Laboratory Manual

BEE351
Circuit Simulation Lab
Faculty
Mr. Probeer Sahw
and
Ms. Preeti Dhiman

Department of Electrical Engineering

Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
Session 2023-24
Prepared by Probeer Sahw
 Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab

Course Outcomes

Course Statement (On completion of this course, the student will be Knowledge
Outcome able to) Level
Apply the Knowledge of Basic Circuital Law, Nodal and Mesh K2
CO1
Analysis for given Circuit
CO2 Analysis of the AC and DC Circuits using Simulation Techniques K3
CO3 Analysis of Transient Response of AC Circuits K3
CO4 Evaluation and Analysis of Two-Port Network Parameters K3
CO5 Estimation of Parameters of Different Filters K2

Mapping of Experiments with Course Outcome and Knowledge Level

Exp. Course Knowledge

Experiment
No. Outcome Level
Verification of Principle of Superposition with AC Sources
1 CO1 K2
using Multisim/PSpice
Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem and Maximum Power
2 CO1 K2
Transfer Theorem in AC Circuits using Multisim/PSpice
Verification of Norton’s Theorems in AC Circuit using
3 CO2 K3
Multisim/PSpice
Verification of Tellegen’s Theorem for Two Networks of
4 CO2 K3
the Same Topology
Determination of Transient Response of Current in RL
5 and RC Circuits with Step CO3 K3
Voltage Input using
Multisim/PSpice
Determination of Transient Response of Current in RLC
Circuit with Step Voltage Input for Under Damped,
6 CO3 K3
Critically Damped and Over Damped Cases Using
Multisim/PSpice
Determination of Z and h-parameters for a network and
7 CO4 K3
computation of Y and ABCD Parameters
Determination of Image Impedance and Characteristic
8 CO4 K3
Impedance of T and 𝜋 Networks using OC and SC Tests
Determination of Frequency Response of a Twin – T-Notch
9 CO5 K2
Filter
Determination of Attenuation Characteristics of a Low
10 CO5 K2
Pass/High Pass Active Filters
 Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab

INDEX

Exp. Date of Date of Faculty

Aim Grades
No. Experiment Submission Signature
Verification of Principle of Superposition with
1
AC Sources using Multisim/PSpice
Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem and
2 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in AC
Circuits using Multisim/PSpice
Verification of Norton’s Theorems in AC
3
Circuit using Multisim/PSpice
Verification of Tellegen’s Theorem for Two
4
Networks of the Same Topology
Determination of Transient Response of
5 Current in RL and RC Circuits with Step
Voltage Input using Multisim/PSpice
Determination of Transient Response of
Current in RLC Circuit with Step Voltage
6
Input for Under Damped, Critically Damped
and
Over Damped Cases Using Multisim/PSpice
Determination of Z and h-parameters for a
7 network and computation of Y and ABCD
Parameters
Determination of Image Impedance and
8 Characteristic Impedance of T and 𝜋
Networks
using OC and SC Tests
Determination of Frequency Response of a
9
Twin – T-Notch Filter
Determination of Attenuation Characteristics
10
of a Low Pass/High Pass Active Filters
 Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab
Date:
Experiment No. 1

Aim: Verification of Principle of Superposition with AC Sources using Multisim/PSpice.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice.

Theory: The Superposition Theorem for AC circuits states that the current in any part of a
network containing two or more sources can be calculated by analyzing the network one
source at a time. The current due to each source is calculated for every branch of the network.
The net current in each branch of the network is then determined by the phasor sum of the
respective branch currents due to each source. The following example demonstrates the
application of the Superposition Theorem to AC circuits.

j6 Ω 6Ω

I
10∠60° V 2∠0° A -j8 Ω

The output current when the voltage source is short-circuited and the current source is active
is calculated as:.

j6 Ω 6Ω

I’
2∠0° A -j8 Ω

j6
I′ = I
j6 + 6 + (−j8) = 1.9∠108.43° A

I′max = 2.69 A

The output current is calculated as below when the voltage source is active and the current
source is open-circuited.
 j6 Ω 6Ω

-j8 Ω I”
10∠60° V

V1
I′′ = = 1.58∠78.43°
j6 + 6 + (−j8)

I′′max = 2.23 A

The net output current is the phasor sum of the currents I′ and I′′.

I = I′ + I′′ = 3.362∠94.78° A

Imax = 4.76 A

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic in Multisim/PSpice based on the provided AC network.

 2. Choose the analysis type as transient.
3. Run the simulation for 5 seconds.
4. Record the current output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.

Observation:

The current graph spanning from 1.00 seconds to 1.06 seconds is given below.

Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error

C1 Imax 4.76 A 4.7720 A 0.25 %
C2 I′max 2.69 A 2.6972 A 0.27 %
Note: Please ensure to record observations from 4 seconds to 4.08 seconds in your file.

The current graph data spanning from 1.0004 seconds to 1.0098 seconds is given below.

% error
(I′+I′′)−I
Elapsed Time (sec) I (A) I' (A) I'' (A) I'+I'' (A) = | × 100%
|
I

1.0004 4.68 2.44 2.24 4.68 0.00

1.0010 4.39 2.16 2.23 4.39 0.00
1.0017 3.94 1.81 2.13 3.94 0.00
1.0023 3.34 1.38 1.96 3.34 0.00
1.0029 2.60 0.90 1.71 2.60 0.00
1.0035 1.77 0.38 1.39 1.77 0.00
1.0042 0.87 -0.14 1.02 0.87 0.00
1.0048 -0.06 -0.67 0.61 -0.06 0.00
1.0054 -0.99 -1.17 0.17 -0.99 0.00
 % error
(I′+I′′)−I
Elapsed Time (sec) I (A) I' (A) I'' (A) I'+I'' (A) = | × 100%
|
I

1.0060 -1.89 -1.62 -0.27 -1.89 0.00

1.0067 -2.71 -2.01 -0.70 -2.71 0.00
1.0073 -3.42 -2.33 -1.10 -3.42 0.00
1.0079 -4.01 -2.55 -1.46 -4.01 0.00
1.0085 -4.44 -2.68 -1.77 -4.44 0.00
1.0092 -4.70 -2.70 -2.00 -4.70 0.00
1.0098 -4.78 -2.62 -2.16 -4.78 0.00
Note: Please ensure to record observations from 4 seconds to 4.08 seconds in your file.

