NEWS FLASH ... NEWS FLASH ..

The World-Chip™ Modem,Am7910 Single-Chip Modem,

H ~- es Worldwide Telecomm Signals

THE CHIP HEARD

AROUND THE WORLD.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Single-chip modem handles worldwide
te lecom signals

5 Single-chip FSK modem streamlines

modem design

14 lnside a single-chip modem

19 Sing le-chip FSK modem expands

your design choices

28 Sales offices

WORLD-CHIP is a trademark of Advanced Micro Devices, lnc.

 TheTenBest

Single-chip modem handles worldwide telecomm signals

Programmlng modes
MC, MC3 MC2 M C 1 MCo
Digital signo/
o o o o o Bell 103 Originate 300 bps full duplex
processo, performs o o o o 1 Bell 103 Answer 300 bps fu ll duplex
o o o 1 o Bell 202 1200 bps half duplex
f iltering on chip o o o 1 1 Bell 202 with equalizer 1200 bps hal f duplex
o o 1 o o CCITT V.21 Originate 300 bps full duplex
o o 1 o 1 CCITT V.21 Answer 300 bps full du plex
For designers wishing to offer a o o 1 1 o CCITT V.23 Mode 2 1200 bps half duplex
o o 1 1 1 CCITT V.23 Mode 2 with equalizar 1200 bps half dup lex
telecomm compatible product sale- o 1 o o o CCITT V.23 Mode 1 600 bps half duplex
able anywhere in the world, or able to 1 o o o o Bell 103 Originate loopback
send/ receive foreign standard data, 1 o o o 1 Bell 103 Answer loopback
this single-chip low- and medium- 1 o o 1 o Bell 202 Ma in loopback
data rate monolithic modem could
1 o o 1 1 Bell 202 with equalizer loopback
1 o 1 o o CCITT V.21 Originate loopback
well fill the bili. Long awaited, the 1 o 1 o 1 CCITT V.21 Answer loopback
Am7910 is now available to design- 1 o 1 1 o CCITT V.23 Mode 2 main loopbac k
ers of telecomm oriented micropro- 1 o 1 1 1 CCITT V.23 Mode 2 with equalizar loopback
cessor systems operating under Bell
1 1 o o o CCITT V.23 Mode 1 main loopback
1 1 o o 1 CCITT V.23 Back loopback
and/ or CCITT standards . Dubbed a
"world chip," the audio frequency not needing the full capacity of this forman ce . B y programming the
shift keyed (AFSK ) Am7910 oper- LSI <levice, the price t ag may be a a ppropriate word on fi ve mode-con -
ates in a variety of fu ll and half restraining factor. trol input pins, the 7910 can be set
duplex modes at baud rates from For those designers who find the up in any of nineteen separa te modes
300 to 1200 bits/s. As an all-encom- univers ality the Am7910 offers a ( see t a ble ) co mpatible with the
pass ing system solution the Am7910 boon to their own product designs, recommended st a nda rds spelled out
does the trick, but at a cost of $58 the cost of the <levice will m ost cer- in Bell 103/ 202 a nd E uro-Japa nese
each in hundreds. F or some u sers tainly be far outweighed by its per- CCITT V.21 / V.23 specs. No time-
base cryst als or externai circuit val-
ues need be changed. No externai
filters a re needed. Line equaliza t ion
iffs RING 1------------ RING is also readily progra mmed, t hus
fiiii - -- - -----1 DT rendering the 7910 a very low bit
CTS error rat e modem regardless of a
TC DR
BRTS telephone line's a mplitude and group
RC DAA delay distort ion leveis .
RS232C ➔ TTL BCTS
RESET A bevy of TTL-compatible RS-232/
TTL ➔ RS232C TO
C0NVERTERS CCITT V.24 control signals enhance
RD
BTD
BRD
Am7910
l +5
the <levice for ha ndsha king in micro-
p rocessor controlled a pplications.
F or example, a RING input pin al-
cii lows full a uto-answer oper a tion in
BCD
re mote locations . This fea t ure, meet-
XTALJ ing Bell a nd CCITT V.25 specs.
m a kes t he 7910 ideal for r emoie
MCo XTAL2 Typical diagnostic applications. Other essen-
M0DE MC1 CAP1 standalone
SELECT t ial te rminal-side control s ignals in-
SWITCH
MC2
MC3 J application of
Am7910 modem.
clu de data terminal r eady ( DTR)
a nd cle a r to s end (CTS ) . DTR
MC4
"glues" t he 7910 into a system, indi-
cating that the t erminal desires t o

Reprinted with permission from Electronic Products. ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS

3
 Toe Ten Best

send or receive data via the modem.

