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līmeņa profesionālā augstākā izglītība: Kuģa

Course vadītājs. Kuģa vadīšana un manevrēšana
Exercise No. 0 Revision 3 Edition 10.06.2021 Var. II
Title Final Exam. III year program
Reference Ship‘s handling Duration 2 hours
Responsibility Form is used by trainee

OBJECTIVE OF EXERCISE:
To examine the knowledge and skills in the subject of Ship’s Handling.

EXERCISE DESCRIPTION:

1. What are the names of the elements?

A Lateral deviation
B length of track
C head reach
 2. You are going to leave a crowded anchorage by making a 180 degrees turn. You ship
has a right handed propeller and you can turn any side. How can you make the turn
using as less space as possible?
Rudder hard to port, full astern. After some movement sternway, rudder hard to starboard and
full ahead.

3. How shallow water affects maneuvering characteristics of the vessel?

In shallow water maneuvering characteristics of the vessel reduces, this results in increased
squat, bigger circulation, higher stopping distance, steering becomes harder, as well in
shallow water bank suction and Bow cushion effects appears.

4. Your ship is equipped with a left handed propeller. As you go full astern from full
ahead, the ship is steering to port, still making headway. Is there anything you can do
to reduce the change in heading?
Yes, rudder can be used to reduce the change in heading.
5. Your twin-screw vessel is moving AHEAD with rudders amidships. The starboard
screw has suddenly stopped turning. Your vessel's bow will
Vessels bow will move to stbd side

6. A vessel is proceeding at a speed of 13 knots in open water. Her Cb = 0.81,

static even-keel draft = 12.5 m with a static under keel clearance of 1.7 m. Her
breadth moulded is 42 m with LBP of 270 m. Calculate the maximum squat for
this vessel at the given speed. (Use Full and Shortcut Barrass formulas and
compare results).
1) Short cut formula
0.81 * 132 / 100 = 1.3689 m = 1.37 m

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2)

Width of influence = (7.7 + 20 (1-0.81)2) * 42 = 353.72

42∗12.5
S= =0.105
353.72∗14.2
0.81 2.08
0.81∗0.105 ∗13
Squat = =1.35 m
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3) Barrass formula is more precise than short cut formula.

7. You are OOW on the bridge (Navigational wacht). You reiceved information from AB that
Cadet fall overboard one minute ago, no visual contact.
 Describe your action.
 With simple diagram describe Williamson turn.
 Describe advantages and disadvantages of this turn.
 In which case-situation this turn is more suitable.
 What would be your action if casualty has not found in predicted position.
1. Change over to hand steering and put the wheel hard over to the side where cadet fall
overboard.
2. Activate and throw lifebuoy from the side where Cadet fall overboard.
3. Press MOB button on ECDIS to mark position
4. Post additional lookout if any available crew on the bridge
5. Sound MOB alarm and announce that there is MAN over board.
6. Proceed with duties according to MOB emergency situation.

Diagram

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Williamson Turn Procedure
1. Put the wheel hard over towards the casualty (Man overboard Stbd side)
2. When the vessel deviates 60º from the orignal course, put the wheel hard over to the
opposite side.
3. When 20" from reciprocal course put the wheel on midships and steady the course on your
reciprocal course.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Adv.
The maneuver is well-known and practiced, allowing for efficient execution. It can be used in
all situations.
Disadvantages.
Time-consuming: The maneuver takes time to execute, potentially delaying the rescue
operation. In case of immediate action single turn would be better. Is not suitable for really
rough weather.

Williamson Turn is more suitable in scenarios where the initial position of the MOB is known
or can be accurately estimated.

In case if casualty is not found, then search and rescue operation must be continued. This
involves expanding of search area and using different patterns of search.

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8. Man overboard. It is very strong current outside from starboard side. You decide to do
Williamson turn. What adjustments will you take into account during strong current to do this
turn? You can draw simple diagram to show this adjustment.
There must be taken adjustments for current. We need to try to end-up abeam of mob.

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9. Interaction of vessels. What should be taken in consideration on this stage. Explain what
will be (what can happen), if the ship gets too close to a shoal or bank. Describe and draw in
diagram draw arrows of interaction forces and tendencies of hull movement. Describe your
action in this situation.

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10. Interaction of vessels. What should be taken in consideration on this stage. Describe and
draw in diagram draw arrows of interaction forces and tendencies of hull movement. Describe
your action in this situation.