Result: Principle of superposition with AC sources using Multisim/PSpice has been

verified. Viva-Voce Questions:

1. What is the fundamental principle behind the superposition theorem in AC circuit

analysis?
2. How is the superposition theorem applied in solving AC circuits?
3. Can the superposition theorem be used for non-linear elements in AC circuits?
4. What are the limitations of applying the superposition theorem in AC circuit analysis?
5. How does the superposition theorem simplify the analysis of complex AC circuits?
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 2
Aim: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem and Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in AC
Circuits using Multisim/PSpice.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice.

Thevenin’s Theorem

Theory: The Thevenin’s theorem for AC circuits states that any combination of sinusoidal
AC sources and impedances with two terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source
called as Thevenin’s Voltage VTH and a single series impedance ZTH. The next example
demonstrates application of the Thevenin’s theorem to AC circuits.

5Ω -j3 Ω

20∠0° V Vo j8 Ω 6Ω

The Thevenin voltage VTH is determined by open-circuiting the load terminals, as outlined
below.

5Ω -j3 Ω

VTH
20∠0° V 6Ω

20∠0°
VTH = (6 − j3) = 11.77∠ − 11.31° V
5 + 6 − j3
The impedance ZTH is determined by open-circuiting the load terminals and short-circuiting
the voltage source, as illustrated below.

5Ω -j3 Ω

ZTH
6Ω
 ZTH = 5 || (6 − j3) = (2.89 − j0.58) Ω

The Thevenin's equivalent circuit is illustrated below.

(2.89-j0.58) Ω
ZTH
VTH
11.7
Vo
7 j8 Ω
∠-11.31° V

The output current and voltage is calculated as below:

IO = VTH
Z = 1.48∠ − 80° A
TH + j8

Imax = 2.09 A

VO = IO × j8 = 11.82∠9.93°

V Vmax = 16.66 V

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic in Multisim/PSpice based on the provided AC network.

 2. Choose the analysis type as transient.
3. Run the simulation for 5 seconds.
4. Record the voltage output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.

Observation:

The voltage graph spanning from 0.4 seconds to 0.46 seconds is given below.

Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error

C1 Vmax in AC network 16.66 V 16.661 V 0.01 %
C2 Vmax in Thevenin’s equivalent 16.66 V 16.651 V 0.05 %

The current graph spanning from 0.4 seconds to 0.46 seconds is given below.
 Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error
C1 Imax in AC network 2.09 A 2.0761 A 0.67 %
C2 Imax in Thevenin’s equivalent 2.09 A 2.0756 A 0.69 %
Note: Please ensure to record observations from 2 seconds to 2.08 seconds in your file.

The voltage and current graph data spanning from 0.4005 seconds to 0.4111 seconds is given
below.

Vo (V) Io (A)
Elapsed
Thevenin’s Thevenin’s
Time (sec) AC Network % Error AC Network % Error
equivalent equivalent

0.4005 5.19 5.18 0.00 -1.98 -1.98 0.00

0.4011 8.19 8.18 0.00 -1.82 -1.82 0.00
0.4017 10.88 10.87 0.00 -1.58 -1.58 0.00
0.4023 13.14 13.14 0.00 -1.29 -1.29 0.00
0.4030 14.91 14.90 0.00 -0.94 -0.94 0.00
0.4036 16.09 16.09 0.00 -0.56 -0.56 0.00
0.4042 16.67 16.67 0.00 -0.16 -0.16 -0.01
0.4048 16.60 16.60 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.00
0.4055 15.89 15.89 0.00 0.65 0.65 0.00
0.4061 14.57 14.58 0.00 1.02 1.02 0.00
0.4067 12.69 12.70 0.00 1.36 1.35 0.00
0.4073 10.33 10.33 0.00 1.64 1.64 0.00
0.4080 7.57 7.57 0.00 1.86 1.86 0.00
0.4086 4.51 4.52 0.00 2.01 2.01 0.00
0.4092 1.29 1.29 -0.01 2.08 2.08 0.00
0.4098 -1.99 -1.98 0.00 2.07 2.07 0.00
0.4105 -5.19 -5.18 0.00 1.98 1.98 0.00
0.4111 -8.19 -8.18 0.00 1.82 1.82 0.00
Note: Please ensure to record observations from 2 seconds to 2.08 seconds in your file.

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Theory: The maximum power transfer theorem for AC circuits states that in a linear network
having energy sources and impedances, the maximum amount of power is transferred from
source to load impedance if the load impedance is the complex conjugate of the total
impedance
of the network. This means that, if source impedance is (R+jX) Ω, to have maximum power
transfer, the load impedance must be (R – jX) Ω. Verify the maximum power transfer
theorem for the network shown below.

200 Ω j10 Ω

100∠0° V ZL

The maximum power will be transferred only if

ZL = (200 − j10) Ω

and the maximum power transferred for applied

V = 100∠0°

will be

V2 1002

Procedure: Pmax = = = 12.5 W

4R 4 × 200
1. Create the schematic in Multisim/PSpice based on the provided AC network.