CTS tells the terminal that lines are
established and protocols (header
Digital processlng dlstingulshes devlce
information) a re complete. Unlike the majority of monolithic dic table and inherently stable
Other features include ten loop- modems presently on the market over time and temperature; per-
back medes for both analog and digi- or on the drawing boards, AMD's formance is part of the proces-
tal remete and local system tests, Am7910 uses digital signal pro- sor's algorithms.
and low bit rate backchannel opera- cessing (DSP) techniques to per- Nothing can change or drift-
tion. This latter capability allows form all major functions, includ- a plus for telecomm designers who
ing modulation, demodulation, traditionally design- in 25 year
some of the available unu s ed
and filtering. The filtering tech- lifetimes to their products. DSP
bandwidth to accommodate return nique in particular, sharply con- also completely eliminates exter-
acknowledgement and control FSK trasta with the analog switched- nai circuit critical-tolerance
s ignals t o the sender, while the ca paci tor methods adopted in analog filter components. DSP
sender transmits at 1200 bits/s. No most competitive modems, where advocates point toward simplified
line t urnaround is needed. The Bel! the filter structures operate on a PC board designs, Jack of tuned
202 backchannel operates at up to sampled continuous-t ime signal. circuits, and elimination of noise
5 bits/ s ; the V.23 at up to 75 bits/ s. AMD's DSP filters perform on to- and supply voltage sensitivity
Operation is from ±5V supply tally digital words. Thus, AMD problems found in switch-cap
lines. Packaging is presently a 28- claims operation is perfectly pre- des igns.
pin CerDIP; however, a lower cost
plast ic version is expected.

DECEMBER 1O, 1982

4
 COMPONENTS

Single-Chip FSK Modem

Streamlines Modem Design
By D.M. Taylor loopback mode cont rai pin. Stan-
dard modem handshake signals like
A new chip uti lizing NMOS tcch- Th is s in gl e -c hi p data terminal reaely (DTR). re-
nology has transformcd modems
from black boxes or. at best .
modem may be in- quesl lo senel ( RTS) . clear_!2_ send
(CTS) . and carrier detect (CD) are
board-leve l products to a single-
chip. 28-pin DIP package . Contain-
terfaced to man y included.
Three mai n blocks comprise the
ing 011-chip analog-to-digital and µP-based systems. Am79 IO: lhe transmitter (modula-
digital-to-ana log co nve rters. the tor). receive r (demodulator). anel
Am79 10 FS K Mode m utilizes digi- interface contrai (handsha ke) . The
tal signal processi ng so no exte rnai transmitte r has a digital data inp ut
analog filtcring is rcquired. Ali Y.23 specifications. T he 1200-baud that converts (modulates) digital
told. the Am79 10 em ulatcs nine Bel! 202 anel CCITT Y.23 configu- input data to an analog signal at
diffcrcnt modems by selecting lhe rations include a back channel fo r thc transmitteel carrie r (TC) out-
praper mode contro l pins. The new low-spced data transfer in the op- put. For 300-baud ful l-duplex anel
mode m from AMO mects Bel! 103. posite direction of lhe main chan- main-chan nel 1200-baud half-du-
Bell 202 . CCITT Y.21. anel CCITT nel. The <.1utomalic answer process plcx operation the digital data is
is assistcd by o utputting the period presenteei to the main transmitted
of silence anti then the answer data (TO) pin. For back-channel
Dal'id /VI. Tarlor is 11•i1/i Adl'1111cl'd tone. Full analog and d igi tal loop- half-duplcx operation. lhe back
Micro Dnices . 90/ Tlio111ps1111 back modes are available for test- tra nsmitted data (BTD) pin is used
Place , S111111_1·1·11/e, Cri 9./086. ing purposes by e na bling MC--L the as the digi tal data input. Simi larly.

2.2/lF
.---<r-- --1lli1
l --- ---1TC
>
600 S : 22K
LNEt-- - - - -- - - - - - ---4

Novat1on
PLI
5V to 12V
And
12V to 5V
Levei
V ~22K

~ ----- - - - ----1 RC
Am7910

Translators Ring
ANS 1--- - -~ -{>-- f----Cx:r- - - - - - t - - --1 MCO
DTR --<}- t--- - --+-- - - - - - - t - -- -1 DTR
RI NG ,n - - ----< CAR --<}- L___,--.,,'\
- « ~1- 1 - - - - . - - - - - +- --1 CD
BSY -<}- t--- --t---t-<r--- - - - - t - -- -1 MC4
RNG -{>- ~ - TO
CCT -{>- - RD

~---OH_C~
- -<}-- 7
,-- ----~~~~-- -----,
1
RTS
1,-t------; CTS a:uua:1-- ,~,~1ººº
CD CD CD CD CD

1 1

System Controller
And UART

Figure la: Am79!0 i11re1faced 1rirh Novarion PLI.

