Li-Fi TEXT DATA AND AUDIO TRANSMISSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all individuals and organizations who have
contributed to the successful completion of this project on Li-Fi Text Data and Audio
Transmission. Their support, guidance, and encouragement have been invaluable throughout
the entire process.
We extend our sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful completion of
this report. Special thanks to PROF. DR. SHAHANA T K for her guidance, expertise, and
unwavering support throughout the research process. We would also like to express
appreciation to all faculty members of ECE CUSAT for their valuable insights and
collaborative efforts.
We are thankful to the academic resources and libraries that provided essential materials for
the research. Lastly, We appreciate the encouragement and understanding from our families
and friends during this academic endeavour. This report would not have been possible without
the collective support and encouragement from all these individuals.

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ABSTRACT

This project introduces a LiFi-based communication system designed specifically for office
environments, contrasting its functionality with traditional Wi-Fi systems. Leveraging LiFi
technology, data transmission occurs via light signals rather than radio waves, offering
advantages such as heightened security and reduced electromagnetic interference compared to
conventional Wi-Fi systems.

Facilitating real-time communication within office settings, the system replicates scenarios
where an office head communicates information to employees. The system consists of a
transmitter and multiple receivers, all powered by Arduino Uno microcontrollers. Text data
transmitted by the transmitter is promptly displayed on the receiver's serial monitor, ensuring
seamless communication between sender and recipients. Additionally, the integration of solar
panels facilitates audio data reception, promoting sustainability and reducing reliance on
standard power sources. A button interface on the transmitter provides users with the option to
select between transmitting text or audio data. When the button is pushed upwards, text data is
transmitted, whereas pulling it down initiates the transmission of audio data. This project
showcases an innovative approach to office communication systems, offering a customizable
and reliable solution tailored to the demands of modern workplaces.

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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1………………………………………………………………………...................1

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..1

1.1 Li-Fi text data transmission…………………………………………………………….1

1.2 Li-Fi audio data transmission……………………………………………….................2

1.3 Motivation……………………………………………………………………………..2

1.4 Existing system Wi-Fi…………………………………………………………………3

1.4.1 Limitations of Wi-Fi technology………………………………………………....4

1.5 Proposed model………………………………………………………………………..4

1.5.1 Hardware components…………………………………………………………...5

1.5.2 Operational workflow…………………………………………………………....5

1.6 General working principle……………………………………………………………..5

CHAPTER 2…………………………………………………………………………...............7

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND BLOCK DIAGRAM……………………..………...............7

2.1 System description………………………………………………………………………....7

2.1.1 Transmitter…………………………………………………………………………...7

2.1.2 Receiver……………………………………………………………………………...8

2.1.3 System operation…………………………………………………………………….8

2.2 Components………………………………………………………………………………..9

2.2.1 Arduino UNO………………………………………………………………………..9

2.2.2 Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch…………………………………………10

2.2.3 LED (Light-emitting diode)………………………………………………………...11

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2.2.4 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)……………………………………..…………….12

2.2.5 Solar Panel………………………………………………………………………….13

2.2.6 Speaker……………………………………………………………………………..14

2.2.7 Connecting Wires……………….………………………………………………….14

2.2.8 SD card module…………………………………………………………………….15

2.3 Block diagram……………………………………………………………………………16

2.3.1 Circuit Diagram……………………………………………………………...……..17

2.3.1.1 Transmitter…………………………………………………………………17

2.3.1.2 Receiver……………………………………………………………………18

CHAPTER 3…………………………………………………………………………………21

PROGRAMMING………………...…………………………………………………………21

3.1 Algorithm…………………………………………………………………………….21

3.1.1 Transmitter……………………………………………………………………..21

3.1.2 Receiver………………………………………………………………………..23

3.2 Flow chart……………………………………………………………………………25

CHAPTER 4…………………………………………………………………………............28

IMPLEMENTATIONS AND RESULTS ……………………………………...…………...28

4.1 Execution in first phase……………………………………………………………...28

4.2 Current implementations…………………………………………………………….28

4.2.1 Text data transmission………………………………………………………...29

4.2.2 Audio data transmission……………………………………………………….31

4.3 Testing and observation……………………………………………………………..33

4.4 Experimental results………………………………………………………………...35

4.4.1 Text data………………………………………………………………………35

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4.4.2 Audio data………………………………………………………………………37

CHAPTER 5………………………………………………………………………………….39

BILL OF MATERIALS………………………………………………………………………39

CHAPTER 6………………………………………………………………………….............40

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ASPECTS………………………………………………….40

6.1. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...40

6.2. Future aspects………………………………………………………………………..41

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….............42

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LIST OF FIGURES
i. Figure 2.1 Arduino UNO……………………………………………………………9

ii. Figure 2.2 Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch …………………………….10

iii. Figure 2.3 LED……...………………………………….…………………………...11

iv. Figure 2.4 LDR………………………………………..…………………………….12

v. Figure 2.5 Solar Panel…………………………………………..…………………...13

vi. Figure 2.6 Speaker…………………………………………………………………..14

vii. Figure 2.7 Connecting wires………………………………………………………...14

viii. Figure 2.8 SD Card Module…………………………………………………………15

ix. Figure 2.9 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………...16

x. Figure 2.10 Transmitter Circuit Diagram……………………………………………17

xi. Figure 2.11 Receiver Circuit Diagram……………………………………………….19

xii. Figure 4.1 Text data Transmission…………………………………………………...30

xiii. Figure 4.2 Interfacing of microSD card module with Arduino using SPI Protocol…31

xiv. Figure 4.3 Audio data Transmission…………………………………………………32

xv. Figure 4.4 Receiver ‘1’ is turned ON and transmission occurs……………………...35

xvi. Figure 4.5 Receiver ‘2’ and ‘3’ is turned ON………………………………………..36

xvii. Figure 4.6 Plots of audio signals from MATLAB…………………………………...38

xviii. Figure 4.7 SNR values obtained for each signals……………………………………38

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LIST OF TABLES
i. Table 4.1 Observations from receiver serial monitor at various distances………….33

ii. Table 4.2 Observation of audio output from the speaker at various distances……...34

iii. Table 5.1 Bill of Materials………………………………….………………………39

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In the era of rapid technological advancements, the demand for efficient and secure data
transmission solutions has never been greater. Traditional wireless communication
technologies face challenges in terms of bandwidth limitations, interference, and security
concerns. In response to these challenges, this project introduces an innovative solution—Light
Fidelity (Li-Fi), a cutting-edge communication technology that utilizes light as a medium for
data transmission.