Verification of maximum power transfer theorem

Z1

Z=A+jB

Z2
V1 W
100Vrms 50Hz
0° PR1
Z=

2. Choose the analysis type as parameter sweep.

3. Sweep the load resistance from 1Ω to 10 MΩ.
4. Record the power output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.
The power graph for load resistance from 1Ω to 10 MΩ given below.

Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error

C1 RL 200 Ω 200.5018 Ω 0.25 %
C1 Pmax 12.5 W 12.4661 W 0.27 %

Result: Thevenin’s theorem and maximum power transfer theorem with AC sources using
Multisim/PSpice has been verified.

Viva-Voce Questions:

1. What is the Thevenin equivalent circuit and its purpose in AC circuit analysis?
2. How is the Thevenin equivalent voltage determined in an AC circuit?
3. How is the Thevenin equivalent resistance calculated in an AC circuit?
4. What is the maximum power transfer theorem for AC circuits?
5. How do you determine the load impedance that results in maximum power transfer in
an AC circuit?
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 3
Aim: Verification of Norton’s Theorems in AC Circuit using Multisim/PSpice.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice.

Theory: The Norton’s theorem for AC circuits states that any combination of sinusoidal AC
sources and impedances with two terminals can be replaced by a single current source I N =
VTH/ZTH and a single parallel impedance ZN = ZTH.

The next example demonstrates application of the Norton’s theorem to AC circuits.

5Ω -j3 Ω

20∠0° V Vo j8 Ω 6Ω

The Thevenin voltage VTH is calculated by open circuiting the load terminals and the
impedance ZTH is calculated by open circuiting the load terminals and short circuiting the
voltage source as shown:

20∠0°
VTH = (6 − j3) = 11.77∠ − 11.31° V
5 + 6 − j3
ZTH = 5 || (6 − j3) = (2.89 − j0.58) Ω
VT
H = 4∠0° A
IN =
ZTH

ZN = ZTH (2.89 − j0.58) Ω

Thus the Norton’s equivaent circuit is as shown below:

IN
4∠ Vo ZN j8 Ω
-22.62° A

The output current and voltage is calculated as below:

 IO = VTH
Z = 1.48∠ − 80° V
TH + j8

Imax = 2.09 A

VO = IO × j8 = 11.82∠9.93°

V Vmax = 16.66 V

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic in Multisim/PSpice based on the provided AC network.

2. Choose the analysis type as transient.

3. Run the simulation for 5 seconds.
4. Record the voltage output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.

Observation:

The voltage graph spanning from 0.4 seconds to 0.46 seconds is given below.
 Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error
C1 Vmax in AC network 16.66 V 16.664 V 0.02 %
C2 Vmax in Norton’s equivalent 16.66 V 16.651 V 0.05 %

The current graph spanning from 0.4 seconds to 0.46 seconds is given below.

Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error

C1 Imax in AC network 2.09 A 2.0748 A 0.72 %
C2 Imax in Norton’s equivalent 2.09 A 2.0750 A 0.72 %

Note: Please ensure to record observations from 2 seconds to 2.08 seconds in your file.

The voltage and current graph data spanning from 0.4005 seconds to 0.4111 seconds is given
below.
 Vo (V) Io (A)
Elapsed
Norton’s Norton’s
Time (sec) AC Network % Error AC Network % Error
equivalent equivalent

0.4005 5.19 5.19 0.00 -1.98 -1.98 0.00

0.4011 8.19 8.19 0.00 -1.82 -1.82 0.00
0.4017 10.88 10.88 0.00 -1.58 -1.58 0.00
0.4023 13.14 13.15 0.00 -1.29 -1.29 0.00
0.4030 14.91 14.91 0.00 -0.94 -0.94 0.00
0.4036 16.09 16.10 0.00 -0.56 -0.56 0.00
0.4042 16.67 16.67 0.00 -0.16 -0.16 0.00
0.4048 16.60 16.60 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.00
0.4055 15.89 15.89 0.00 0.65 0.65 0.00
0.4061 14.57 14.57 0.00 1.02 1.02 0.00
0.4067 12.69 12.69 0.00 1.36 1.36 0.00
0.4073 10.33 10.33 0.00 1.64 1.64 0.00
0.4080 7.57 7.56 0.00 1.86 1.86 0.00
0.4086 4.51 4.51 0.00 2.01 2.01 0.00
0.4092 1.29 1.28 0.00 2.08 2.08 0.00
0.4098 -1.99 -1.99 0.00 2.07 2.07 0.00
0.4105 -5.19 -5.19 0.00 1.98 1.98 0.00
0.4111 -8.19 -8.19 0.00 1.82 1.82 0.00
Note: Please ensure to record observations from 2 seconds to 2.08 seconds in your file.

Result: Norton’s theorem with AC Sources using Multisim/PSpice has been verified.

Viva-Voce Questions:

1. What is the fundamental principle of Norton's theorem?

2. How is Norton's equivalent current source determined in a circuit?
3. Can Norton's theorem be applied to both linear and nonlinear circuits?
4. What is the purpose of using Norton's theorem in circuit analysis?
5. How does Norton's theorem relate to Thevenin's theorem?
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 4
Aim: Verification of Tellegen’s Theorem for Two Networks of the Same Topology.

Software Used: Virtual Lab (Link: https://asnm-iitkgp.vlabs.ac.in/exp/verification-tellegen-

theorem/index.html)

Theory: Tellegen's theorem is a fundamental principle in electrical circuit theory that states
that the algebraic sum of the electrical potentials in any network branch and the product of
the current through that branch and the impedance of that branch is equal to zero. In
mathematical terms, for a network with n branches:
n

∑ vi i i = 0
i=1

where vi is the voltage across the ith branch, ii is the current through the ith branch, and the
sum is taken over all branches in the network. Tellegen's theorem is a consequence of the
conservation of energy in electrical circuits.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram above, keeping the switches open
and resistance at their maximum positions.
2. Case 1: In presence of both the sources Select switch of S1 to Power and S2 to Power
and switch on the supply to get the ammeter readings. Observe the power supplied in
+ve and power dissipated in -ve by the elements and voltage source for this condition.
 3. Case-2: In presence of V1 only Select switch of S1 to Power and S2 to short and
switch on the supply. Read the corresponding power values as done in the above case.
4. Case-3: In presence of V2 only Select switch of S1 to Short and S2 to switch on the
supply. Read the corresponding power values.
5. Calculate the power consumed or delivered by each element for each case and check
if power absorbed = power delivered. This proves the Tellegen's theorem.

