L. no.

7 Cell Structure and function

KEY WORDS

Phospholipid Deoxyribonucleic acid Amyloplast

Nucleoplasm Hereditary Autolysis
Nucleolus Chromatin Tonoplast
Lysosome Cisternae

MIND MAP

NOTES
DIAGRAM OF NUCLEUS

Chromosomes - Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of
DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell. In plants and animals (including
humans), chromosomes reside in the nucleus of cells. Humans have 22 pairs of numbered
chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY), for a total of 46.
Chromatin- Chromatin refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in
the cells of humans and other higher organisms. Many of the proteins — namely, histones — package
the massive amount of DNA in a genome into a highly compact form that can fit in the cell nucleus.
Genes- The gene is considered the basic unit of inheritance. Genes are passed from parents to
offspring and contain the information needed to specify physical and biological traits. Most genes
code for specific proteins, or segments of proteins, which have differing functions within the body.
Humans have approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes. The exact definition of the word gene has
long been a source of scientific debate. A simple way to think about it is as follows. Proteins are the
brick and mortar that make up our cells and tissues. And genes are the part of our genome that
encodes the information for making those proteins.
Phospholipid- Phospholipids are compound lipids, consisting of phosphoric acids, nitrogen base,
alcohol and fatty acids. These compound lipids are major components of the cell membrane and also
provide a fluid character to the membranes.
Lipid- Lipids are fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body. They're part of
your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cel

Checkpoint 1:
1.False, Cell is the building block of the life.
2.True
3.False, Amoeba is a unicellular organism.
4.False, The size of the cell has no relation with the size of the organism.
5.True

Checkpoint 2:
1.Plasma membrane.
2.Nucleoplasm
3.Nucleolus
4.Eukaryotic organism.
5.Protoplasm

Checkpoint 3:
1.Lysosomes
2.Centrioles
3.Chromoplast
4.Endoplasmic Reticulum
5Animal cell

What I have learnt?

A: Tick the correct answer.
1. A: Robert Hook
2. A: Nuclear envelope
3. D: Tonoplast
4. B: It contains Centrosome.
5. A: Cell wall
B : Fill in the blanks
1.Robert Hook
2.Plant
3. Pseudopodia
4.Suicidal Bags
5.Daughter cell
6. Tonoplast
C: 1) Golgi Complex 2) Plastids 3) Centrosome
D: Across:4 = Mitochondria 6= Nucleus
 Down: 1=Golgi Bodies 2= Protoplasm 3= Lysosomes
5=Cytoplasm
E: Cells---Tissue-----organ------organ system-------Organism-----Plant cell
Animal cell
Short Answer Question.
1 Differentiate between a) Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes b) multicellular and unicellular
a. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells- Page no 97
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
1. Do not have a nuclear membrane 1. Have a true nucleus bounded by
around the nucleus and the nucleus a well-defined nuclear membrane.
is not well organized.
2. For example, blue-green algae. 2. For example, plants
and animals.

b. Multicellular and Unicellular organisms- Page 96

When an organism contains more than one cell, it is called a multicellularorganism. For
example, plants, animals and human beings. On the other hand, when an organism contains only
one cell, it is called a unicellular organism or a single-celled organism. Amoeba, Euglena and
Paramecium are examples of unicellular organisms.

2 Draw a well labelled diagram of typical cell.

cell diagram -figure 7.8/ page 100
3. Write short notes on Plastids, Centrosome and Cell membrane.

a. Plastids- These are membrane-bound structures found only in plants and blue-green algae. They are of
three types: chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplast.

b. Centrosomes- These are present only in animal cell and not plant cell. They are not membrane-bound.
They contain two granule-like structures called centrioles which are hollow and cylindrical. They help in
cell division.
c. Cell membrane- It is a thick membrane that surrounds a living cell and protects it from the
external environment. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is visible under
an electron microscope as a continuous thin double layer. It is about 7 to 10 nm in thickness.
It forms the unique outer boundary of the cell. It is because of his layer that the cell exists as
a distinct entity.

4. Briefly explain about nucleus.

Page 101

Nucleus is the most important structure of a cell. Most significant functions of a cell take place inside
the nucleus. Nucleus is a large, spherical body surrounded by inner and outer nuclear membranes called
nuclear envelopes. These nuclear envelopes separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Nucleus
containthe DNA which is the hereditary material. Each molecule of DNA contains the genes in it
which are the hereditary characters that are inherited from parents.

5. What are the different shapes of cells? explain with examples.

Page 96

Depending upon the function they perform, the cells can be of various shapes. For example,

• White blood cells (WBC) present in our blood are Amoeba-shaped

• Nerve cells are long as they have to carry messages from various parts of body.
• In plant stomata, guard cells are kidney-shaped to open and close the pores.
Apart from these, cells can be disc-like, circular, thread-like, rectangular, polygonal and even
irregular in shape.