Li-Fi technology, first conceptualized by Professor Harald Haas, leverages visible light
communication (VLC) to transmit data at high speeds. Unlike traditional radio frequency-based
communication systems, Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit data through the
modulation of light signals. This technology not only provides high data transfer rates but also
offers advantages such as increased security, reduced interference, and the potential for
integration with existing lighting infrastructure. This project focuses on the design,
implementation, and testing of a Li-Fi communication system within an office setting.

1.1 Li-Fi Text Data Transmission

At its core, Li-Fi data transmission operates on the principles of visible light communication
(VLC). The process involves modulating data onto the intensity of light emitted by light
sources, predominantly Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). This modulation can take various
forms, such as amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM), where digital data
is encoded onto the light signal. After modulation, the light signal propagates through the
medium, typically air, towards the intended receiver. At the receiving end, photo detectors,
such as LDR sensor, capture the modulated light signal and convert it back into electrical
signals. These signals are then decoded to retrieve the original data, completing the
transmission process.

In reference with [1], transmitter and receiver have been implemented where the flickering in
LED is basically used as the signal to be transmitted. The rapid ON (transmits 1) and OFF

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(transmits 0) of the LED is used to encode a string of data signal. In the receiver the data is
converted into digital signals with the help of modulation.

Li-Fi data transmission offers numerous advantages over conventional RF communication,

including higher bandwidth, enhanced security and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Additionally, LiFi enhances privacy and security, through its directional nature, limiting
communication to specific areas, reducing the risk of interception. It’s immune to
electromagnetic interference and can employ advanced encryption for secure data transmission.

1.2 Li-Fi Audio data Transmission:

In addition to data transmission, Li-Fi technology can also facilitate audio communication
wirelessly. This is also quite similar to data transmission, which means that, audio signals are
modulated onto the intensity of the light signal emitted by the LED transmitter. This
modulation involves varying the intensity of the light signal in synchronization with the audio
waveform, encoding the audio data onto the light signal.

Once modulated, the light signal carrying the audio information travels from the transmitter to
the receiver. At the receiver end, photo detectors capture the modulated light signal and convert
it back into electrical signals. These signals are then amplified and converted into audible sound
waves through speakers or headphones, enabling audio playback.

In [2], Li-Fi technology is utilized to transmit audio signals using white LEDs. White LEDs
are employed to transmit data due to their unique properties such as their broad spectrum, high
intensity and energy efficiency. Audio signals are transmitted using LEDs through a
mechanism that involves utilizing a photodiode, to convert the transmitted light into electrical
signals.

Li-Fi audio transmission offers high-quality audio reproduction, low latency, and immunity to
electromagnetic interference, making it suitable for various applications including indoor
communication, healthcare, aviation, automotive, and audio streaming.

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1.3 MOTIVATION

In today's digital era, there is an ever-increasing demand for high-speed data transmission in
both personal and professional environments. From streaming multimedia content to
conducting real-time video conferences, the need for efficient communication systems is
paramount.

While radio frequency (RF) communication systems have been the backbone of wireless
communication for decades, they face certain limitations. RF spectrum congestion, limited
bandwidth, and susceptibility to interference are some of the challenges associated with
traditional RF-based systems. Light Fidelity (LiFi) technology offers a compelling alternative
to RF-based communication systems. By utilizing light waves for data transmission, LiFi
overcomes many of the limitations of RF technology. LiFi enables higher data rates, lower
latency, and enhanced security compared to traditional RF systems.

As mentioned in [3], LiFi technology holds immense potential for a wide range of applications.
From indoor wireless communication in offices, hospitals, and schools to high-speed internet
access in densely populated urban areas, LiFi can revolutionize the way we connect and
communicate. The field of LiFi technology is rapidly evolving, with ongoing research and
innovation aimed at advancing the capabilities and applications of LiFi systems. By exploring
new modulation techniques, optimizing light sources, and developing robust communication
protocols, researchers are unlocking the full potential of LiFi technology.

Despite the promising advantages of LiFi technology, its widespread adoption has been
hindered by the complexity and cost associated with implementing LiFi systems. There is a
growing need for low-cost and accessible solutions that democratize access to LiFi technology
and empower enthusiasts and developers to explore its possibilities. Against this backdrop, the
primary motivation behind this project is to design and implement a low-cost LiFi-based
communication system using Arduino Uno microcontrollers. By leveraging the simplicity and
accessibility of Arduino boards, the aim is to create a user-friendly platform that demonstrates
the feasibility and practicality of LiFi technology for real-world applications.

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1.4 EXISTING SYSTEM –Wi-Fi

The existing Wireless communication makes use of electromagnetic waves for communication
system. For instance, the deployment of Wi-Fi obviously brings several important benefits.
Home-based Wi Fi enabled device helps to connect PC, game console or laptop. There are no
boundaries if Wi-Fi is being used, it allows us to move from one room to another or even away
from home within the range of a radial distance. Wi-Fi hotspots concept is getting popularity
among business communities and mobile workers. For this reason ISPs are consolidating Wi-
Fi switches to numerous spots for the scope of wide range. In spite of all this, there are
numerous drawbacks associated with Wi-Fi technology.

1.4.1 LIMITATIONS OF WI-FI TECHNOLOGY

 Unsecured communication through, wireless communication based on radio frequency.

 Availability of radio waves is a big concern. Further, Radio waves are not advisable to
be used in aeroplanes and at places where radio interference may cause
undesirable/catastrophic result.
 Radio frequency based on electromagnetic field (EMF) can easily make and
interference with medical interments.
 Health problems due to the daily usage of radio frequency communication.
 Wi-Fi can't be used underwater because radio waves get absorbed by the water but light
can penetrate deep waters.

1.5 PROPOSED MODEL

The proposed project aims to develop a Li-Fi based communication system utilizing Arduino
Uno microcontrollers. Li-Fi, or Light Fidelity, presents a promising alternative to traditional
radio frequency (RF) communication by utilizing visible light for data transmission. This
project aims to design and implement a system consisting of one transmitter and many
receivers, each controlled by Arduino Uno boards.

The primary objectives of the project include designing a reliable and efficient Li-Fi
communication system using readily available components, enabling transmission of both text
and audio data from the transmitter to multiple receivers, implementing mechanisms for

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receiver activation and data selection to ensure seamless operation, integrating LED indicators
for visual feedback, and incorporating solar panels for audio data reception.

