Chapter 5A

Yarmouk University
Department of Electrical Power Engineering

Academic Year 2021/2022, Second Semester
Prof Yaser Anagreh

Objectives of the Chapter
 To understand the basic principles of synchronous
machines
 To learn about the components of synchronous

machine and its main parts
 To classify synchronous machines according to their

function, power flow.
 To get its equivalent circuit and make analysis
Prof Yaser Anagreh

Introduction
• They are known as synchronous machines because they
operate at synchronous speed (speed of the rotor matches
the supply frequency , i.e. without slip).
• Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating
current (AC) generators.
• Synchronous generators or alternators convert mechanical
power derived from a primary source of energy (gas,
nuclear, hydraulic, etc.) via the turbine to AC electric power.
• They usually operate in parallel, forming a large power
system supplying electrical energy to the loads or
consumers.
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Introduction
• Synchronous machines can also be used as synchronous
motors.
• Synchronous motors operate at the synchronous speed and
hence are constant-speed motors.
• This makes the synchronous motor suitable for certain
industrial applications requiring constant speed and as a
prime mover for generators.
• Unlike the induction motor whose operation always
involves a lagging power factor, the synchronous motor
possesses a variable power factor.
Prof Yaser Anagreh

Construction of Synchronous Machines
• Synchronous machines are built with 2 types of rotors:
 Salient-pole rotors.
 Cylindrical or round rotors (non-salient pole).
Rotors are made laminated to reduce eddy current losses.
Nonsalient: 2 pole rotor Salient: six-pole rotor
Prof Yaser Anagreh

1-Cylindirical rotor: High speed, fuel or gas fired power plants
p n p
fe   n
2 60 120
To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=2, n=3000 rpm
p=4, n=1500 rpm
2-Salient-pole rotor: Low speed, hydroelectric power plants
To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=12, n=500 rpm
p=24, n=250 rpm
1- Slip Rings Note: Magnetic field of rotor
can also be produced by
permanent magnets for small
machine applications
Synchronous machines are AC machines that have a field
circuit supplied by an external DC source..
In a synchronous generator, a DC current is applied to the rotor winding
producing a rotor magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by external
means producing a rotating magnetic field, which induces a 3-phase
voltage within the stator winding.
In a synchronous motor, a 3-phase set of stator currents produces a
rotating magnetic field causing the rotor magnetic field to align with it.
The rotor magnetic field is produced by a DC current applied to the
rotor winding.
Field windings are the windings producing the main magnetic field
(rotor windings for synchronous machines); armature windings are the
windings where the main voltage is induced (stator windings for
synchronous machines).
Two common approaches are used to supply a DC current to the field
circuits on the rotating rotor:
1. Supply the DC power from an

external DC source to the rotor by
means of slip rings and brushes;
2. Supply the DC power from a

special DC power source mounted
directly on the shaft of the
machine.
Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but
insulated from it. One end of a DC rotor winding is connected to each of the
two slip rings on the machine’s shaft. Graphite-like carbon brushes connected
to DC terminals ride on each slip ring supplying DC voltage to field windings
regardless the position or speed of the rotor.
Slip rings
Brush
A rotor of large
synchronous
machine with a
brushless exciter
mounted on the same
shaft.
Many synchronous
generators having
brushless exciters
also include slip rings
and brushes to
provide emergency
source of the field DC
current.
A large
synchronous
machine with
the exciter
and salient
poles.
Rotational Speed of Synchronous Generators
By definition, synchronous generators produce electricity whose
frequency is synchronized with the mechanical rotational speed.
nm P
fe 
120
Where fe is the electrical frequency, Hz;
nm is mechanical speed of magnetic field (rotor speed for synchronous
machine), rpm;
P is the number of poles.
Steam turbines are most efficient when rotating at high speed;
therefore, to generate 60 Hz, they are usually rotating at 3600 rpm
and turn 2-pole generators.
Water turbines are most efficient when rotating at low speeds (200-
300 rpm); therefore, they usually turn generators with many poles.
Generated Voltage of Synchronous Generators
The magnitude of internal generated voltage induced in a given stator is
EA  2 NC f  K
where K is a constant representing the construction of the machine,  is

flux in it and  is its rotation speed.
Since flux in the

machine depends
on the field current
through it, the
internal generated
voltage is a function
of the rotor field
current.
Magnetization curve (open-circuit characteristic) of a
synchronous machine
Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Generators
The internal generated voltage in a synchronous machine is

equal to the output terminal voltage only when there is no
armature current flowing in the machine. When a load is
applied, the output voltage will differ from the armature
induced voltage due to the following reasons:
1. Distortion of the air-gap magnetic field caused by the
current flowing in the stator winding (armature reaction);
2. Self-inductance of the armature coils;
3. Resistance of the armature coils;
4. Effect of salient-pole rotor shapes.
Armature reaction (the largest effect):

When the rotor of a synchronous generator is spinning,
a voltage EA is induced in its stator. When a load is
connected, a current starts flowing creating a magnetic
field in machine’s stator. This stator magnetic field BS
adds to the rotor (main) magnetic field BR affecting the
total magnetic field and, therefore, the terminal voltage.
Assuming that the generator is connected to a lagging load, the load
current IA will create a stator magnetic field BS, which will produce the
armature reaction voltage Estat. Therefore, the phase voltage will be
V  EA  Estat
The net magnetic flux will be
Bnet  BR  BS
Rotor field Stator field
Note that the directions of the net magnetic flux and the phase voltage are
the same.
Assuming that the load reactance is X, the armature reaction voltage is
Estat   jXI A
The phase voltage is then
V  EA  jXI A
Armature reactance can be modeled by the
following circuit…
However, in addition to armature reactance
effect, the stator coil has a self-inductance LA
(XA is the corresponding reactance) and the
stator has resistance RA. The phase voltage is
thus
V  EA  jXI A  jX A I A  RI A
Often, armature reactance and self-inductance are combined into the

synchronous reactance of the machine:
XS  X  X A
Therefore, the phase voltage is
V  EA  jX S I A  RI A
The equivalent circuit of a 3-phase

synchronous generator is shown.
The adjustable resistor Radj controls

the field current and, therefore, the
rotor magnetic field.
A synchronous generator can be Y- or -connected:
The terminal voltage will be

VT  3V  forY VT  V  for

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Yarmouk University

Department of Electrical Power Engineering

Prof Yaser Anagreh

 To learn about the components of synchronous

 To classify synchronous machines according to their

 To get its equivalent circuit and make analysis

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Nonsalient: 2 pole rotor Salient: six-pole rotor

Prof Yaser Anagreh

2-Salient-pole rotor: Low speed, hydroelectric power plants

1. Supply the DC power from an

2. Supply the DC power from a

where K is a constant representing the construction of the machine,  is

Since flux in the

The internal generated voltage in a synchronous machine is

Armature reaction (the largest effect):

The net magnetic flux will be

Assuming that the load reactance is X, the armature reaction voltage is

Often, armature reactance and self-inductance are combined into the

The equivalent circuit of a 3-phase

The adjustable resistor Radj controls

A synchronous generator can be Y- or -connected:

The terminal voltage will be

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