Observation: Circuit parameters are selected as follows 100 Ω, 150 Ω, 200 Ω, 220 V, 110 V.

Note: Please ensure to record observations for 110 Ω, 220 Ω, 330 Ω, 220 V, 110 V and 500
Ω, 650 Ω, 800 Ω, 415 V, 150 V in your file.

110 Ω, 220 Ω, 330 Ω, 220 V, 110 V 500 Ω, 650 Ω, 800 Ω, 415 V, 150 V
Element Expected Value Observed Error Expected Value Observed Error
of Power (W) Value of (%) of Power (W) Value of (%)
Power (W) Power (W)

V1
V2
R1
R2
R3
Sum

Result: Tellegen’s theorem for two networks of the same topology using virtual lab has been
verified.
Viva-Voce Questions:

1. Tellegen’s Theorem is valid for network.

a. linear or non-linear
b. passive or active
c. time variant or time invariant
d. all of the mentioned

2. According to Tellegen’s Theorem which one is correct?

a. ΣPower Delivered=K/ ΣPower Absorbed
b. ΣPower Delivered=1/ ΣPower Absorbed
c. ΣPower Delivered= ΣPower Absorbed
d. ΣPower Delivered= 2 ΣPower Absorbed

3. The Tellegen’s theorem is based on the principle of law of

a. Conservation of Charge
b. Conservation of Energy
c. Conservation of Mass
d. Conservation of Velocity

4. Which of the following is a manifestation of law of conservation of energy

a. Tellegen's Theorem
b. Norton's Theorem
c. Reciprocity Theorem
d. Thevenin's Theorem

5. Which one among these following theorems can be applied to any active or passive
network
a. Thevenin's Theorem
b. Norton Theorem
c. Tellegen's Theorem
d. Superposition Theorem

6. The dual pair of capacitance is?

a. Inductance
b. Capacitance
c. Current source
d. Resistance
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 5
Aim: Determination of Transient Response of Current in RL and RC Circuits with Step
Voltage Input using Multisim/PSpice.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice.

Series RL Circuit

Theory: When an input is applied to an electric circuit, the output goes through a transitional
phase before reaching a stable state called the transient state. This phase, known as the
transient response, showcases the circuit's initial adjustments before settling into a steady
state. Consider the transient response of an RL circuit, which consists of a resistance and
inductance. Initially, the inductor in the circuit is uncharged and is in series with the resistor.
Upon closing switch S, the complete solution for the current can be determined.

S R

t=0
V i(t) L

The application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the circuit results in the derivation of the
following differential equation.

di(t)
L
dt + Ri(t) = V

Solving this differential equation gives the transient response of the current in the RL circuit.

V Rt
i(t) = (1 − e−L )
R

The time constant signifies the duration required for the circuit's current to reach
approximately 63.2% of its eventual value, and it is outlined below.

L
τ=
R

Consequently, the current waveform is derived as follows:

 i(t)
V/
R
0.632 V/R

0 τ=L/R t

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic of a series RL network with unit step voltage input, R = 1 Ω and
L = 1 mH in Multisim/PSpice.

R1 A PR1

1Ω

V1 L1
1mH
0s

2. Choose the analysis type as transient.

3. Run the simulation for 10 milli seconds.
4. Record the current output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.
6. Check the change in the reponse by changing the values of R and L.

Observation:

The current graph spanning from 0 milli seconds to 7 milli seconds is given below.
 Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error
C1 i(t) at t = τ = L/R = 1 ms 0.632 V/R = 0.632 A 631.7331 mA 0.42 %
C2 i(t) at t = τ = 6 ms 1A 997.5405 mA 0.25 %
Note: Please ensure to record observations for V = 10 V, R = 5 Ω and L = 1mH in your
file.

Series RC Circuit

Theory: Consider the transient response of an RC circuit, which consists of a resistance and
capacitor. Initially, the capacitor in the circuit is uncharged and is in series with the resistor.
Upon closing switch S, the complete solution for the current can be determined.

S R

t=0
V i(t) C

The application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the circuit results in the derivation of the
following differential equation.

1 t
∫ i(t) dt + Ri(t) = V
C0

Solving this differential equation gives the transient response of the current in the RC circuit.

V −1t
i(t) = e RC
R

The time constant signifies the duration required for the circuit's current to reach
approximately 36.8% of its eventual value, and it is outlined below.

τ = RC

Thus, the current waveform is obtained as follows:

 i(t)
V/R

0.368 V/R

0 τ=RC t

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic of a series RC network with unit step voltage input, R = 1 Ω and
C = 1 mF in Multisim/PSpice.

R1 A
PR1
1Ω
V1
C1
0s 1e-
3F

2. Choose the analysis type as transient.

3. Run the simulation for 10 milli seconds.
4. Record the current output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.
6. Check the change in the reponse by changing the values of R and C.

Observation:

The current graph spanning from 0 milli seconds to 7 milli seconds is given below.
 Cursor Corresponding Variable Expected Value Observed Value Error
C1 i(t) at t = τ = L/R = 1 ms 0.368 V/R = 0.368 A 368.2669 mA 0.07 %
C2 i(t) at t = τ = 6 ms 0A 2.4595 mA 0.25 %
Note: Please ensure to record observations for V = 10 V, R = 5 Ω and C = 1mF in your
file.