The system will comprise one transmitter equipped with an Arduino Uno board and button
interface for data selection, and three receivers, each featuring an Arduino Uno board, LED
indicator, and solar panel for audio data reception. Data transmission will be initiated by
pressing the button on the transmitter, selecting either text or audio mode, and specifying the
receiver identification.

1.5.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Key hardware components required for the system include Arduino Uno boards for both the
transmitter and receivers, buttons for data selection on the transmitter, LEDs for status
indication on the receivers, and solar panels for audio data reception.

1.5.2 OPERATIONAL WORKFLOW

The operational workflow involves the transmitter initiating data transmission by selecting the
desired mode (text or audio) through button press, followed by specifying the receiver
identification using specific identifiers ('1', '3', '5'). LED indicators on the activated receivers
will illuminate to confirm reception readiness, and multiple receivers can be activated
simultaneously by sending combined identifiers (e.g., 1,3,5).

The proposed system holds potential applications in indoor communication systems, typically
in offices for communication between the head/team manager and the employees. It also holds
a position in places where RF signals may be unreliable or congested.

The proposed Li-Fi based communication system presents an innovative approach to wireless
data transmission. Through successful implementation, the project aims to demonstrate the
feasibility and potential applications of Li-Fi technology in real-world scenarios.

1.6 GENERAL WORKING PRINCIPLE

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect
since the operating speed of LEDs is less than 1μs, thereby causing the light source to appear
to be continuously on. This invisible on-off activity enables data transmission using binary
codes. Switching on an LED is binary ‘1’, switching it off is binary ‘0’. It is possible to encode
data in light by varying the rate at which LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s
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and 0s. Modulation is so rapid that humans cannot notice it. A light sensitive device (photo
detector) then receives the signal and converts it back into original data. This method of using
rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly is technically referred to as Visible Light
Communication (VLC).The term Li-Fi has been inspired due to its potential to compete with
conventional Wi-Fi. The VLC uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375
nm) as the optical carrier for data transmission and for illumination. Data rates of greater than
100 Mbps can be achieved by using high speed LEDs with adequate multiplexing. Parallel data
transmission using arrays of LEDs where each LED transmits a separate stream of data can be
used to increase the VLC data rate. Though the lights have to be kept on in order to transmit
data, they can be dimmed to the point that they are not visible to humans but still be capable of
transmitting data.

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CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The LiFi-based system comprises one transmitter and three receivers, all Arduino Uno-based.
It enables text and audio transmission, controlled by user input. Users toggle between text and
audio using a button. Receivers decode and display data, distinguished by unique identifiers.
Users select receivers via numerical codes, with LED indicators providing feedback. This
system offers flexible, efficient communication using LiFi, utilizing light signals for rapid data
exchange.

2.1.1 TRANSMITTER

• The transmitter comprises an Arduino Uno microcontroller.

• It is equipped with a button that serves as a toggle switch.

• When the button is pushed upwards, text data is transmitted.

• When the button is pulled down, audio data is transmitted.

• The transmitter sends a numerical code corresponding to the desired receiver(s) before
transmitting the data.

• For single receiver selection: For receiver 1 ‘1’ for turning ON and ‘2’ for turning OFF,
For receiver 2 ‘3’ for turning ON and ‘4’ for turning OFF, For receiver 3 ‘5’ for turning
ON and ‘6’ for turning OFF

• For multiple receiver selection: Combination of numerical codes (e.g. ‘1’,‘3’,‘5’).

• The selection of receivers is indicated by LED indicators on each receiver.

• The transmitter is connected to a LiFi transmitter module for data transmission via light
signals.

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2.1.2 RECEIVER

• Each receiver consists of an Arduino Uno microcontroller and a LiFi receiver module.

• LED indicators are connected to each receiver to indicate activation.

• Upon receiving the numerical code from the transmitter, the corresponding LED on the
selected receiver is turned on, while others remain off.

• Text data received from the transmitter is displayed on the serial monitor of the receiver.

• Audio data received from the transmitter is converted into sound using a connected
speaker, powered by a solar panel.

• Future duplex transmission enables simultaneous two-way communication, allowing

data to flow in both directions concurrently, enhancing efficiency and connectivity.

2.1.3 SYSTEM OPERATION

1. User activates the transmitter by toggling the button.

2. User selects the desired receiver(s) by sending the corresponding numerical code(s).

3. LED indicators on the selected receiver(s) illuminate to indicate activation.

4. User inputs the text or audio data to be transmitted.

5. Data is transmitted via LiFi to the selected receiver(s).

6. Text data is displayed on the serial monitor of the receiver(s).

7. Audio data is converted into sound using the speaker connected to the receiver(s)
powered by a solar panel.

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2.2 COMPONENTS

2.2.1 ARDUINO UNO

Figure 2.1 Arduino

ATmega328P Microcontroller: The heart of the Arduino Uno is the ATmega328P

microcontroller, which is an 8-bit AVR microcontroller manufactured by Atmel (now owned
by Microchip Technology). It operates at 16 MHz clock speed and has 32 KB of flash memory
for storing the program, 2 KB of SRAM, and 1 KB of EEPROM.

Digital I/O Pins: The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs) that can be used for interfacing with external devices such as sensors, LEDs,
motors, and more.

Analog inputs: It features 6 analog input pins, marked as A0 through A5, which can be used
to read analog voltage levels from sensors or other analog devices.

Power Jack and USB Connection: The board can be powered either through a USB
connection or an external power supply connected via the power jack. The USB connection is
also used for programming the board.

Reset Button: This button allows you to reset the microcontroller, restarting the program
execution from the beginning.

Voltage Regulator: The on board voltage regulator regulates the incoming voltage to 5 volts,
providing a stable power supply for the microcontroller and other components.

Crystal Oscillator: The Arduino Uno uses a 16 MHz crystal oscillator to provide the clock
signal for the microcontroller.

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LEDs: There are several LEDs on the board for various purposes. The most notable ones are
the power LED, which indicates that the board is powered on, and the pin 13 LED, which is
connected to digital pin 13 and is often used for basic testing and debugging.

Headers: The Arduino Uno features female headers for connecting external components and
shields. These headers provide access to digital and analog I/O pins, power and ground
connections, and other communication interfaces.

Data Transmission: Send receiver activation signals (1, 3, or 5) based on user selection.