6 Why is cell division

important?Page 106

Cell division causes the cell and, in turn, the body to grow. The growth of the cells is necessary for the
living body. New cells that are formed replace the old and worn-out cells. They also help in body’s repair
mechanism. Thus, cell division is important.

Long answer questions.

1. With the help of neat and well labelled diagram differentiate between plant and animal
cells.
 Page 104/ table 7.2 Plant and animal cells:

Plant Cell Animal Cell

1. Contains cell wall 1. Does not contain cell wall
2. Has one or two large vacuoles 2. Vacuoles are either absent or are small
3. Contains chloroplast 3. Does not contain chloroplast
4. Does not contain centrosomes 4. Contains centrosomes
5. Golgi bodies are not formed properly 5. Golgi bodies are well formed

2 Who proposed the cell theory? What are its

postulates?Page 95
In 1838, three eminent biologists—Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden and Rudolph
Virchow performed different experiments and gave the cell theory. The postulates of cell
theory form the basis of biology
The main postulates of cell theory state that:
i. The cell is the basic structural unit of living and functional
organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells.
ii. All cells are not identical. They differ in their basic structure and function.
iii. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. The pre-existing cells divide to
form new cells.
 3 How did Robert Hooke discover cells?
Page 95
Cells were first examined in the cork slices under a microscope. This examination was
done by Robert Hooke in 1665. He actually saw dead cell walls of plant cells, which
appeared as a boxlike structure. These boxes were separated from each other by partitionsor
compartments. The term ‘cells’ was coined by Robert Hooke
4. Explain the process of cell division.
Page 106
A cell is very small in size. However, as and when the cell gets food (or nutrition), it
increases in size. A cell mostly grows to a limit and then divides, forming two new cells
called daughter cells. This division of cells to form two new daughter cells is called cell
division. It occurs in several phases. Celldivision causes the cell and in turn, the body to
grow. The growth of the cells is necessary for the living body.
5. list all cell organelles and describe their function.

Page 98-104

Different types of organelles perform different types of functions. These are:

CELL ORGANELLE FUNCTION

Nucleus Directs all cell activities "Brain or Control Centre of
cell"
Nuclear Envelope(Membrane) Controls what passes in and out of the nucleus

Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance found inside cell that acts as a

medium for chemical reactions within the
Mitochondrion "Powerhouse of the cell" breakdown
sugar molecules to release energy, site
of cellular respiration, double
membrane, self-replicating, contains
own DNA
Golgi Bodies Packages the proteins made by the ribosomes so
they can be sent out of the cell.

Vacuole "Storage tanks" Can hold food, water or waste for the
cell

Ribosome Makes proteins for the cell, can be found attached to

the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Transportation network for the cell, moves materials
around in the cell. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(RER)-endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes
attached.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)- does not

have ribosomes attached.

Lysosome "Stomach of the cell" Helps the cell digest food,

waste and worn-out cell parts.

Nucleolus Produces ribosomes

Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) "Gatekeeper" Separates the cell from the rest of
the environment and helps control what passes
in and out of the cell. Semi-permeable: allows
some materials to passthrough but not all

Chloroplast A special plastid that contains chlorophyll a

pigment that captures the sun's energy
to produce glucose in a process called
photosynthesis.
6. Why are lysosomes called suicidal bags of
cell?Page 103
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, foreign material and
cellular debris. Lysosomes are capable of digesting fats, proteins, etc. Along with them
lysosomes also digest or damage their own cells by their own enzymes, which lead to death of
the cells. This process is called as autolysis. Hence, lysosomes are also called suicidal bags.
HOTS

1 What is the part of the plant cell that we eat and which acts as roughage? Why cannot we
getroughage from animal food ?
Cellulose found in plant cell wall acts as roughage. These cells are not present in animals.

2 Why are head and spinal cord injuries considered as dangerous?

Head and spinal cord injuries are considered dangerous because they are the most sensitive and
important parts of the body and take much time in healing as compared to other parts.

Brain and spinal cord control all activities crucial to body. The spinal cord carries the transmission of
impulses to and from the brain. Hence damage to spinal and brain can lead to paralysis-loss of
mobility and sensation and sometimes death

3 Is it true that bigger organism has large number of cells as compared to a smaller organism?
Does this variation also relate to the size of cells?
Yes, larger the organisms more will be the number of cells. No, the size of cell is not related to the size
of organisms.
4 Discuss -plant cell have cell wall whereas animal don’t. Why?
Cell wall is present in plant cells and is absent in animal cells. Cell wall provides rigid structure to the
plants which help the plants to sustain in harsh environmental conditions because plants are immobile.
Whereas animal cells have cell membranes which provide flexibility to animal cells to facilitate movement
in animal cells and to differentiate further to form various cells, tissues, and organs.

LAB MANUAL- To prepare a temporary mount of onion peel cell (page 98 of textbook)
Short Questions: 1,3,4
Long Questions: 2,5

PORTFOLIO-

Draw well labelled diagram of plant and animal cell on project sheet .