07 A1 BS06 Notes 3

Reduction of matrix A into PAQ form where P and Q are non singular matrices such that
PAQ is in the normal form:

Let A be matrix of order mxn
We have A = I mxm . A.I nxn

Now reduce the matrix A in LHS into normal form by applying row and column
operations .While performing operations on A in LHS you have keep in mind the
following techniques
1 .If you apply row operation on A in LHS, the same row operation applied on pre-matrix
to A in RHS, no change in post matrix to A in RHS
2. If you apply column operation on A in LHS, the same column operation applied on
post-matrix to A in RHS, no change in pre- matrix to A in RHS
Example1. Find non singular matrices P and Q so that PAQ is in the normal form where
2 1 − 3 − 6

A = 2 − 3 1 2
1 1 1 2 
Solution: Write A = I 3 AI 4
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 
2 1 −3 − 6  0 1 0 0 
 0 1 0. A.
i.e. 2 − 3 1 2 =  0 0 1 0
0 0 1  
1 1 1 2   0 0 0 1
R2 : R2 − R1 , R3 : 2 R3 − R1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 
2 1 −3 −6   0 1 0 0 
0 − 4 4 −1 1 0. A.
 8  =  0 0 1 0
− 1 0 2   
0 1 5 10  0 0 0 1
C 2 : 2C 2 − C1 , C 3 : 2C 3 + 3C1 , C 4 : C 4 + 3C1
1 − 1 − 1 3
1 0 0 
2 0 0 0   0 2 0 0 
0 − 8 −1 1 0. A.
8  = 
1 1
8 0 0 2 0 R 2 : R 2 , R3 : R3
 − 1 0 2    8 2
0 2 10 10  0 0 0 1
 
1 0 0  1 − 1 − 1 3
2 0 0 0  1 1
 0 2 0 0 
0 − 1 − 0. A.
 1 1  =  8 8  0 0 2 0 R3 : R3 + R2
   
0 1 5 5  − 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
 2 
 
1 0 0  1 − 1 − 1 3
2 0 0 0  1 1
 0 2 0 0 
0 − 1 − 0 . A.
 1 1  =  8 8  0 0 2 0
   
0 0 6 6  − 5 1
1 0 0 0 1
 8 8 
C3 : C3 + C 2 , C 4 : C 4 + C 2
 
1 0 0  1 − 1 − 1 3
2 0 0 0   1 1
 0 2 0 0 
0 − 1 − 0 . A.
 0 0 =  8 8  0 0 2 0 C 4 : C 4 − C 3
   
0 0 6 6  − 5 1
1 0 0 0 1
 8 8 
 
1 0 0  1 − 1 − 1 − 4 
2 0 0 0   1 1
 0 2
 0 0 
− 0 . A.
0 − 1 0 0 =  8 8  0 0 2 − 2
    
0 0 6 0  − 5 1
1 0 0 0 1
 8 8 
1 1
R1 : R1 , R2 : (−1) R2 , R3 : R3
2 6
 1 
 2 0 0  1 −1 −1 − 4
 
  
1 0 0 0  1 −1   0 2 0 0 
0 0 . A.
 1 0 0 =  8 8  0 0 2 − 2
   
0 0 1 0 − 5 1 1  0 0 0 1
 48 48 6 
 1 
 2 0 0  1 −1 −1 − 4
 
  
 1 −1   0 2 0 0 
0 . A.
[I 3 O] =  8 8  0 0 2 − 2
   
− 5 1 1  0 0 0 1
 48 48 6 
[I 3 O ] = P.A.Q Where
 1 
 2 0 0
1 − 1 − 1 − 4 
  0 2
1 1 0 0 
P= − 0 and Q= 
 8 8  0 0 2 − 2 and are
   
− 5 1 1 0 0 0 1
 48 48 6 
non- singular matrices and also PAQ is in the normal form

Exercise
I. Find the rank of the following matrices by reducing into normal form
 − 1 2 − 3
1  0 1 − 3 − 1
4 1 0 1 2 3 4 
2  1 0 1 1 
1.  2.  3. 2 1 4 3 
0 3 0 4 3 1 0 2
    3 0 5 −10
 0 1 0 2  1 1 − 2 0 
 2 − 2 0 6   − 1 2 3 − 2 6 1 3 8 
4 2 0 2   2 −5 1 2 4 2 6 − 1 
4.   5.  6.  
1 − 1 0 3   3 −8 5 2 10 3 9 7 
     
1 − 2 1 2   5 − 12 − 1 6 16 4 12 15 
II. Find the rank of the following matrices by finding non singular matrices P and Q
such that PAQ is in the normal form
1 1 2 1 0 − 2 3 2 − 1 5
1. A= 1 2 3  2. A = 2 3 − 4  3. A = 5 1 4 − 2 
0 − 1 − 1  3 3 − 6  1 − 4 11 − 19
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 − 2
4. A= 1 − 1 − 1 5. A = 1
 2 3  
6. A = 2 − 2 1 3 
3 1 1  0 −1 − 1 3 0 4 1
Answers
I. (1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 3 (5) 2 (6) 2

 1 0 0 1 − 1 − 1 
II. (1) P= − 1 1 0  , Q= 0 1 − 1 , ρ ( A) = 2
 
− 1 1 1  0 0 1
 1 0 0
 2 1  1 0 2
(2) P= − 
0  , Q= 0 1 0 , ρ ( A) = 2
 3 3 
− 1 − 1 1  0 0 1 
 
 4 9 9 
 1
  7 119 217 
0  
0 1  1 1 1
  0 − −
 1 5  7 7 7
(3) P = 0 =  ,Q =   , ρ ( A) = 2
3 3  0 
1
 
1 − 1 1 0 0 − 17
 2  
3 6  0 1
0 0
 31 
 1 0 0
 1 1  1 − 1 0
(4) P= − 0  , Q= 0  1 − 1 , ρ ( A) = 2
 2 2 
 − 2 −1 0 0 1
 0 
 1 0 0 1 − 1 − 1 
(5) P= − 1 1 0  , Q= 0 1 − 1 , ρ ( A) = 3
− 1 1 1  0 0 1
 1 4 1
1 3 − 3 − 3 
 1 0 0  
0 − 1 − 5 7 
(6) P = − 2 1 
0  ,Q =  , ρ ( A) = 2
6 6 6
− 1 − 1 1   
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 


07 A1 BS06 Notes 3

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07 A1 BS06 Notes 3

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Reduction of matrix A into PAQ form where P and Q are non singular matrices such that

PAQ is in the normal form:

We have A = I mxm . A.I nxn

non- singular matrices and also PAQ is in the normal form

I. (1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 3 (5) 2 (6) 2

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