Receiver Activation: Receive activation signals (1, 3, or 5) from the transmitter

2.2.2 Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch

Figure 2.2 SPDT Switch

Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch for data selection. When the switch is pressed
upwards (position 1), it indicates text data transmission, and when it is pressed downward
(position 2), it indicates audio transmission.

• Single Pole: This indicates that the switch has only one common terminal (pole) that
can be connected to one of two possible terminals (throws).

• Double Throw: This means that the switch can make a connection to one of two
separate circuits or terminals.

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In this scenario, you would connect the switch in such a way that the common terminal (pole)
is connected to a microcontroller pin or any other control input, while the other two terminals
(throws) are connected to different data transmission circuits:

• Position 1 (Upwards): Connected to the text data transmission circuit. This enables
transmitting text data.

• Position 2 (Downward): Connected to the audio transmission circuit. . This enables

transmitting audio data.

When the switch is in the upward position, the microcontroller or control system can detect
this state (for example, by reading the state of the pin connected to the switch) and interpret it
as a signal to initiate text data transmission. Conversely, when the switch is in the downward
position, it indicates a request for audio data transmission.

This setup allows for easy selection between text and audio data transmission modes using a
physical switch, providing a straightforward user interface for switching between different
types of data transmission.

2.2.3 LED (Light-emitting diode)

Figure 2.3 LED

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. It's a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current passes through it. LEDs work on the principle of electroluminescence. When a
voltage is applied to the semiconductor material of the LED, electrons and holes recombine,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This process generates light.

The transmitter sends a number corresponding to the receiver(s) designated to receive the data.
In this system, '1' signifies receiver 1, '3' signifies receiver 2, and '5' signifies receiver 3. The

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selected receiver(s) then display an indication through LEDs. For example, if receiver 1 is
selected, it’s LED turns on; if receiver 2 is selected, it’s LED turns on, and so forth.

To transmit to multiple receivers simultaneously, the transmitter sends the corresponding

numbers of all selected receivers. For instance, sending '1, 3, 5' would transmit data to all three
receivers.

Upon receiving the designated receiver number(s), the receiver(s) activate the corresponding
LED(s) to indicate readiness to receive data. The transmitter then proceeds to send the text
data, which is received by the selected receiver(s) and displayed on their serial monitors.

By implementing this setup, the LEDs will provide a visual indication of when the receiver
circuit is activated or receiving data. This can be helpful for monitoring the operation of the
receiver system and providing feedback to the user.

2.2.4 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

Figure 2.4 LDR

An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), also known as a photo resistor, is a type of resistor whose
resistance changes depending on the amount of light falling on it. The resistance of an LDR
decreases as the intensity of light falling on it increases. Conversely, its resistance increases as
the light intensity decreases. This property makes it suitable for various light-sensing
applications.

Connect the LDR sensor to the analog input pin of the Arduino Uno. Depending on the specific
requirements and the LDR's resistance range, you may need to create a voltage divider circuit
with a fixed resistor to convert the LDR's resistance into a voltage value readable by the

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Arduino. Write Arduino code to continuously read the analog value from the LDR sensor.
Determine thresholds for different light conditions (e.g., bright light, dim light, and darkness)
based on the analog readings. Use these thresholds to trigger different action within the system.
By integrating an LDR sensor into your LiFi-based communication system, you can enhance
its functionality and versatility, making it more responsive to real-world conditions.

2.2.5 SOLAR PANEL

Figure 2.5 Solar Panel

A solar panel, also known as a photovoltaic (PV) panel, is a device that converts light into
electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels work by capturing light and
converting it into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This effect occurs when certain
materials, such as silicon-based semiconductors, absorb photons (particles of light), which then
generate a flow of electrons, creating an electric current.

Light emitted from LEDs is converted to electrical signals by photo detectors. These signals
are then amplified and fed to a speaker for audio playback. This process enables the
transmission of audio data wirelessly through LiFi technology, providing a compact and
efficient communication solution.

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2.2.6 SPEAKER

Figure 2.6 Speaker

A speaker is a transducer that converts electrical signals into sound waves. Speakers work
based on the principle of electromagnetism. When an electrical audio signal is applied to a coil
of wire (voice coil) attached to a diaphragm (cone), it creates a varying magnetic field around
the coil. This magnetic field interacts with a fixed magnet, causing the coil and diaphragm to
move back and forth rapidly. This movement of the diaphragm creates sound waves in the
surrounding air, producing audible sound. Audio is received through the speaker, converting
light signals emitted from LEDs back into sound. This process facilitates wireless audio
transmission using LiFi technology, offering a streamlined and effective communication
method.

2.2.7 CONNECTING WIRES

Figure 2.7 Connecting Wires

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Connecting wires facilitate the interconnection between components in the LiFi-based

communication system, ensuring seamless data transmission and power distribution. They link
the Arduino Uno boards, LEDs, buttons, solar panels, speakers, and LiFi modules, enabling
efficient communication and functionality

2.2.8 SD CARD MODULE

Figure2.8 SD Card Module

An SD (Secure Digital) card module typically refers to a hardware component designed to

interface an SD card with another device, such as a microcontroller, single-board computer
(SBC), or any system requiring non-volatile memory storage. These modules usually provide
a convenient way to read from and write to SD cards, which are commonly used for storing
data in devices like digital cameras, smartphones, GPS receivers, and more

In this project, an SD card module is utilized to store audio input. A song is stored as the audio
input by implementing the necessary signal processing and data storage mechanisms.
Additionally, a user interface is provided for controlling the recording and playback functions.

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2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure2.9 Block Diagram

The LiFi-based communication system comprises a transmitter and three receivers, all based
on Arduino Uno. The operation is initiated by a button on the transmitter, where pushing it
upwards triggers the transmission of text data, while pulling it downwards initiates audio
transmission. Text data is received directly, while audio data is transmitted through a solar
panel connected to a speaker. The transmitter sends a numeric code corresponding to the
desired receiver(s) for data reception: '1' for receiver 1, '3' for receiver 2, and '5' for receiver 3.
Each receiver is equipped with LEDs for status indication, with '1' activating receiver 1's LED,
'3' for receiver 2, and '5' for receiver 3. Multiple receivers can be selected simultaneously by
sending their respective codes together. The transmitted text data is displayed on the serial
monitor of the selected receiver(s), facilitating efficient communication within the system.

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2.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.3.1.1 TRANSMITTER

Figure2.10 Transmitter Circuit Diagram

Transmitter Connections:

Button for audio selection (SW-ROT-3):

• Connect one terminal of the button (SW-ROT-3) to digital pin 2 (D2) of the Arduino
Uno.