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11. Interaction of vessels. What should be taken in consideration on this stage. Describe and
draw in diagram draw arrows of interaction forces and tendencies of hull movement. Describe
your action in this situation.

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12. You are aboard a single-screw vessel with a right-handed propeller without bow
thruster. You have to moor your vessel starboard side alongside the berth. Explain and

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draw your actions on diagram below. Environment conditions are following: calm

When mooring on the starboard side, the approach angle should be 10-15°, and the
speed should be less than in the case of mooring on the port side. Heading should be at
the near end of the pier. When the ship approaches the pier by the width of the hull,
the rudder is moved hard to the port side and a kick is given ahead, in order to move
the bow away from the pier. The force of the kick should be such that, simultaneously
with the rotation of the vessel around its own axis, the approach to the pier continues
to approximately half the width of the hull. Shortly before the ship takes a position
parallel to the berth, a spring is send from the forecastle and secured on the berth.
When the starboard side touches the pier, ship must be stopped, wheel must be hard to
port side and a small kick ahead must be applied, so that stern come into position.

13. You wish to make good a course of 250°T while speed through to the water 12 knots.
Current 320°T 2.5 knots. Wind-drift 015°T 1.5 knots. Which course should you steer? What
speed will you make good along the track line?

CTS 232°, speed 12.5 knots

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14. What should be taken in consideration when Crossing a crosspiece with wind from
ahead? Explain and draw your actions on diagram below.

Precautions when approaching the edge of the ice - speed must be reduced or the ship
to be stopped - entry must be at right angles to the ice - once into the pack, speed can
be increased gradually to maintain headway and control of the vessel, but to not let the
speed increase beyond the point at which spip might suffer ice damage.

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15. What should be taken in consideration in this situation (choose the right way to
cross the ice? Describe your action while entering in the ice field.

For the ramming the optimal backing distance will be that which gives the most
forward progress with the least travel astern. It is always necessary to start with short
rams to determine the thickness and hardness of the ice. There must paid serious
attention to the ice conditions, to avoid the possibility of lodging the vessel across a
ridge on a large floe. Ramming must be undertaken with extreme caution because the
impact forces caused when the vessel contacts the ice can be very high.

16. Becker rudder. Principal of work. Advantages and disadvantages of the device -
specify.
A Becker rudder is a type of rudder commonly used in large ships. Its principle of
work involves a streamlined profile that rotates around a vertical axis to control the
direction of the vessel
Advantages:
1. Efficiency: The streamlined design reduces drag, resulting in improved fuel
efficiency and better maneuverability.
2. Maneuverability: Becker rudders offer excellent maneuvering capabilities,
allowing for precise control of the vessel, especially at high speeds.
3. Reduced Cavitation: The streamlined shape reduces cavitation effects,
decreasing noise and potential damage to the rudder and propeller.
Disadvantages:

1. Cost: Becker rudders can be more expensive to manufacture and install

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 compared to conventional rudders, which may increase initial investment costs.
2. Limited Application: Becker rudders are typically found on larger vessels due to
their size and intended use, limiting their applicability to smaller ships or boats.

17. If you compare Schilling rudder and Becker rudder, what is their advantages and
disadvantages.

Schilling rudders are simpler and more cost-effective but may sacrifice some
efficiency and maneuverability. On the other hand, Becker rudders offer superior
performance and durability but come with higher costs and complexity.

18. Controllable pith propeller. Principal of work. Advantages and disadvantages of

the device-specify.

A controllable pitch propeller (CPP) is a type of propulsion system where the angle of
the propeller blades can be adjusted while the vessel is in operation:
Principle of Work:
1. Variable Blade Angle: The key feature of a CPP is its ability to change the pitch
(angle) of the propeller blades. This adjustment is typically achieved using
hydraulic or electric systems.
2. Adjustability: By varying the pitch of the blades, the CPP can optimize
propulsion efficiency across a range of vessel speeds and operating conditions.
3. Control Mechanism: The pitch adjustment mechanism is controlled by the ship's
propulsion system, allowing for precise control over thrust and vessel

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 maneuverability.

Advantages:
1. Efficiency: CPPs offer improved efficiency compared to fixed-pitch propellers
by allowing the blades to be adjusted to match engine load and vessel speed
more closely.
2. Maneuverability: The ability to change blade pitch enables better
maneuverability, especially in confined spaces or when precise control is
required.
3. Fuel Savings: Optimizing propeller pitch can lead to fuel savings, particularly
during varying operating conditions such as changes in speed or sea state.