Result: Transient response of current in RL and RC circuits with step voltage input using
Multisim/PSpice have been determined.

Viva-Voce Questions:

1. Explain the transient response of current in an RL circuit with a step voltage input.
2. Describe how the current transient response differs in RL and RC circuits with a step
voltage input.
3. What factors influence the time constant in an RL circuit's transient current response
to a step voltage?
4. Discuss the mathematical expression for current transient response in an RC circuit
with a step voltage input.
5. How does the initial condition affect the transient current response in RL and RC
circuits with a step voltage input?
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 6
Aim: Determination of Transient Response of Current in RLC Circuit with Step Voltage Input
for Under Damped, Critically Damped and Over Damped Cases Using Multisim/PSpice.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice.

Theory: Transient response of current in RLC circuit with step voltage input is explained
below.

S R L C

t=0
V i(t)

Applying KVL:

𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1 𝑡
𝑅𝑖(𝑡) + 𝐿 + ∫ 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 0

Applying Laplace transform with zero initial conditions:

𝑉
𝐼(𝑠) =
1
𝑠 (𝑅 + 𝑠𝐿 + )
𝑠𝐶
The characteristic equation
is:
𝑅 1
𝑠2 + 𝑠+ =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶

The roots are:

𝑠 = −𝛼 ± 𝛽

where
 𝛼 = 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅⁄2𝐿

𝛽 = √ 𝛼2 − 𝜔 2
�

𝜔𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1⁄
√𝐿𝐶

Now, the exact current response depends upon the relation between 𝛼 and 𝜔0 as follows:

Relation Nature of Roots Condition Current Response

Real and unequal sum of two decaying exponentials
𝛼 > 𝜔𝑛 Overdamped
𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 ± 𝛽 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝛼𝑡(𝑐1𝑒𝛽𝑡 + 𝑐2𝑒−𝛽𝑡)
Real and equal Critically t times decaying exponential
𝛼 = 𝜔𝑛
𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 damped 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝛼𝑡(𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑡)
Complex decaying sine
𝛼 < 𝜔𝑛 Underdamped
𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 ± 𝑗𝛽 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝛼𝑡(𝑐1 cos 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin −𝛽𝑡)

The typical current waveforms for different cases are as follows:

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic in Multisim/PSpice based on the provided AC network for

following conditions:
10 −2𝑡 10 −8𝑡
Overdamped: V = 10 V, R = 5 Ω, L = 0.5 H, C = 0.125 F, 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒 − 𝑒
3 3

Critically damped: V = 10 V, R = 4 Ω, L = 0.5 H, C = 0.125 F, 𝑖(𝑡) = 20𝑡𝑒−4𝑡

63
Underdamped: V = 10 V, R = 0.5 Ω, L = 0.5 H, C = 0.125 F, 𝑖(𝑡) = 5.04𝑒−0.5𝑡 sin √ 𝑡
2

R1 L1 C1
0.5H
10Ω 0.125F
V1
A
PR1
0s

R2 L2 C2
0.5H
4Ω 0.125F
V2
A
PR2
0s

R3 L3 C3
0.5H
0.5Ω 0.125F
V3
A
PR3
0s

2. Choose the analysis type as transient.

3. Run the simulation for 10 seconds.
4. Record the current output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.

Observation:

The current graph spanning from 0 seconds to 8 seconds is given below.

Result: Transient response of current in RLC circuit with step voltage input for under damped,
critically damped and over damped cases using Multisim/PSpice have been determined.

Viva-Voce Questions:

1. Explain transient current in RLC circuits for underdamped response to step voltage.
2. Describe current behavior in RLC circuits for critically damped transient response.
3. Discuss current transient response in RLC circuits for overdamped conditions.
4. How does damping ratio affect current overshoot in RLC circuits with step voltage?
5. Explain the impact of natural frequency on time constant in RLC circuit transient
response to step voltage.
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 7
Aim: Determination of Z and h-parameters for a network and computation of Y and ABCD
Parameters.

Software Used: Virtual Lab (Link: https://asnm-iitkgp.vlabs.ac.in/exp/two-port-

network/simulation.html )

Theory: In analyzing electrical networks, utilizing an equivalent model that relates input and
output variables makes the process more manageable. Two-port network representations are a
useful tool for this purpose. In a two-port network, one port serves as the input and the other
as the output, denoted as port1 and port2 respectively. The diagram below illustrates the two-
port network representation.

I1 I2
1 2
V1 I1 Two Port V2
I2
Linear
1' Network 2'

Z-parameters

Z parameters are called as open-circuit impedance parameters because these are simply the
ratios of voltages and currents. Units of Z parameters are Ohm (Ω).
V1 Z11 Z12 I1
[ ]=[ ][ ]
V2 Z21 Z22 I2
where

V V
1 ] 1 ]
Z11 = [ I2=0 Z12 = [ I1=0
1I 2I

V V
2 ] 2 ]
Z21 = [ I2=0 Z22 = [ I1=0
1I 2I

Y-parameters

Y parameters are called as short-circuit admittance parameters because these are simply, the
ratios of currents and voltages. Units of Y parameters are mho.
 I1 Y11 Y12 V1
[ ]=[ ][ ]
I2 Y21 Y22 V2
where

I1 I1
Y11 = [ ] Y12 = [ ]
V1 V2=0 V2 V1=0
I2 I2
Y21 = [ ] Y22 = [ ]
V1 V2=0 V2 V1=0

ABCD-parameters or T-parameters

T parameters are called as transmission parameters or ABCD parameters. The parameters, A

and D do not have any units, since those are dimension less. The units of parameters, B and C
are ohm and mho respectively.
V1 A B V2
[ ]=[ ][ ]
I1 C D −I2
where