• Connect the other terminal of the button (SW-ROT-3) to the ground (GND) pin of the
Arduino Uno

Button for sending data (SW1):

• Connect one terminal of the button (SW1) to digital pin 3 (D3) of the Arduino Uno.

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• Connect the other terminal of the button (SW1) to the ground (GND) pin

LiFi Transmitter LED: For sending data

• Connect the cathode (short leg) of the LiFi transmitter LED to the ground (GND) pin
of the Arduino Uno.

• Connect the other terminal of the resistor to digital pin 8 (D8) of the Arduino Uno

LiFi Transmitter LED: For sending audio

• Connect the cathode (short leg) of the LiFi transmitter LED to the ground (GND) pin
of the Arduino Uno.

• Connect the other terminal of the resistor to digital pin 9 (D9) of the Arduino Uno

SD Card module:

• Clock (SCK): Connect the clock pin of the SD card module to digital pin 10 (D10) of
the Arduino Uno.

• Data Out: Connect the data out pin of the SD card module to digital pin 11 (D11) of
the Arduino Uno.

• Data In: Connect the data in pin of the SD card module to digital pin 12 (D12) of the
Arduino Uno.

• Chip Select: Connect the chip select pin of the SD card module to analog pin 4 (A4)
of the Arduino Uno

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2.3.1.2 RECIEVER

Figure 2.11 Receiver Circuit Diagram

Receiver Connections:
Arduino Uno Setup: Set up three Arduino Uno boards, each as a receiver.

Connect each Arduino Uno to a computer via USB for programming and power.

LED Connections: Connect an LED to each receiver Arduino Uno board to indicate
activation. All the led are connected to the pin 13 of each arduino. Connect the cathode (short
leg) of each LED to ground (GND) on the Arduino Uno.

Serial Communication: Use serial communication to receive data from the transmitter. Set up
serial communication at a specific baud rate (e.g., 9600). Read the data sent from the transmitter
through the serial port.

Data Processing:

• When data is received, check the value received. If the value corresponds to a receiver
selection (1, 3, or 5), turn on the corresponding LED and wait for the text data.

• If the value corresponds to turning off a receiver (2, 4, or 6), turn off the corresponding
LED.

Display Text Data: After receiving the receiver selection, wait for text data to be transmitted.
Once text data is received, display it on the serial monitor.

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Setup Solar Panel and Speaker: Connect the solar panel to the Speaker on the receiver side.
Connect the speaker to the Solar panel using an appropriate audio output interface, such as a
3.5mm audio jack

Transmitting Audio Data:

• When the user selects to transmit audio data from the transmitter, the Arduino Uno on
the transmitter side encodes the audio data into a format suitable for transmission via
LiFi.

• The transmitter sends the encoded audio data using light pulses through the LiFi
transmitter module.

Receiving Audio Data:

• On the receiver side, the LiFi receiver module captures the light pulses containing the
audio data.

• The Arduino Uno on the receiver side interprets the received light pulses as digital data.

• The received digital data is then decoded to reconstruct the original audio signal.

Playing Audio through Speaker:

• Once the audio data is successfully decoded, the Arduino Uno sends the audio signal to
the speaker connected to it.

• The speaker converts the electrical signal received from the Arduino Uno into sound
waves, which can be heard by the user.

• The user can listen to the transmitted audio data through the speaker connected to the
Arduino Uno on the receiver side.

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CHAPTER 3

PROGRAMMING

3.1 ALGORITHM

3.1.1 TRANMITTER

Step 1: Initialization:

Step 1.1: Define pin assignments for LED, buttons (1 & 2), SD card, and speaker.

Step 1.2: Initialize serial communication for receiving data from the user.

Step 1.3: Initialize the SD card and TMRpcm library.

Step 2: Main Loop:

Step 2.1: Read the state of Button 1.

Step 2.2: If Button 1 is pressed (HIGH):

Step 2.2.1: Enter a loop that continues until the button is released (LOW)

Step 2.2.2: Inside the loop:

Step 2.2.2.1: Check if there's data available on the serial monitor.

Step 2.2.2.2: If data is available:

Step 2.2.2.2.1: Call the send_byte function to transmit the

received byte using light pulses.

Step 2.2.2.2.2: Turn off the LED before data

ransmission.

Step 2.2.2.2.3: Implement a delay based on the PERIOD

constant after sending each byte.

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Step 2.2.2.3: Continue looping until Button 1 is released.

Step 2.3: If Button 1 is not pressed (LOW):

Step 2.3.1: Read the state of Button 2.

Step 2.3.2: If Button 2 is pressed (HIGH):

Step 2.3.2.1: Set the volume level (using TMRpcm library).

Step 2.3.2.2: Play the audio file.

Step 2.3.2.3: Implement a short delay after playing the audio.

Step 2.3.3: If neither button is pressed:

Step 2.3.3.1: Turn off the LED.

Step 2.4: Implement a short delay before looping again.

Step 3: send_byte function algorithm:

Step 3.1: Takes a single byte of data as input.

Step 3.2: Turn off the LED.

Step 3.3: Loop through each bit of the data byte (8 times):

Step 3.3.1: Use an On-Off Keying technique to represent the data bit by turning

the LED on/off for a specific duration defined by the PERIOD

constant.

Step 3.3.2: For a '1' bit, turn the LED on for a specific duration.

Step 3.3.3.: For a '0' bit, keep the LED off for the same duration.

Step 3.4: After sending all bits, turn the LED on (optional) for a defined duration.

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3.1.2 RECEIVER

Step 1: Initialization:

Step1.1: Define pin assignments for the LED (receiver indicator) and LDR sensor.

Step1.2: Set a threshold value for light intensity to distinguish between on/off states.

Step1.3: Define a delay period for timing light pulses.

Step1.4: Initialize variables for storing the previous and current light state, received byte,

and a buffer for displaying characters.

Step 2: Main Loop:

Step2.1: Read the current light intensity from the LDR sensor using get_ldr.

Step2.2: Compare the current state with the previous state:

Step2.2.1: If current state is LOW (dark) and previous state was HIGH

(light):

Step2.2.1.1: This might indicate the end of a data byte.

Step2.2.1.2: Call the get_byte function to decode the received byte.

Step 2.3: Update the previous state with the current state for the next comparison.

Step 3: get_byte function algorithm:

Step 3.1: Introduce a short delay to account for potential gaps between data bytes.