Disadvantages:
1. Complexity: CPP systems are more complex than fixed-pitch propellers,
requiring additional hydraulic or electric components for pitch adjustment.
2. Maintenance: The added complexity of CPP systems may result in higher
maintenance requirements and costs compared to fixed-pitch propellers.
3. Initial Cost: CPPs tend to be more expensive to manufacture and install than
fixed-pitch propellers, increasing initial investment costs for vessel owners.

19. If you compare Fixed pitch and Controllable pith propeller, what is their
advantages and disadvantages.

FPPs offer simplicity and reliability at a lower initial cost but may sacrifice efficiency
and maneuverability. On the other hand, CPPs provide variable blade angle for
optimized efficiency and enhanced maneuverability but come with higher costs and
complexity

20. How the vessel will react , when both tugs will start working.

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21. Vessel is approaching pilot station (full manoeuvring speed), expecting to take the
pilot after half an hours. Suddenly you received the call from pilot boat , that it is
approaching the vessel right now and order from pilot to have boarding speed of your
vessel dead slow ahead. Distance till pilot boat 0.5 nm. What will be your action to
reduce the speed of the vessel (for open or for confined water). Describe process of
preparation for Pilotage.

There are tow options:

1. First one is to stopping the engine, when the engine is stopped, we need to
give full astern, but this maneuver is not preferable.
2. The seccond one is to make a circulation, if there is a sufficient sea area, then
circulation may be the most effective action

The process of preparation for Pilotage includes: agreeing on the pilot boarding
time to confirm the ETA, to make it the proper commutation must be established
with pilot station. As, well preparations include – preparing of pilot card, the pilot
ladder, bridge team briefing, additional lookout must be posted, helmsman must be
ready, engine room must be notified and the engine must be in maneuvering mode.
When the pilot is onboard there must be made a clear master/pilot information
exchange.
22. You intends to drop anchor in the place with depth 34 m. Lenght of the vessel: 150
m. Wind 15 m/s, current 1.5 knots. Calculate length of the anchor chain and Swing
Circle Radius and describe your actions for anchoring plan preparation, execution and

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monitoring.

There are two formulas to calculate the length of the anchor chain.
First one – ((Depth of water * 2) + 90) / 27.5 = x shackles, this formula is used in calm
waters
Second one - ((Depth of water * 2) + 140) / 27.5 = x shackles, this formula is used in
the areas with strong current or bad weather.

Length of anchor chain = ((34 * 2) + 90) / 27.5 = 5.74 or 6 shackles.

Turinging circle radius (6 * 27.5) + 150) / 1852 = 0.17 nm

Anchoring Plan Preparation, Execution, and Monitoring:

Preparation:
a. Determine the anchorage area considering factors like depth, seabed conditions,
weather, and proximity to other vessels or obstacles.
b. Calculate the required length of anchor chain and Swing Circle Radius.
c. Brief the bridge team, deck team and engine room watch on the anchoring plan,
including roles and responsibilities during anchoring operations.

Execution:
a. Approach the selected anchorage area at a safe speed, taking into account wind of
15 m/s and current of 1.5 knots
b. Lower the anchor to water level
c. Lower the anchor to seabed, use engine accordingly

Monitoring:
a. Monitor the vessel's position using GPS or radar to ensure it remains within the
anchor watch.
b. keep eye on weather condition, if they become worth than expected, be ready to
heave up anchor or drop more anchor chain than expected.
C. Check tension of anchor chain

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA: Evaluation Scale

Reference skills and knowledge or question 1 2 3
1. Crash Stop Distance elements.
2. Ship manoeuvering
3. Squat shallow waters and similar effects.
4. Ship manoeuvering
5. Ship manoeuvering

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 6. Squat shallow waters and similar effects.
7. SAR
8. SAR
9. Interaction between ships.
10. Interaction between ships.
11. Interaction between ships.
12. Proper mooring Practices.
13. Effect of wind and current on ship handling.
14. Ice navigation.
15. Ice navigation.
16. Becker rudder.
17. Schilling rudder and Becker rudder.
18. Controllable pitch propeller.
19. Fixed pitch and Controllable pith propeller.
20. Working with tugs.
21. Approaching the Pilot
22. Anchoring
TOTAL:

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

Each subject to be performed accordingly

Performed correct: 3 points
Performed partly: 2 points
Major mistakes: 1 point
Not performed: 0 point

Maximum points of this exercise: 66 points

Requirement to achieve objective of exercise: 47 points

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