V V
1 ] 1 ]
A=[ I2=0 B=−[ V2=0
V I2
2

I1 I1
C=[ ] D= −[ ]
V I2 V2=0
I2=0
2

h-parameters

h-parameters are called as hybrid parameters. The parameters, h 12 and h21, do not have any
units, since those are dimension-less. The units of parameters, h 11 and h22, are Ohm and Mho
respectively.
V1 h11 h12 I1
[ ]=[ ][ ]
I2 h21 h22 V2
where

V V1
1 ] h12 = [ ]
h11 = [ V2=0 V2 I1=0
1I
 I2 I2
h21 = [ ] h22 = [ ]
1I V =0 V2 I1=0
2

Procedure:

1. For Z-parameters
a.
Case 1: Obtaining the values of Z11 and Z21
i. Apply Power to Input port and set Output port to Intermediate.
ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button.
iii. Observe the result Z11=V1/I1 and Z21=V2/I1 when I2=0.
iv. Switch off the supply.
b.
Case 2: Obtaining the values of Z12 and Z22
i. Apply Power to Output port and set Input port to Intermediate
ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button
iii. Observe the result Z12=V1/I2 and Z22=V2/I2 when I1=0
iv. Switch off the supply.
2. For Y-parameters
a.
Case 1: Obtaining the values of Y11 and Y21
i. Apply Power to Input port and set Output port to short circuit.
ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button.
iii. Observe the result Y11=I1/V1 and Y21=I2/V1 when V2=0.
iv. Switch off the supply.
b.
Case 2: Obtaining the values of Y12 and Y22
i. Apply Power to Output port and set Input port to short circuit .
ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button.
iii. Observe the result Y12=I1/V2 and Y22=I2/V2 when V1=0
iv. Switch off the supply.
3. For ABCD parameters
a.
Case 1: Obtaining the values of A and C
i. Apply Power to Input port and set Output port to Intermediate.
ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button.
iii. Observe the result A=V1/V2 and C=I1/V2 when I2=0.
iv. Switch off the supply.
b.
Case 2: Obtaining the values of B and D
i. Apply Power to Input port and set Output port to Short.
 ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button.
iii. Observe the result B=V1/I2 and D=I1/I2 when V2=0
iv. Switch off the supply.
4. For h-parameters
a.
Case 1: Obtaining the values of h11 and h21
i. Apply Power to Input port and set Output port to short circuit .
ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button.
iii. Observe the result h11=V1/I1 and h21=I2/I1 when V2=0.
iv. Switch off the supply.
b.
Case 2: Obtaining the values of h12 and h22 .
i. Apply Power to Output port and set Input port to Intermediate.
ii. Switch on the supply and click on "Simulate" button.
iii. Observe the result h12=V1/V2 and h22=I2/V2 when I1=0
iv. Switch off the supply.

Observation: Circuit parameters are selected as follows 110 V 50 Hz, 100 Ω, 200 Ω, 100 Ω,
150 Ω and 200 Ω.

Z-parameters

Z11 and Z21

Z12 and Z22

 Y-parametrs

Y11 and Y21

Y12 and Y22

ABCD parameter

A and C

B and D
 h-parameters

h11 and h21

h12 and h22

Result: For the given network, Z and h-parameters have been determined and Y and ABCD
parameters are computed.

Viva-Voce Questions:

1. What are the key components of the ABCD model?

2. How do the Z and Y parameters relate to the ABCD model?
3. Explain the significance of the Z parameters in the ABCD model.
4. How do you calculate the transmission parameter Z in the ABCD model?
5. How are the Z parameters used to characterize a two-port network in the ABCD model?
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 8
Aim: Determination of Image Impedance and Characteristic Impedance of T and 𝜋 Networks
using OC and SC Tests.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice

Theory: Two-port networks are commonly linked together in a series to transmit signals
effectively. Ensuring the impedance of each network aligns with the previous and subsequent
networks is crucial for optimizing power transfer. Therefore, accurately determining the
image impedance of a two-port network holds significant importance.

Within a two-port network, two types of image impedances exist: input image impedance Zi1
and output image impedance Zi2. When the output port is terminated with Zi2, the impedance
observed at the input becomes Zi1. Similarly, when the input port is terminated with Zi1, the
impedance observed at the output becomes Zi2. The specific values for these image
impedances are provided as follows:

Zi1 AB
= √ CD

Zi2 BD
= √ AC

where A, B, C and D are the transmission parameters of the two-port network.

The image impedances will be identical if the two-port network is symmetrical, meaning \(A =
D\). In such cases, the value of the image impedance can be determined as follows:

B
Z =√
i
C

Moreover, when the network is symmetrical (i.e., A = D), this identical image impedance is
referred to as the characteristic impedance of the respective two-port network.

The characteristic impedance can also be deduced by conducting open circuit (OC) and short
circuit (SC) tests on the two-port network. The input impedance ZOC is computed by open-
circuiting the output terminals, while the input impedance ZSC is determined by short-
circuiting the output terminals. The values for these impedances are calculated as::

V
1
ZOC = [ ]
1I I2=0

V
1 ]
ZSC = [ V2=0
1I

The characteristic impedance ZC is thus calculated as follows:

ZC = √ZOCZSC

T-Network

Consider the following symmetrical T-network further examination.

I1 1Ω 1Ω I2
1 2
V1 I1 2Ω I2 V2
1' 2'

The transmission parameters for the given network are.

A B 1.5 2.5
[ ]=[ ]
C D 0.5 1.5

Note that A = D = 1.5 which establishes that the T-network is symmetrical. The image
impedance is calculated as:

B 2.5
Z=√ =√ = 2.24 Ω
i
C 0.5

The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances are calculated by performing the OC and SC
tests on the T-network and then the characteristic impedance is calculated as:

V
1
ZOC = [ ] =3Ω
1I I2=0

V
1 ] = 1.67 Ω
ZSC = [ V2=0
1I

ZC = √ZOCZSC = √3 × 1.67 = 2.24 Ω

 𝛑-Network

Consider the following symmetrical π -network further examination.