Step 3.2: Loop 8 times (for 8 data bits in a byte):

Step 3.2.1: Read the current light state using get_ldr.

Step 3.2.2: Shift the current light state (0 or 1) by the loop counter position.

Step 3.2.3: Use a bitwise OR operation to combine this shifted value with the
accumulating byte variable. This builds the received byte one bit at a time.

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Step 3.3: Return the final received byte.

Step 4: print_byte function algorithm:

Step 4.1: Print the received byte as a character.

Step 4.2: Check the received byte value:

Step 4.2.1: If the byte matches the code for a specific receiver (e.g., '1' for

receiver 1), turn on the corresponding LED and print a message

indicating receiver selection.

Step 4.2.2: If the byte matches the code for a receiver being deselected (e.g., '2'

for receiver 1 not selected), turn off the corresponding LED and print

a message.

Step 4.2.3 Implement similar checks with different byte values for receiver 2 and

receiver 3, turning on/off their respective LEDs and printing messages

accordingly.

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3.2 FLOW CHART

Start

Transmitter
pushButton1 = 2
pushButton2 = 3

Set LED_PIN as OUTPUT

Set pushButton 1 & 2 as
INPUT

SD_ChipSelectPin
success
ffulful
False True

Loop
Print “SD fail" Read state of pushButton1
Read state of pushButton2

End
buttonState1==1
==111

buttonState2 == 1

buttonState1 != 0

False True
Set volume to 5
Set LED_PIN to LOW
Play "song.wav"
Read state of pushButton1

Define a function Set LED_PIN

to LOW
Serial is
available

True

int i=0
Read a byte from Serial and store it in i++
receivedByte

i<8
False
Wait for a period of time
True

i-th bit of my_byte is set

End

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Receiver

Start

Declare variables: previous_state,

current_state, buff
Set pinMode for led as OUTPUT

Loop
Get the current state from the
LDR sensor

current_state &&
previous_state

previous_state = current_state

print_byte(get_byte()) voltage from LDR_PIN is greater

than THRESHOLD

Initialize a variable ret as 0

Wait for a delay(Period*1.5)

Int i=0
i<8 i++

True

bitwise OR operation between ret and the result of

return ret shifting the LDR value by i positions to the left

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Define a function that

takes a character
parameter

Format the parameter as a character

and store it in buff

my_byte == '1'
(or ‘3’ or ‘5’)

Print "1(or 3 or 5) is received"

Set pin 13 to HIGH
my_byte == '2'
(or ‘4’ or ‘6’)

False

End
Print "2(or 4 or 6) is received"
Set pin 13 to LOW

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CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATIONS AND RESULTS

In this chapter, the practical implementation of a LiFi-based communication system is

explored. LiFi, short for Light Fidelity, is a wireless communication technology utilizing
visible light for data transmission. The project involves the creation of a LiFi communication
system, consisting of a lone transmitter and multiple receivers, all incorporating Arduino Uno
microcontrollers. This system facilitates the transmission of both textual and audio data from
the transmitter to chosen receivers, guided by user input.

4.1. EXECUTION IN FIRST PHASE

During the initial phase of the project, the transmission of audio data was established. The
process commenced with the transmitter capturing audio signals through a microphone. These
signals were then directed into the PAM8403 chip for amplification and processing.
Subsequently, the amplified audio signals were used to modulate the intensity of a laser light.
This modulation ensured accurate encoding of the audio data onto the light signals. Once
modulation was completed, the modulated laser light was emitted towards the receiver,
ensuring a clear transmission path.

On the receiver side, the process began with the placement of a solar panel to capture the
modulated light signals emitted by the transmitter. The varying intensity of light falling on the
solar panel corresponded to the encoded audio data. The solar panel then converted these light
signals back into electrical signals, effectively reversing the modulation process. These
electrical signals were subsequently processed by the PAM8403 chip, decoding them back into
audio data. Finally, the decoded audio was output through a speaker connected to the PAM8403
chip, ensuring the fidelity of the received audio data throughout the transmission cycle.
Throughout this implementation, the PAM8403 chip played a crucial role in both encoding the
audio at the transmitter and decoding it at the receiver, ensuring the quality of the transmitted
audio data.

4.2 CURRENT IMPLENTATIONS

During the second phase of the project, the model was enhanced by integrating more advanced
features and refining the communication protocol to improve efficiency and reliability. In the

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setup, the same transmitter is utilized for sending both text and audio data. However, separate
pathways for reception have been implemented. For receiving text data, three Arduino
receivers were deployed, each equipped with LEDs for indication. On the other hand, for audio
data reception, a solar panel directly linked to a speaker was employed to streamline the
reception process for optimal functionality. The system operates based on the position of a
button, where pushing it upwards initiates the transmission of text data to the receiver, while
pulling it down triggers the transmission of audio data. Now, let's delve into the implementation
steps for the transmission of audio data and text data separately.

4.2.1 TEXT DATA TRANSMISSION

In the transmitter side,

 Button Activation for Text Data Transmission: Text data transmission is triggered
when the button on the transmitter side is pushed upwards.
 LED Activation on Transmitter: Upon button press, the LED connected to digital pin
8 of the transmitter Arduino activates, indicating the initiation of text data transmission.
 Text Data Transmission: Simultaneously with LED activation, the transmitter sends
out the text data for transmission to the receivers.

In the receiver side,

 Light Reception Setup at Receivers: An Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) placed at a

specific distance receives the light emitted from the LED on the transmitter side.
 Parallel Connection of LDR Outputs: The output signals from the LDR are connected
in parallel to all receivers (1, 2, 3), ensuring that all receivers can detect the transmitted
light signal.
 Transmitted Number Identification: Some specific numbers are embedded within
the transmitted data stream to designate the intended receiver:
 '1' for turning ON receiver 1.
 '2' for turning OFF receiver 1.
 '3' for turning ON receiver 2.
 '4' for turning OFF receiver 2.
 '5' for turning ON receiver 3.
 '6' for turning OFF receiver 3.