Reprinted with permission from Digital Design. Digital Design ■ October 1982
5
 Single-Chip Modem

t he receiver demodulates the a na- m ode control pins ( MCO- MC3) incoming cal! that must be an-
log signal p resent at the received selec t which m odem is to be im- swered. The A m79 l0 answe r se-
carrier (RC) input into digital data p le m e ntcd: Bel l 103 , Bell 202 , que nce consists o f o utpu tting a pe-
at the r ece ived data o utput s. CCITT Y .21. o r CCITT Y.23 . riod of sile nce and the n a n answer
Again . for 300-ba ud full-duplex MC4 provides loopback capability tone o n the TC output. The period
a nd main channe l 1200-baud ha lf- for testing each mode m . A sse rtin g of sile nce is required by the pho ne
duplex ope rat ion. the received MC4 high sets both the transm itte r compa ny to a llow automatic billing
digital data is available at the main anel receiver filters to the sarne machines to record t he call. The
received da ta (RD) o utput while freque ncy band. Th is a llows loo p- length of time for the silence a nd
1200-baud back-channel data is ing back e ither th e rece ive d data lhe answer to ne intervals and t he
ava ilable at the back received data ( RD ) output to the transm itt ed frcq ue ncy of the answer tone a re
(BRO) pin . ln the 1200-ba ud Be ll data (TO) input (digital loo pback) de te rmi ned by the modem config-
202 and CCIIT V .23 co nfigura- or the tra nsmitted carrier (TC) o ut - uration selected on the mode con-
tions . the RTS line cont rais wheth- put to the received ca rrier ( RC) in- trai inputs .
er the Am7910 is transmitting o r p ut (analog loopback}. A fu ll set of
receiv ing o n the main o r back handshake signals are provided fo r Coupling To The Line
channel. When RTS is low. the main a nd back cha nn e l ope ratio n: T he o nly exte rna i device required
transm itter is set to transmit o n the reques t- to -se nd (RTS), c le ar-to- to connect th e Am7910 to the
main channel and th e receive r is se nd (CT S). and carrie r detect phone line is a data co up le r. E ithe r
conditioned to receive o n thc back (CD). D a t a terminal re ady a d ircct connect data coupl e r o r a n
cha nne l. Whe n RTS is high. the (DTR) is a status signal frn m the acoustic coupler may be used . A
mode m will receive on the main data te rminal to the mode m signi - dircct connect data co uple r (also
cha nne l a nd transmit on the back fying that the data termina l is known as a data access a rrange-
cha nne l. ready to t ransm it a nd/o r receive me nt o r phone line interface) d oes
Thc inte rface scct ion co ntro ls data . A low on the RING input in- no t use the te le pho ne handset but
the o peratio n of lhe mode m . Four forrns th e modem that thcrc is an co nnects direct ly to the phone line .

2.4576 MHz
t- 12 - 12 GND

f f 1 30 pF flº~
XTAL1 XTAL2
30 pF

TRXCAR
RCVCAR
· - TC
RC
CAP1
l} 10on
LI 2000pF
TIP 0-- CAP2
o,- voo
ITT RING l---0 f· 5
VBB l---0 - 5
O)
Cermetek MC0 I'-
CH1810 ~
DTR <( MC1 l-0
CD MC2 f-0
ALEN ~
MC4 MC3 l-0
RING o-- TO
CCT RD ~

OH ~

~
-,0?10?o 1º o
RTS 1-- 1--
a: IXl
CTS IX) ü a: ü 1--
IX) . IXl IXl
Q-=-v
o o
z z
(:l (:l
o <(

System Controller
And UART

Figure lb : AM79l0 iwe,faced wirh Cer111etek CH/ 8 10 .

