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Chapter 5 Class 9 Science Notes Updated

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81 views6 pages

Chapter 5 Class 9 Science Notes Updated

Uploaded by

Shivansh Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5: The Fundamental Unit of Life - Class 9 Science

1. Introduction

- The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

- Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.

2. Cell Theory

- Proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.

- States that all living organisms are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life.

- Cells arise from pre-existing cells (added by Rudolf Virchow).

3. Types of Cells

- Prokaryotic Cells: Simple, smaller cells without a nucleus. Examples include bacteria and

blue-green algae.

- Eukaryotic Cells: Complex, larger cells with a nucleus. Examples include plant and animal cells.

4. Cell Structure and Functions

4.1. Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)

- Outer covering of the cell.

- Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

- Made up of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

4.2. Cell Wall

- Found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria.

- Provides structural support and protection.


- Made of cellulose in plants.

4.3. Nucleus

- Control center of the cell.

- Contains genetic material (DNA).

- Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

4.4. Cytoplasm

- Jelly-like substance within the cell membrane.

- Contains all organelles and cell parts.

4.5. Organelles

- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP).

- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.

- Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis.

- Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and distribution center of the cell.

- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes, help in waste removal.

- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

- Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.

- Vacuoles: Storage sacs for solids or liquids. Large in plant cells, small in animal cells.

5. Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

- Plant Cells: Have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles.

- Animal Cells: Lack cell walls and chloroplasts, have small vacuoles.
6. Cell Division

- Mitosis: Cell division for growth and repair, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

- Meiosis: Cell division for the production of gametes, resulting in four genetically diverse daughter

cells.

Important Diagrams

- Structure of a typical plant cell and animal cell.

- Detailed structure of nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast.


Important Questions

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Who discovered the cell?

- A) Robert Hooke

- B) Schleiden

- C) Schwann

- D) Virchow

2. Which of the following is not a part of the cell theory?

- A) All living organisms are composed of cells.

- B) The cell is the basic unit of life.

- C) Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

- D) All cells have a cell wall.

3. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

- A) Endoplasmic Reticulum

- B) Golgi Apparatus

- C) Mitochondria

- D) Lysosomes

4. What is the function of ribosomes?

- A) Protein synthesis

- B) Lipid synthesis

- C) Energy production
- D) Waste removal

Short Answer Questions

1. Define cell theory.

2. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3. What is the function of the plasma membrane?

4. Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.

Long Answer Questions

1. Explain the structure and functions of the nucleus.

2. Describe the differences between plant and animal cells with diagrams.

3. Explain the process of mitosis and meiosis.


Important Diagrams

1. Structure of a typical plant cell.

2. Structure of a typical animal cell.

3. Detailed structure of the nucleus.

4. Detailed structure of mitochondria.

5. Detailed structure of chloroplast.

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