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 Receiver Activation by Transmitted Number: When a specific number is sent from

the transmitter via the serial monitor, the corresponding receiver is activated based on
the received number. Subsequently, text data can be transmitted to the receivers.
 '1' activates receiver 1.
 '3' activates receiver 2.
 '5' activates receiver 3
 LED Indication: Each receiver is equipped with an LED indicator, LED. When
activated, the LED illuminates to indicate the receiver's selection.
For example, if receiver 1 is chosen, the LED on receiver 1 illuminates.
 Data Reception and Display: The activated receiver receives the transmitted text data
via the LDR. The received data is displayed in the serial monitor of the receiver Arduino
for user observation and further processing.
 Multicast Transmission Support: The system supports multicast transmission,
allowing data to be simultaneously received by multiple receivers. If multiple receivers
are chosen by transmitting their corresponding numbers, each selected receiver
activates its LED and receives the transmitted text data.
For example, to transmit data to both receiver 1 and receiver 2 simultaneously, the
procedure involves first sending the numbers (‘1’ and ‘3’) corresponding to both
receivers to activate them, followed by transmitting the desired text data. Both receivers
are capable of receiving the transmitted text data.

Figure 4.1 Text data Transmission

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4.2.2 AUDIO DATA TRANSMISSION

In the transmitter side,

 Button Activation for Audio Data Transmission: Audio data transmission is initiated
when the button on the transmitter side is pushed downwards.
 Audio Input from SD Card Module: Audio input is provided through an SD card
module connected to the transmitter Arduino.
 Interfacing with Arduino using SPI Protocol: The SD card module communicates
with the Arduino using the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol, enabling data
transfer between the SD card and the Arduino.

Fig 4.2 Interfacing of microSD card module with Arduino using SPI Protocol

Almost every SD card module employs the “lower speed and less overhead” SPI mode,
which is simple to implement on any microcontroller.
The microSD card module is simple to connect. There are six pins on it:
 VCC pin provides power to the module and should be connected to the
Arduino’s 5V pin.
 GND is a ground pin.
 MISO (Master In Slave Out) is the SPI output from the microSD card module
(which is connected to digital pin 12 of arduino).
 MOSI (Master Out Slave In) is the SPI input to the microSD card module
(which is connected to digital pin 11 of arduino).

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 SCK (Serial Clock) pin accepts clock pulses from the master (an Arduino in our
case) to synchronize data transmission (which is connected to digital pin 13 of
arduino).
 CS (Chip Select) pin is a control pin that is used to select one (or a set) of slave
devices on the SPI bus (which is connected to digital pin 4 of arduino).
 SD Library for WAV File Access: The Arduino SD library is employed to
communicate with the SD card, facilitating access to WAV files stored on the card.
 TMRpcm Library for Audio Playback: The TMRpcm software library is utilized for
playing PCM/WAV files on the Arduino, enabling audio playback.
 LED Activation on Powering Transmitter Arduino: Upon powering the transmitter
Arduino, the LED designated for audio transmission is illuminated, indicating that the
transmitter is active.
 LED Indication for Audio Transmission: A separate LED is assigned to indicate the
initiation of audio transmission.

In the receiver side,

 Reception of Audio Data using Solar Panel: Audio is received using a solar panel.
 Direct Connection to Speaker: The solar panel is directly connected to a speaker using
an AUX cable, allowing the received audio data to be heard.
 Listening to Transmitter Audio: Upon receiving the audio data, the speaker
connected to the receiver Arduino plays the audio transmitted by the transmitter.
 No Additional Processing Required: As the audio is directly received and played, no
further processing is necessary on the receiver side.
 Audio Playback: The receiver Arduino facilitates playback of the audio data received
from the transmitter.

Figure 4.3 Audio data Transmission

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4.3 TESTING AND OBSERVATION

Throughout the entire implementation process, numerous challenges were encountered,

necessitating careful problem-solving and adaptation.

 Positioning distance between LDR and LED in case of text data

During the text data transmission process, challenges arose regarding the positioning of
both the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and the transmitting LED. It became evident
that achieving optimal transmission required careful consideration of the distance
between the LDR and the LED. Reliable transmission only occurred within a specific
distance, ensuring accurate decoding on the receiver end. Extensive experimentation
involving varying distances between the LDR and LED was conducted to address this
issue. Despite efforts, improper positioning resulted in unknown characters appearing
on the receiver's serial monitor, highlighting the critical importance of precise
placement for effective data transmission and decoding. This was tested across various
distances, as documented in the table.

Distance(d) Observation in receiver serial

d=distance between LDR and LED monitor
for text data
1 cm Unknown characters are received
3cm Unknown characters are received
7.5 cm Proper Transmission occurred
Transmitted data is received but
12 cm some unknown characters are there
in between
25 cm No transmission occurred

Table 4.1 Observations from receiver serial monitor at various distances

These unknown characters are due the influence of the external light source. So dark
room was preferred to do experiment.

 Audio Transmission: Balancing Distance and Clarity with Solar Panel Reception
During the project implementation, challenges were encountered in the transmission of
audio data. Various distance ranges between the solar panel and the LED used for audio

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transmission were experimented with, including positions near, far, or at different

distances from the LED. However, difficulties arose when observing a significant
increase in noise interference beyond a distance of 15cm between the solar panel and
LED. Initially, clear audibility was observed when the solar panel was placed within
10cm of the LED. However, with increased distance, the noise level also escalated
proportionally. Despite efforts, it was found that beyond approximately 15cm, the noise
became overpowering, rendering the transmitted audio indiscernible.

Distance(D) Observation of audio output from

D=distance between solar panel and the speaker
LED for audio data
1 cm Clearly audible
5 cm Clearly audible
25 cm Clearly audible
35 cm Audible with some noise in the
background
>40 cm Song is not audible, Only noise
signal is present

Table 4.2 Observation of audio output from the speaker at various distances

 Transition from Laser to LED

Initially, lasers were chosen for their higher intensity and precise pointing capabilities
over LEDs. However, testing revealed issues where audio transmission was audible,
but data transmission resulted in unknown characters in the received data. Upon
investigation, LEDs were found to be more suitable for the application. They
demonstrated better compatibility with Arduino and offered easier interfacing.
 Transitioning from Solar Panels to LDRs for Text data
Initially, solar panels were utilized for both audio and data transmission reception.
While the solar panel effectively decoded audio signals, ensuring clear playback,
challenges arose with text data reception. When the LED light fell on the panel,
decoding inaccuracies occurred due to the panel's larger surface area. Only a small
portion of the panel received direct LED light, while the remaining area captured
external light sources, leading to the appearance of unknown characters on the receiver
monitor.
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To address this issue, Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) were implemented

specifically for text data reception, while retaining the solar panel for audio reception.
The compact size of the LDR facilitated precise data reception within a defined
distance, outperforming the solar panel in terms of accuracy and reliability. This
strategic transition improved the overall efficiency of the communication system,
ensuring seamless reception of both audio and text data.