Digital Design ■ October 1982
6
Single-Chip Modem

2.2µF
TC
ON-HOOK
A
Ti p 10µ F. 100V m
7
Off-Hook 9
1
22K
Central Ring o
Office Detect
li RC

Ring 10!2.2W
Holding Coupling
Coil Transforme r
Microtran Microtran
T5415 T1104

Figure 2 : A11179l0 Dara access arra11ge111e111.

usuall y throu gh a coupli ng trans- The Cermetek C H 18 10 DAA certain specificat io ns that may not
for mer. An acoustic coupler. on modu le and a system cont ro lle r are be vio lated by eq uipment connect-
the o ther ha nd . uses the telepho ne also eas i l y i nt e r face d to th e ed to the telephone network . If a
han dset tra nsmitte r and rece iver to Am79l0 (Figure lb) . Note tha t no DAA has been certified by the
send and receive s ignals. duplexor is required wit h the Cer- FCC (like the Nova ti on PLI and
A data coupler can be designed metek DAA because onc is con- Cermetek modu les discussed pre-
by the uscr o r o ne can be pur- tai ned in the mod ule . The inpu t/ viously) . the modem connected to
chased that has already heen certi- output logic leveis a re standard 5V the DAA does not normally need
ficd by the FCC. Rcce ntly thcre TTL leveis. T he C H 18 10 allows to be approved by th e FCC in
have bcen some modul e DAA de- ana log loopback by asserting add ition .
vices introduced . Whcn a Novation ALEN low . This connects the Figure 2 shows a simple DAA
Phone Inte rface (P/ N -190278) is TRXCA R inpu t to th e RCVCA R circui t fo r con necti ng the Am7910
connected to the Am7910. thc co n- o ut put. thus all owing the local te r- to the phone line. The major por-
fi gurat ion pe rforms automati c call- minal to test the modem . T he off- tion of the phone line side of th e
ing (p ulse dia ling unde r cont ro l or hook relay is controlled by the OH DAA consists of a ho lding coil for
th e host processor) o r automatic le ad . and the status of the transmi t the o n-hook/off-hook status and a
a nswerin g for a ny 111ode111 config ur- path is indicated by CCT. ri ng detector for automa tic answer.
ation (Figure la) . The Nova tion The C H l8 10 does not contain as The modem is inductively coupled
PLI can initiate disconnect upon man y .. bells and whi stles .. as the to the phone line th rough the
loss of carrie r bv 111onito ring th c Novatio n PLI . For instance. the transfo rmer. I C I prov ides 6dB of
Am79l0 ca rrie r cietect (CD) ~lead . li ne busy circuit and the automa tic gai n for the received signal and
lf a ringing signal is sensed by the d isconnect options are not included provides a minimum o f 6dB o f re-
PLI o n the Tip and Ri ng leads. th e in th e C H l8 10. While the Cerme- jectio n from th e transmit output to
PLI wi ll connect the 111ode m to the te k DAA can detect ringing sig- the receive input. T he maxim um
line. drop the ANS le ad low to pu t nals. it does no t have the abilit y to perm issive power tha t may be in-
th e Am79l0 in the answer mode . put th e Am7910 into the answe r put to the pho ne syste m is -9d8m .
a nd start the answer sequ ence by mode whe n a n incoming call is de - T his ensures that a maximum sig-
dropping RNG low. A li ne busy tected . T he cho ice of a DAA mod- nal levei of -12d8m will be re-
circuit is included for making th e ule will depend upo n the user's sys- ce ived at the local office . T he
line appear busy to remote callers tems requirements and desired Am79 l O transmitted c arrier (TC)
during testing. The PLI will he options. output signal leve! is -3dBm, soa 6dB
connected to the tine . but th e lf it is more econo mical to design drop across IC2 yields a -9dBm signal
transmission pat h from the mode m your own DAA . a copy o f Part 68 into the phonc line. The IOµF, IOOV
to th e pho nc line is open . prohibit- of the FCC rules ava ila ble from the capacitor isolates the coupling trans-
ing data tra nsmissio n down th e Gove rnment Printing Office is a former from the nominal -48V DC
line . The syste m is genera lly con- neccssary reference. Part 68 out- voltage wh ich exists betwecn Tip and
trolled by a µP or other system lines th e electrical and mechan ical Ring.
controller. The Nova tion leveis are specificatio ns for any device con-
+ 12V and 0V . so the mode m and nected to the phone li ne . Part 68 The o n-hook/off-hook re lay is
the syste m co ntroller logic leveis does not contain any technical e n- controlled manuall y by the DATA/
must be buffe red to the PLI as ginee ring in fo rm at ion o n how to TALK button o n the telephone , o r
shown. design DAA ·s. but instead o utlines by the automatic ca lling and auto-
Digital Design ■ October 1982
7
 Single-Chip Modem

- 5

IM

7493
Ou o
Rase~ CTSOEL 'r/7474
22K c rs
CDDEL º'
CD

15K
56011
AD
IN7J6

CD
ÕTÃ

T1p 0>--- -1
~ - o
.: 7K
10.-F H)OV

ClR _ To
A Re>I
Cexl o Am7910
121NG
8 Ce.ct TRIG
'117474
õ f -- ___, vcc
D
•-,7-4221
tN-:59A 555