I1 0.4 Ω I2
1 2
V1 I1 0.2 Ω 0.2 Ω I2V2

1' 2'

The transmission parameters for the given network are.

A B 3 0.4
[ ]=[ ]
C D 20 3

Note that A = D = 3 which establishes that the π-network is symmetrical. The image
impedance is calculated as:

B 0.4
Z =√ =√ = 0.1414 Ω
i
C 20

The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances are calculated by performing the OC and SC
tests on the T-network and then the characteristic impedance is calculated as:

V
1
ZOC = [ ] = 0.15 Ω
1I I2=0

V1
ZSC = [ ] = 0.13 Ω
1I V2=0

ZC = √ZOCZSC = √0.15 × 0.13 = 0.1414 Ω

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic of the given T or π network in Multisim/PSpice and determine

the ABCD parmeters using transient analysis. A must be equal to D as the given
network is symmetrical.
2. Calculate the image impedance.
3. Perform OC and SC tests on the given T or π network and calculate the open-circuit
and short-circuit impedances.
4. Calculate the characteristic impedance. This must be equal to the image impedance as
the given network is symmetrical.
5. Connect an impedance equal to the characteristic impeance at the output port of the
given network.
6. Calculate the input impedance. This must be equal to the characteristic impednace.
Observation:

The given T network network is simulated.

R1 R2
AR10 R11
V1 1Ω 1ΩV2 PR6
1V 1V 1Ω 1Ω
R3 V5
2Ω R13
I: 447 mA 1V R12
2Ω 2.24Ω
I(p-p): 0 A
I(rms): 0 A
I(dc): 447 mA
V(dc): 1.00 V I(freq): -- V(dc): 1.00 V
I(dc): 333 mA I(dc): 600 mA
V(dc): 667 mV I(dc): 400 mA

AV AV
R4 V R5 R7 R8 A
PR1 PR2 PR4 PR5

V3 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω
1V V4
R6 R9
2Ω 1V 2Ω

The network parameters are calculated below:

V1 1V B 2.5
A=[ ] = = 1.5 Zi = √ = √ = 2.24 Ω
V2 I 667mV C 0.5
2=0

V1 1V V1 1V
ZOC = [ ] = =3Ω
B = −[ ]
I2 V2=0
=−
−400mA I 1 I2=0 333mA Zinput = [ V1] = 1V
I 333mA
= 2.5 Ω 1 Zload=ZC=2.24Ω

V1 1V =3Ω
I1 333mA ZSC = [ ] = = 1.67 Ω
C=[ ] = = 0.5 Ω−1 I 1 V2=0 600mA
V2 I 667mV
2=0

I1 600mA ZC = √ZOCZSC = √3 × 1.67

D=−[ ] =− = 1.5
I2 V2=0 −400mA = 2.24 Ω

The given π network network is simulated.

R1 AV
R10
PR5
0.4Ω
V2 0.4Ω
1V V5 1V
1V R2 R3 R13
V1 R11 R12
0.2Ω 0.2Ω 0.1414Ω
0.2Ω 0.2Ω

V(dc): 1.00 V V(dc): 1.00 V

I(dc): 6.67 A I(dc): -7.50 A
V(dc): 333 mV I(dc): -2.50 A

V V(dc): 1.00 VV
A PR1 R4V PR2 I(dc): -7.07 AA PR3 R7 A PR4
0.4Ω
0.4Ω
V3 V4
1V R5 R6 1V R8 R9
0.2Ω 0.2Ω 0.2Ω 0.2Ω
The network parameters are calculated below:

V1 1V B 0.4
A=[ ] = =3 Zi = √ = √ = 0.1414 Ω
V2 I2=0 333mV C 20
V1 1V V1
V1 1V Zinput = [ ]
ZOC = [ ] = = 0.15 Ω I1 Z
B= −[ ] =− = 0.4 Ω I1 I2=0 6.67A load=ZC=0.1414Ω
I2 V2=0 −2.5A 1V
=
V 1 1V 7.07A
I1 6.67A ZSC = [ ] = = 0.13 Ω = 0.1414 Ω
C=[ ] = = 20 Ω−1 I 1 V2=0 7.5A
V2 I 333mV
2=0

I1 7.5A ZC = √ZOCZSC = √0.15 × 0.13

D =−[ ] =− =3
I2 V −2.5A = 0.1414 Ω
2=0

Result: Image impedance and characteristic impedance of T and 𝜋 networks using OC and SC
tests have been determined.
Viva-Voce Questions:
1. How is the image impedance determined in a T-network using open circuit (OC) and
short circuit (SC) tests?
2. What is the characteristic impedance of a π-network, and how can it be calculated
through OC and SC tests?
3. In a T-network, how does the open circuit (OC) test help in finding the characteristic
impedance?
4. How are OC and SC tests conducted to determine the characteristic impedance of a π-
network?
5. What significance does the characteristic impedance hold in understanding the
behavior of T and π networks in terms of power transfer and impedance matching?
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 9
Aim: Determination of Frequency Response of a Twin – T-Notch Filter.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice

Theory: Notch filters are specialized band stop filters known for their high selectivity and
high- Q attributes, excelling at isolating and attenuating specific or narrow bands of
frequencies rather than wide frequency spectrums. They play a crucial role in rejecting or
minimizing undesired electrical noise, like mains hum from inductive loads such as motors or
ballast lighting, and handling acoustic response peaks in sound equipment like graphic
equalizers and synthesizers. This adaptability aligns them with the functionality of low-pass
and high-pass filters.