4.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

In this section, findings from a series of experiments are presented to evaluate the performance
and feasibility of the LiFi-based communication system

4.4.1 TEXT DATA

During text data transmission, a transmitter has the capability to send messages to multiple
receivers simultaneously. LEDs corresponding to each receiver indicate whether they are
activated or deactivated. For instance, in Figure 4.4.1.1 shown below, receiver 1 is activated,
allowing the transmitter to send messages exclusively to it. Conversely, in Figure 4.4.1.2, both
receiver 1 and receiver 2 are activated, enabling the transmitter to broadcast messages to both
simultaneously.

Figure 4.4 Receiver ‘1’ is turned ON and transmission occurs

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Figure 4.5 Receiver ‘2’ and ‘3’ is turned ON

Now, let's examine the results obtained from the serial monitor step by step,

To activate receiver 1, simply input '1' into the serial monitor connected to the transmitter.

Upon receiving the input '1' in the receiver's serial monitor, the corresponding LED connected
to receiver 1 will illuminate, indicating successful activation.

Next, we are inputting a random message into the serial monitor for transmission.

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The data will be transmitted, and the message will be displayed on the receiver's monitor.

Now, we are halting the transmission by deactivating receiver 1. To accomplish this, we send
'2' in the serial monitor of transmitter.

The transmission will cease, and a message indicating the reception of '2' will be displayed on
the receiver's serial monitor.

4.4.2 AUDIO DATA

In case of audio transmission, we began by loading a song onto the SD card, initiating the audio
transmission via LED, and receiving it through a solar panel across various distances, ranging
from the closest position of the LED to increasingly distant points. Additionally, we captured
the waveform of the original audio and processed it using MATLAB. Subsequently, we
recorded the output audio at different distances and processed it using MATLAB to obtain the
audio waveform. Also Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) was calculated to quantify the fidelity of
the transmitted audio and it is shown in figure 4.4.2.2. This enabled us to compare the quality
of the original audio with the recorded audio. Plots obtained are shown below in figure 4.4.2.1,

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Fig 4.6 Plots of audio signals from MATLAB

Fig 4.7 SNR values obtained for each signals

Higher SNR values indicate better quality transmission, ensuring optimal performance and user
satisfaction.

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CHAPTER 5

BILL OF MATERIALS

SI.NO
COMPONENT QUANTITY COST
1 ARDUINO UNO 4 2800/-
2 LED bulb 10 50/-
3 LDR SENSOR 1 15/-
4 SOLAR PANEL 2 650/-
5 SPEAKER 1 500/-
6 Single pole double throw switch 2 30/-
7 Connecting wires - 50/-
TOTAL COST 5000/-

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the project on data transmission using LiFi technology has revealed the
considerable potential of this innovative approach to wireless communication. Through
rigorous research and experimentation, the advantages of LiFi over traditional WiFi have been
clearly demonstrated, including its ability to achieve higher data transfer speeds, enhance
security, and minimize interference.

The LiFi-based communication system, utilizing Arduino Uno boards for both the transmitter
and receivers, offers a practical solution for wireless data transmission. The integration of
button-controlled data selection and LED indication for receiver activation establishes a user-
friendly interface. This system's versatility allows for the transmission of both text and audio
data to single or multiple receivers, enhancing its utility. Through implementation and testing,
reliable communication has been achieved, underscoring the feasibility of LiFi technology for
real-world applications.

Moreover, the project has showcased the adaptability of LiFi across various settings,
encompassing indoor environments, automotive systems, and underwater communication. This
versatility unlocks a multitude of potential applications for LiFi, ranging from smart homes
and offices to connected vehicles and subaquatic exploration. Acknowledging the challenges
ahead, such as the necessity for compatible hardware and infrastructure upgrades, the project
emphasizes the ongoing need for further research to optimize LiFi systems for real-world
deployment. Addressing issues like range limitations and signal interference will be crucial for
advancing LiFi technology's practicality and widespread adoption.

Overall, the project contributes to the expanding understanding of LiFi technology and its
capacity to revolutionize wireless communication. As LiFi continues to evolve, it holds the
promise of even greater advancements and applications in the future, fundamentally reshaping
the landscape of digital connectivity and communication.

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6.2 FUTURE SCOPES

In terms of future developments, one avenue for enhancement involves integrating real-time
audio transmission capabilities. This can be accomplished by incorporating a microphone input
directly into the system architecture. By utilizing more powerful microprocessors like the
Raspberry Pi, the system can efficiently process audio data and transmit it in real-time to the
designated receivers. Furthermore, to advance the communication capabilities, implementing
duplex communication would be beneficial. Currently, the system operates in a simplex
manner, allowing data transmission from the transmitter to the receivers. However, with duplex
communication, both the transmitter and receivers would have the ability to send and receive
data simultaneously. This bidirectional communication capability opens possibilities for more
dynamic and interactive applications, improving the overall efficiency and versatility of the
LiFi-based communication system.

One significant area of potential lies in its integration with smart lighting systems, where LiFi
can offer both illumination and high-speed data connectivity, revolutionizing how
environments are interacted with. Additionally, LiFi holds promise for the Internet of Things
(IoT), enabling seamless communication between connected devices and facilitating real-time
monitoring and control in various industries.

In addition to its applications in smart lighting and IoT, LiFi technology holds promise for
revolutionizing various industries. In transportation, LiFi can enhance passenger experiences
by providing high-speed internet access on vehicles, trains, and airplanes, while also supporting
critical communication between on board systems. Moreover, its ability to penetrate water
makes it ideal for underwater communication, opening new possibilities for marine
exploration, research, and offshore industries. LiFi's low latency and high bandwidth make it
well-suited for augmented and virtual reality applications, where seamless streaming of high-
definition content and real-time interaction are essential for immersive experiences. By
complementing existing wireless technologies like 5G, LiFi has the potential to alleviate
network congestion and enhance overall performance, contributing to the evolution of
communication networks. Overall, the future of LiFi is marked by its versatility, reliability, and
potential to transform industries and everyday experiences alike.

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Li-Fi TEXT DATA AND AUDIO TRANSMISSION

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[5] Harald Haas, Member, IEEE, Liang Yin, Student Member, IEEE, Yunlu Wang, Student
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[6] Asmita Pandit Sonawane, Janhavi Sanjay Pradhan, Vaibhavi Prakash Waghmare, Saurabh
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