DIS
THR

Figure 3: C11sto111isi11g the Am79 l0 to user's req11ire111e11ts.

matic answe ring circuitry associa t- t o co mpl e t ely cus t o mi ze the upon the syste m rcquire ments. The
ed with the modem . ··On-hook .. Am7910 to the user·s requi re ments circuitry shown includes ringing de-
refers to the disconnected sta te: (Figure 3). Thc automatic answer tectio n. gencration of da ta set
Le .. the phone is sitt ing on its cra- seque nce may be util ized by incor- ready (DS R). ha nclshake delay ex-
dle. "OFF-hook .. mea ns the DAA porating a ri ng de tection circuit : in tensions. and three d isconnect op-
is connected to the line . Whe n the this case it is also advan tageous to tions: loss of data terminal reacly
phone line is off-hook. a DC cur- have automa tic disconnect circuitry (D TR ), loss of carrier de t ect
re nt flows through the ho lding coil. to eliminate requiring a person to (CD) , anel receive space .
By moni toring this holdi ng current manually disconnect the line . Fo r The ringing de tection circuitry
the phone company knows that certain specitic applications. the in- (Figure 3) expands the ring detec-
some body is connected to the line . ternai Am79 10 hands hake delays tor circuitry shown in a block in
T he telephone company provides (CTS ON o r OFF o r CD ON or Figure 2. Part 68 o f the FCC ru les
lightning protection for tra nsie nts OFF) ma y need to be extended to d iscusses the US ringing signal
above about 1500V. but a ny pro- mee t the user·s system require- characteristics: thcy can vary from
tection below this must be pro- me nts. ln certain applications the -l0V RMS to 150V RMS around
vided by the user. The IN6048 is a user may want to include the mo- 20Hz. Whe n an AC signal greate r
transient suppression diode that dem status signal data set ready than 7.0 V exists between ti p a nd
turns into a low impeda nce device (DSR). ring. the LED in opto-isolato r
duri ng a lightning hit. Because the Figure 3 shows the discrete o p- 6N 139 will just tum on the photo-
circuitry in Figure 2 has no t been tions which may be includcd to t ra nsis t or. • U n less th is sig n a l
submi tted to the FCC, for approv- completely customize the Am79 10 reaches 40V RMS a nd at least
al. it must be approved as outli necl to the user's require me nts. lt neecls 15.J Hz. the integrator voltage at Vc
in Pa rt 68 before being usecl . to be emphasizecl that no ne of the will not drop e nough to change the
cirr uitry shown in Figure 3 is re- state of the comparator high. lf a
Discrete Options qu ired. but the circuits shown ma y valicl ringing signal toggles the o ut-
Discre te opt ions ma y be included be mixed anel matched cle pcnding put of the comparator high. the
Digital Design ■ October 1982
8
 Single-Chip Modem

compa rator will remain high until

the e nd of the two second ringing
>-----I RC
inte rval. Whe n the comparator A
output goes high , it will trigge r the m
7422 1 monostabl e multivibra to r 7
9
which is timed fo r 138ms. This 1
l 38ms de lay is to e nsure that at o
least 2 a nd ½ cycles (at 20Hz) of
ringing signal is present before the
7474 D flip-flop enables the o ff-
hook relay. If the ringing signa l ( o r
a spuriously de tected signal) drops
o ut before the 7422 1 times out , the
D input to the flip-flop will be ze ro
whe n the FF is clocked so the off-
hoo k re lay will not be e nabled . Fig ure 4: Acoustic Coupling Circuit .
When the line is to be disconnect-
ed . a low pulse o n the DFF clear and 1.9 s of a nswe r tone (3.0 s in exchange may take place .
line will open the re lay. This low Europe) . lt does not matte r tha t Loss of data te rminal ready
pulse can be ge ne ra ted by any of RI NG will rema in low throughout (DTR) is a sta nda rd means of initi-
the three disconnect options shown the dura tion of the call because the ating disconnect from the line . If a
in Figure 3 . The D flip-flop O out- mode m will ignore RING o nce a data exchange is complete . the te r-
put dri ves the RIN G input. a nd the call has been a nswe red until DTR minais may excha nge e nd-of-mes-
Am79 10 responds by o utputting turns OFF and then ON again . A t sage codes. At this time both te r-
1.3s of sile nce in US configurations this point , call establishme nt has minais may raise DTR to initiate
( l. 9 s in European configuratio ns) been comple ted and norma l data disco nnect. The loss of DTR dis-

