2,
w3,…,wn which are attracted towards the centre of body.
As the particles are considered negligible in comparison to
body, all the forces are considered to be parallel to each
other. The resultant of all these forces acting at a point
known as Centre of Gravity (C.G).

CENTRE OF GRAVITY (C.G):

Centre of Gravity of a body is a fixed point with respect to the body, through which
resultant of weights of all particles of the body passes, at any plane .
CENTROID : Centroid is the centre point or geometric centre of a plane figure like
triangle, circle, quadrilateral, etc. The method of finding centroid is same as
finding C.G of a body.
METHODS FOR CENTRE OF GRAVITY
The centre of gravity (or centroid) may be found out by any one of the following two
methods:
1. By geometrical considerations
2. By moments
3. By graphical method
CENTRE OF GRAVITY BY MOMENTS Consider a body of mass M whose centre
of gravity is required to be found out. Divide the body into small masses, whose
centers of gravity are known. Let m1, m2, m3....; etc. be the masses of the particles
and (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), ...... be the co-ordinates of the centers of gravity from
a fixed point O as shown in Fig.

Let 𝑥ҧ and 𝑦ത be the co-ordinates of the centre of gravity of

the body. From the principle of moments, we know that
AXIS OF REFERENCE
The centre of gravity of a body is always calculated with reference to some
assumed axis known as axis of reference. The axis of reference, of plane figures, is
generally taken as the lowest line of the figure for calculating y and the left line of
the figure for calculating 𝑥.ҧ
CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF PLANE FIGURES
The centre of area of plane geometrical figures is known as centroid, and coincides
with the centre of gravity of the figure. It is a common practice to use centre of
gravity for centroid and vice versa.
Let 𝑥ҧ and 𝑦ത be the co-ordinates of the centre of gravity with respect to some axis of
reference, then

Where a1, a2, a3........ etc., are the areas into which the whole figure is divided
x1, x2, x3 ..... etc., are the respective co-ordinates of the areas a1, a2, a3....... on
X-X axis with respect to same axis of reference. y1, y2, y3....... etc., are the
respective co-ordinates of the areas a1, a2, a3....... on Y-Y axis with respect to
same axis of the reference. The distances in one direction are taken as positive
and those in the opposite directions must be taken as negative.
Case1:Consider the triangle ABC of base “b” and height “h”. Determine the
distance of centroid from the base using Method of First Principle
Case2: Consider a semi-circle of radius R. Determine its distance from
diametral axis

Due to symmetry, centroid “yc” must lie on Y-

axis. Consider an element at a distance “r” from
centre “o” of the semicircle with radial width dr.
Area of element = (r.dθ)×dr
Moment of area = ∫y. dA
Centroid Formula For Different Shapes
CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Section, whose centre of gravity is required to be found out, and is symmetrical about
X-X axis or Y-Y axis the procedure for calculating the centre of gravity of the body is
to calculate either 𝑥ҧ or 𝑦.
ത This is due to the reason that the centre of gravity of the
body will lie on the axis of symmetry.

Example. Find the centre of gravity of a channel section 100 mm × 50 mm × 15

mm.
Sol:
Example: An I-section has the following dimensions in mm units:
Bottom flange = 300 × 100
Top flange = 150 × 50
Web = 300 × 50
Determine mathematically the position of centre of gravity of the
section.
Example: Find the centroid of the T-section as shown in figure from the bottom
Example: Find the centroid of an unequal angle section 100 mm × 80 mm × 20
mm.
Example: Find the centroid of an unequal angle section 200 mm × 150 mm × 12 mm.
Example: Find the centroid of the given section
Example: Find the centroid of the given section
 MOMENT OF INERTIA
INTRODUCTION:
Moment of a force (P) about a point, is the product of the force and perpendicular
distance (x) between the point and the line of action of the force (i.e. P.x). If this
moment is again multiplied by the perpendicular distance (x) between the point and
the line of action of the force i.e. P.x(x) = Px2 , then this quantity is called moment of
inertia.

CALCULATION OF MOMENT OF
INERTIABY INTEGRATION METHOD:
The moment of inertia of an area may be found
out by the method of integration:
Consider a plane figure, whose moment of
inertia is required to be found out about X-X
axis and Y-Y axis as shown in Fig .
Let us divide the whole area into a no. of strips. Consider one of these strips. Let dA=
Area of the strip, x = Distance of the centre of gravity of the strip on X-X axis and y
= Distance of the centre of gravity of the strip on Y-Y axis. We know that the moment
of inertia of the strip about Y-Y axis = dA.x2
Now the moment of inertia of the whole area may be found out by integrating above
equation. i.e.,
Unit: It depends on units of area and length
IYY = ΣdA.x2
If area=m2 , length =m then, M.I=m4
Similarly
If area=mm2 , length=mm then, M.I=mm4
IXX = ΣdA .y2
Polar Moment of Inertia is a measure of an object’s capacity to oppose or resist
torsion when some amount of torque is applied to it on a specified axis. Torsion, on
the other hand, is nothing but the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. Polar
moment of inertia basically describes the cylindrical object’s (including its segments)
resistance to torsional deformation when torque is applied in a plane that is parallel to
the cross-section area or in a plane that is perpendicular to the object’s central axis.
THEOREM OF PERPENDICULAR AXIS
If IXX and IYY be the moments of inertia of a
plane section about two perpendicular axis
meeting at O, the moment of inertia IZZ about the
axis Z-Z, perpendicular to the plane and passing
through the intersection of X-X and Y-Y is given
by: IZZ = IXX +IYY
THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXIS It states, If the moment of inertia of a plane area
about an axis through its centre of gravity is denoted by IG, then moment of inertia of
the area about any other axis AB, parallel to the first, and at a distance h from the
centre of gravity is given by:
IAB= IG+ ah2
Where IAB= Moment of inertia of the area about an axis AB,
IG= Moment of Inertia of the area about its centre of gravity
a = Area of the section, and h = Distance between centre of gravity of the section and axis AB
Example . An I-section is made up of three rectangles as shown in Fig . Find the
moment of inertia of the section about the horizontal axis passing through the
centre of gravity of the section.

Solution. First of all, let us find out centre of gravity

of the section. As the section is symmetrical about Y-
Y axis, therefore its centre of gravity will lie on this
axis. Split up the whole section into three rectangles
1, 2 and 3 as shown in Fig, Let bottom face of the
bottom flange be the axis of reference.
Example . Determine the moment of inertia of the L section shown in figure about its
centroidal axes. Also find the polar moment of inertia.
Find the moment of inertia of a T-section with flange as 150 mm × 50 mm and
web as 150 mm × 50 mm about X-X and Y-Y axes through the centre of gravity
of the section.
Find the Moment of inertia of the given lamina shown in figure.
Problem: Find the Moment of inertia of the given figure about axis AB.

Solution
Problem: Find the Moment of inertia of the shaded area.

Solution
Problem: Find the Moment of inertia

Solution