Introduction To Theodolite

CE-226 SURVEYING – I
Prof. DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
INTRODUCTION TO THEODOLITE
Topics to be Covered:
• Introduction to Theodolite
• Parts of Theodolite
• Various Operations and Functions of Theodolite
THEODOLITE
Introduction:
• So far we have been measuring horizontal angles using Compass with
respect to meridian, which is less accurate and also not possible to measure
vertical angles with a Compass.
• So when the objects are at a considerable distance or situated at a

considerable elevation or depression, it become necessary to measure
horizontal and vertical angles more precisely.
• These measurements are taken with an instrument, which is called

Theodolite.
THEODOLITE
Definition:
• Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles.
• Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass.
• Magnetic compass measures the angle up to an accuracy of 30’. However a

Vernier Theodolite measures the angles up to an accuracy of 10’’, 20” or
even 5” and 1.0”.
• There are variety of theodolite Vernier, Optic, Electronic etc.

THEODOLITE
Types:
THEODOLITE
Types:
There are Several types of theodolite but the most common types are the
following:
1. Repeating Theodolite
2. Directional Theodolite
3. Vernier Transit Theodolite
THEODOLITE
1. Repeating Theodolite
A repeating theodolite measures angles on a graduated scale
2. Directional Theodolite
Directional theodolite determines angles through a circle.
3. Vernier Transit Theodolite

It can rotate along horizontal axis and vertical axis for measuring angles.
CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITE
On the basis of Classification there are two types of Theodolite:
1. Transit Theodolite
2. Non-Transit Theodolite
CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITE
1. Transit Theodolite
A theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be transited that
it revolve through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in vertical
plane.
2. Non-Transit Theodolite
A theodolite is called non-transit theodolite when its telescope cannot be
transited, they are inferior in utility.
PARTS AND FUNCTION OF THEODOLITE
Vertical circle:
Circular plate supported on horizontal axis of the instrument. Vertical circle has
graduation from 0-90 degrees in four quadrants. Vertical circle moves with the
telescope when it is rotated in the vertical plane.
Altitude level:
A highly sensitive bubble is used for leveling particularly when taking the
vertical angle observations/reading.
Horizontal Axis:
It is the axis of rotation of telescope to the vertical plane.
Vertical Axis:
Axis of telescope in horizontal plane.
Leveling head:
Leveling head is used to attach the instrument to tripod and attach the plumb
bob along the vertical axis of the instrument.
Lower plate/circle plate:

An angular horizontal plate with the graduations provided all around, from 0 to
360°, in a clockwise direction. The graduations are in degree divided in to 3
parts so that each division equals to 20 min.
• Horizontal angles are measured with this plate.
• The size of the theodolite is defined by the diameter of horizontal circle.
Upper Plate:
Horizontal plate of smaller diameter provided with two verniers on
diametrically opposite parts of its circumference.
These verniers are designated as A and B. They are used to read fractions of
the horizontal circle plate graduations. The verniers are graduated in 20 min
and each minute is divided in 3 to 6 parts making least count 20” or 10”.
Clamps and Tangent Screws:

• There are two clamps and associated tangent screws with the plate. These
screws facilitate the motion of the instruments in horizontal plane.
• Lower clamp screw locks or releases the lower plate. When this screw is
unlocked both upper and lower plates move together. The associated lower
tangent screw allows small motion of the plate in locked position.
• The upper clamp screw locks or releases the upper vernier plate. When this
clamp is released the lower plate does not move but the upper vernier plate
moves with the instrument. This causes the change in the reading. The upper
tangent screw allows the final adjustment.
Plate level:
Spirit level with the bubble and graduation on glass cover.
A single level or two levels fixed in perpendicular direction may be provided.
The spirit level can be adjusted with the foot screw of the leveling head.
Telescope: The essential parts of the telescopes are eye-piece, diaphragm with
cross hairs, object lens and arrangements to focus the telescope.
Vertical Circle Clamp and Tangent Screw :

Clamping the vertical circle restrict the movement of telescope in vertical
plane.
Plumb Bob:
Plumb bob is a tool having a cone shaped weight attached to a long thread. The
weight is hanged using thread from the center of tripod stand and centering of
theodolite is done.
Tripod:
Tripod is nothing but a stand on which theodolite is mounted. It should place
in such a way that theodolite should be in exact leveled position. The tripod
has legs with steel shoes at their ends. These hold the ground strongly without
any movement when placed.
Tripod has an external screw which helps to attach the theodolite by tribrach
plate in fixed position.
THREE ASSEMBLIES OF THEODOLITE
Homework
• Q#1: Draw the Diagram of Theodolite and label all its parts.
• Q#2: Explain different types of Theodolite and Comment on different

functions of Theodolite.

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CE-226 SURVEYING – I

Prof. DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

• So when the objects are at a considerable distance or situated at a

• These measurements are taken with an instrument, which is called

• Magnetic compass measures the angle up to an accuracy of 30’. However a

• There are variety of theodolite Vernier, Optic, Electronic etc.

3. Vernier Transit Theodolite

On the basis of Classification there are two types of Theodolite:

Lower plate/circle plate:

Clamps and Tangent Screws:

Vertical Circle Clamp and Tangent Screw :

• Q#2: Explain different types of Theodolite and Comment on different

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