Am26LS32
r - --- -- -,
1 1
OTR OT TIP

22µ. F DR Phono
600ll P hOne
RTS TC une L,ne
OLB 1n1erface
• sv ':" '
1
---VW---. : TO RC 22Kll R1nglng R,ng

19
BRTS 22KO

14 1

---r
BTD
1 1 : ~ t 5V
L :ã"__ ___ j ALB
r -- - -- -- ,
1 1
CTS J()pF
XTAL, f-i
-=-
8 CD
Am7910
D 2 4576MHz

30pF
AO
XTAL,
f--:i...
CAP, -=-
11 BCTS 2000pF

12 eco 100!!
+ SV
1 CAP,
16 BRO
1 1M! I
L _ ___ ___ .J c1.. F +s ♦ sv
Am26LS29 OLB
~
MC, RESET
7 ALB 1K
- sv
Power
Suppty
MC, AING

MC2 Voo < SV

Voo - sv
MC,

OGNO
MCo -=-
AGNO

IKtl

. sv

Figure 5: Am79 10 FSK Modem .

Digital Design ■ October 1982
9
 Single-Chip Modem

1
2. tt :>76 \,iH:.-

2.2µ F
)0[)~
lJ f-, -q ~OpF 1

OH
DT
1

22K
XTAL 1 XTAL2
TC

RING
MC~
l --- P1 O
Pt 1
P1 2
Pl 3
Pl 4
Port O
'°
MK5089
J
D A MC0 Pt5
A M
A
RC 7
RTS P16 e
9 DTR Pl 7 o
RI 1 5
o
ri DA
·, MC3 P3 O
MC2 P3. 1
MC l
-::- P33
Port 2
~'
CAP l P3 4
2000pF
CAP2 P3 5
1- ;,l~on 00
z z
RESET o o
o <t
1~1

O.O ·µ. F -:::- ·7

[

Figure 6: 8051 Single chip µ.P i111e1jàced /O Am7') !0.

co 1111cct ci rcu itry (Figure 3) initi- tion is available fo r both lhe 301)- will stop . The next "()" receivcd
atcs disconncct if DTR is raiscd for baud or 1200-baud configurntio ns. e na bles thc oscillator a nd starts lhe
a time ;;:50ms. The comparato r lf a space or binary " ll" is received 7-193 counting again . Wit h this d is-
output trips high. which will ge ncr- for 2.0s. the 7-193 ripple counter connect opt io n. a te rminal th;it
atc onc pu lse from the -17-122 1 coun ts to 8. which triggcrs the dominates the "conversat ion" may
monostable multi vibrator. 7-122 1 monostable mult ivibrato r. disconnect the othe r modem fro m
The loss o f carrier de tect (CD) Thc op-amp acts as an osci llator the linc by sending a stream of ze-
disconnect circuitry works exactl y ros. After sending zeros to discon-
the same as the loss of DTR dis- nect the re mote end . the local te r-
connect ci rcuitry: the only differ-
e nce is lhe loss of CD circuitry
The disconnect op- minal would disconnecl itsc lf from
lhe line by initiati ng a loss of DTR
must have C D off (high) for tion enables a ter- disconnect.
;;e JOms (Figure 3) be fore discon- Data Set Ready is a status li ne
nect is initiated. T he loss of CD minal that domi- from the mode m to the da ta te rm i-
disconnect sho uld only be used
with 300-baud modems. because
nates the "conver- na l cquipme nt in respo nse 10 DTR
LOW informi ng the DTE lha l lhe
the C D pin for the 1200-baud con-
figurations is o nl y low when rece iv-
sation" to discon- mode m is ready fo r data lransmis-
sinn . DS R ON ( low) ind icales lha!
ing data : he ncc . disconnect wou ld nect the other mo- lhe modem is in one of the fo llo w-
he initiated 300ms a fter the re mote im.! modes:
mode m e nded its transm1ss1011. dem from the line ( 1) Con nected to the line
This feature is desirable in the 300-
baud cases. however. For example
by sending a stream (2) Not in lhe T EST . T A LK . or
CA LL modes.
if one of the data terminais decides
that transmission is complete . its
of zeroes. (J) Completed thc answer tone or
C/\LL seque nce
te rminal ma y raise DTR to discon- The Am79IO does 11 0 1 provide
nect it from the line . The n 300ms cnablcd by RD LO W : a~ lo ng as DSR : however. DSR c,m be casily
afte r the local disconnect. the re- RD is LO W . lhe 7-193 will CO Ulll . ,r implemen ted in ha rdwa re for any
mote terminal would initiate loss of a -- 1-- is rccc ived on the RD line modem configuration when rc-
C D disconnect in response to lhe before lhe two seconds are up. lhe quired (Figure 3) . Whe n the DAI\
loss o f carrie r. 7-193 wi ll hc reset bcfore lhe counl connecls lhe mode m to lhe linc in
Thc reccivc-s pace disconncct o p- oi' 8 is reached a nd thc oscil lalor an au to answer configura lio n . the
Digital Design ■ October 19 82
10
 Single-Chip Modem

