Plant and Animal Cell

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Plant and animal cells are the fundamental units of life in plants and animals, respectively.

While
they share many common features as eukaryotic cells, they also have distinct differences. Here’s
a comparison of their structures and functions:

Common Features in Both Plant and Animal Cells

1. Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.


2. Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid where organelles are suspended and various cellular
processes occur.
3. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane): Semi-permeable membrane that controls the
movement of substances in and out of the cell.
4. Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
5. Ribosomes: Synthesizes proteins.
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
o Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and transport.
o Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
7. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or
transport out of the cell.
8. Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular
debris.
9. Peroxisomes: Contains enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty
acids.
10. Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and aids in cell movement.

Unique Features of Plant Cells

1. Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that provides structural support and
protection.
2. Chloroplasts: Contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis to convert light
energy into chemical energy (glucose).
3. Central Vacuole: A large vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste products; helps
maintain cell turgor pressure.

Unique Features of Animal Cells

1. Centrioles: Involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis).


2. Small Vacuoles: Numerous small vacuoles used for storage and transport within the cell.
3. Cilia and Flagella: Extensions from the cell surface that aid in movement and sensory
functions (not present in all animal cells).

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