Notch filters are designed to create an exceptionally narrow and deep stop band centered on a
specific frequency, its width defined by the selectivity Q, akin to resonance frequency peaks
in RLC circuits. The twin-T notch filter network, a prevalent design, employs two RC
branches in a parallel-tee configuration, utilizing opposing R and C elements to craft a more
profound and precise notch for targeted frequency rejection.

The fundamental design of the Twin-T notch filter is outlined here. The upper T-pad consists
of resistors 2R and capacitor 2C, constituting the low-pass filter segment, while the lower T-
pad comprises capacitors C and resistor R, forming the high-pass filter segment.

2R 2R
vin vout

C C
R 2C

The frequency at which this foundational Twin-T notch filter design achieves its highest level
of attenuation is referred to as the notch frequency, denoted as ƒN, and is expressed as such.

1
fN =
4𝜋𝑅𝐶

The typical frequency response of such a filter is shown below.

 Gain
dB

Pass Pass
Band Band

0 frequency Hz

A Twin-T notch filter with ƒN = 1 kHz can be realized by selecting R = 795 Ω and C = 0.1 µF.

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic of the given Twin-T notch filter in Multisim/PSpice.

R1 R2

1590Ω 1590Ω V
PR1
C1 C2
V1
120Vrms 60Hz
0° 0.1µF 0.1µF

C3 R3
0.2µF 795Ω

2. Choose the analysis type as AC sweep.

3. Sweep the frequency from 1 Hz to 10 GHz.
4. Record the voltage output graph and data.
5. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.

Observation:

The given Twin-T notch filter is simulated.

R1 R2

1590Ω 1590Ω V
PR1
C1 C2
V1
120Vrms 60Hz
0° 0.1µF 0.1µF

C3 R3
0.2µF 795Ω
The voltage gain graph for frequency from 1 Hz to 10 GHz given below.

The cursor data shows that the voltage magnitude is negligible at 1 kHz which as expected.

Result: Frequency response of a twin – T-notch filter has been determined.

Viva-Voce Questions:
1. What are the key components in the upper T-pad of a Twin-T notch filter?
2. How is the notch frequency defined in a Twin-T notch filter design?
3. Explain the role of resistors and capacitors in the lower T-pad of a Twin-T notch filter.
4. What is the purpose of using a Twin-T notch filter in electronic circuits?
5. How does the selectivity of a Twin-T notch filter affect its performance?
 Galgotias College of Engineering &
Technology Department of Electrical
Engineering
BEE351: Circuit Simulation Lab Date:
Experiment No. 10
Aim: Determination of Attenuation Characteristics of a Low Pass/High Pass Active Filters.

Software Used: Multisim/PSpice

Theory: Active filters use transistors and op-amps, excluding inductors but incorporating
resistors and capacitors, to achieve frequency selectivity by permitting a specific band of
frequencies while reducing others.

Low Pass Filter

An active low-pass filter using an RC circuit and an operational amplifier (OpAmp) allows
the passage of low-frequency signals while attenuating higher-frequency signals. The
OpAmp amplifies and processes the filtered output, making this design suitable for various
applications like audio processing and signal conditioning. Below are the specifications for
the filter design, encompassing the frequency response, voltage gain, and cutoff frequency.

Rf

R1
Vin Vout

C1

Gain dB
3 dB

0 fc Frequency
Hz

Rf
Voltage Gain = AV = 1 +
R1
1
Cutoff frequency = fc =
2πR C
1 1

A low pass filter with ƒc = 6.63 kHz can be realized by selecting R1 = 1.2 kΩ and C1 = 0.02 µF.
 High Pass Filter

An active high-pass filter using an RC circuit and an operational amplifier (OpAmp) allows
the passage of high-frequency signals while attenuating lower-frequency signals. The
OpAmp amplifies and processes the filtered output, making this design suitable for various
applications like audio processing and signal conditioning. Below are the specifications for
the filter design, encompassing the frequency response, voltage gain, and cutoff frequency.

Rf

R1
Vout
Vin
C1

Gain dB
3 dB

0 fc Frequency
Hz

Rf
Voltage Gain = AV = 1 +
R1
1
Cutoff frequency = fc =
2πR C
1 1

A high pass filter with ƒc = 1.5 kHz can be realized by selecting R1 = 2.1 kΩ and C1 = 0.05 µF.

Procedure:

1. Create the schematic of the given low pass/high pass filter in Multisim/PSpice.
2. Choose the analysis type as AC sweep.
3. Choose the vertical scale as decibel.
4. Sweep the frequency from 1 Hz to 10 GHz.
5. Record the gain plot and data.
6. Compare the obtained results with the theoretical values.
Observation:

The low pass filter is simulated.

The gain plot for frequency from 1 Hz to 10 GHz given below.

The cursor data shows that at the -3 dB gain level the frequency is 6.6169 kHz. The cutoff
frequency is 6.6 kHz. The error is calculated to be 0.26%.
The high pass filter is simulated.
R2

21kΩ

U1

R1 V PR1
OPAMP_3T_VIRTUAL
2.1kΩ

C 1

0.05µF
V1
120Vrms 60Hz
0°

The gain plot for frequency from 1 Hz to 10 GHz given below.

The cursor data shows that at the -3 dB gain level the frequency is 1.5164 kHz. The cutoff
frequency is 1.5 kHz. The error is calculated to be 1.09%.
Result: Attenuation characteristics of a low pass/high pass active filters have been determined.
Viva-Voce Questions:
1. What is the main function of an active low-pass filter?
2. How does an active low-pass filter differ from a passive low-pass filter?
3. What type of frequencies does an active high-pass filter allow to pass through?
4. What components are typically used in the design of an active high-pass filter?
5. How does the cutoff frequency affect the performance of an active high-pass filter?