(r ·"
1L k:::====:::>: System

✓ " Memory
RAM ROM

A .
•
.· Other A

._ ~ System
1'0
K=--
'J V

._ .
CTL 1(/_·
,.,_ ~:.:-======j
l'J7 7
1--'\
r-v X-~ 100!l n 2000pF
Phone Une Ring f--o
Interface
DLB:;: ~ Rlng TíPf--o
- -- - -- ----!!-+--- - + - - ~
J
NC V Detect DR DT
. !
8085A
. RxD
I!Q.'-
1-4--+-- - - - + - - ~ R D
""- ~
t I CAP, CAP, i
RESET ri
1M
' Jsv
. ! fl.IS t - - - -- - - ~ BI.S
CTS 1-+-- -- - - -~ CTS _Ji°
o
õ-
~ g~
- "TI -
V Am8251A
UAAT 1 OTA ÁING
1 1
J- ~ ~i F~ !l +
,----+--iBRO Am7910 rc I --::-1 ,1 _ T 22K! l
l -
x, x,
CLK ~

f---l>- - 2 4576
MHz
CLK
~ -+----;~ BTD
~ --+---.l e!llii
- - BCTS
- BCD
RCi--i
ALB...- 'I ...
~
7 22K!l
'-------'
~ ~ - -.

40~
4 9152MH,
RxC TxC
? 9

RxO
MC

4 3 2 1 O AGNDVu
Vr,o f--o • SV
v.. ---0 -sv

-- 'I V

;
TxO
.&+
.
"
- 1
)
Am8251A
ATS
CTS

UAAT 2
~ ô
a ...z
rr
CLK
o
ü
AxC
-TxC
y y

. PAo

--
• 1 PA,

.
-- 1 ~

V Am8156
PB7 ~

PB, .____
DLB
PB,, , _ _ ALB

PB,
PB,
CLK PB,
PB,
Pilo

. CLl<o iJ
GAT0 > - - 300 600 1200 BAUD
0UToL J
. CLK,
GAT, 1 - - - -
0UT, t -- - -- --"-5-"75:.;B::;.A:.::U.::.
D_ __ ___,

Am8253

Figure 7: Am79!0 i11 c111 expa11ded 8085 system.

555 is t ~ e d by t he ANO condi- in Europc to a llow completio n of a uto-answer a call , but DSR wi ll
tio n of DTR on, t hc dc tection of a the auto-answcr seq uc ncc. Note ncver be e nabled. This is consiste nt
va lid a nswer tone, a nd t he off- th a t if thc T EST mode is cnabled with cond itio n 2 above.
hoo k rclay being e nab led . The 555 (MC4 = 1). the D S R fli p-flo p wi ll The Am7910 ha ndshake de lays
delays the triggering of the DS R never be clocked (Õ wi ll re main (RTS ON or OFF to CTS ON or
flip-flop for 3.2s in the US or 4 .9s high) . This a llows the p hone to OFF and receive carri er ON or
Digital Design ■ October 1982
11
 Single-Chip Modem

OFF to CD ON or OFF) are fixed are typically set in ru bber cups to wou ld connect the MK5089 to the
for the sho rtest de lays a llowable isolate the micropho nes and speak- line by enabting its relay. (Speciti-
for switched ne twork configura- ers from room noise . ( Refe rence 1 cations o n pulse anel to ne dia li ng
tions. These de lays may not be providcs additio nal information fo r a re give n in Rcferences 2 anti 3). If
long enough fo r certain a ppliea- design ing acoustic coupling cir- remo te . or digi tal. loopback is dc-
tions. but they can easily be in- cuits. For instance , Refere nce 1 sired . the 805 1 can e nable MC4 to
creased i f needed ( Figure 3). The has two figures which help charac- put the Am79IO in the loopback
CT S o r C D output from the te rize the telcphone handset speak- mode whi le connecting the rc-
Am7910 is connected to the 7-i22 1 er in the earpiece anel the carbon ccived data ( RD ) tine to the trans-
monostab lc multivibrat o rs a s micro phone in the rno.uthpiece .) mittcd data (TO) ti ne. When loop-
shnwn . A LOW o n CT S o r C D wi ll back is selected. the Am79 10 sets
e nable the lowe r MV . On the trail- System Applications the tra nsmit and receive fil te rs to
ing edge o f the o ne-sh~ u lse . ~ The A m79 10 is used in sta nda lone the sarne freque ncy bancl so that ci-
DFF will clock the CTS or C D configurat ions simply by using stan- ther thc transmi t carrier o utput ca n
LOW valuc present at the input to dard RS-232-C tine drive rs an el re- bc dircctlv connecte d to the receive
the output. The DFF output ma y ceivers to pe rfo rm leve i translation carrier inp ut (analog loopback) nr
then be used as the system CTS or berween TTL and RS-232-C signal the receivecl da ta output can be di-
C D signal. T he le ngth o f the pulse rectly connectecl to the transm it
ma y be programrned by the cho ice data input (digita l loopback) . T hc
of the R a nel C values associa ted rnode control pins are shown con-
with the MV. By the sarne toke n. nected for the Be l! 103 configura-
the rising e dge of CTS o r CD wi ll
ge ne rate a pulse frorn the uppe r
The 8051 can be tio n. however. the CCITT V.21
configuration may be used in exact-
MV : its pulse le ngth should bc pro- used as an automat- ly the sarne way by sim ply tying
gra mmed in thc sarne way. J\s an MC2 to +5V instead of ground .
exarnple . if a I.0s to tal dela y from i c ca llin g un it No rma ll y both the transmit anti
RTS ON to CT S ON for the V.21
configuration is dcsired . the pulse
through either pulse reccivc side of thc 805 1 UA RT op-
erate at the sarne speed . so if a
lc ngth should be I .0s minus -I00ms. or tone dialing. half-dup lex 1200-baud configura-
(thc internai J\ 11179 10 RTS ON to tio n is used with the 805 1. some ex-
CTS ON de lay) equals 600ms for tra so ftware would be re quired to
the lower MV de lay. A proper ••fool " one side of the 805 1 UA RT
choicc of the R and C values for into thinking that it is operat ing a t
thc MV ,~enerate the required leve is (Figure 5) . The modem type 1200BPS . For instance . in the Be l!
delay for CTS ON at the o utput of is selectcd by the mode control 202 configuration. o ne side is trans-
thc DFF. switchcs MC0-MCJ. a nel the loop- mi tting ; r recc iving at 1200-baud
lf man y of the analog functi ons back modc is selected by e nab li ng while the othe r transmi ts or re-
shown in Figure 2 are desi red . it MC-1. If the data access arrange- ccives at 5 baud . Programming thc
wou ld make mo re sense to use a me nt detccts a ringi ng signal fo r 805 1 ha ud rate at 1200-baud would
µP or other syste m controlle r to automatic answer. the Arn7910 take care of the main channe l. but
generate the timing functions as RING input can be strapped to the thc 805 1 UA RT a lso tries to fo rce
opposed to using so much discre te DAA's ringing signa l. lf ri ng detec- the back cha nne l to operate at
hardwa re . Howeve r. if a singlc dis- tion is not desired . simply trying 1200-baud . To get around this
connect optio n is desired . for in- RING high will d isablc the auto- proble m. assume the A m79 10 is rc-
sta nce. it wo ul d probably be mo re answer seque nce . ce1v111g on thc main channe l at
cost effecti ve to use the discrcte When configured wit h an 8051 1200-baud . T his also means the
hardware implementation . single-chip µC. (Figure 6) the A m7910 is transmitt ing at 5 baud
Am7910 ta kcs advantagc o f the on- 011 thc back cha nne l. Thc modem
Acoustic Coupler chi p UART aboard the 8051. Ful l rcceivcs 1200/5 = 240 bits for cv-
Wi th a n acoustic couple r circuit. duplex 300-baud o pcration is ava il- ery one that is transmitted . Whe n a
the Am79 10 transmi tte r output able by programming the UA RT in low-spced bit patte rn is to be sent
passes through a !!ain stage to set the 805 1 for the proper baud rate . down the tine . the 805 1 should out-
thc proper l evei - to the ~ spcake r Thc 805 1 can be used as an auto- put a new cha racter fo r e very 10
(Figure 4). Thc speaker the n drives matic ca lling unit through e ithe r bytes (240 bits) demodulated by
thc mouthpiecc in the te le phone pulse or tone dial ing. Pulse diali ng thc receive r. Th irt y bytes can be
handsct. Thc te le phone earpiece is performcd by pulsing the off- detec tcd by count ing thc receiver
output drives the microphone. T he hook (O I 1) lead of the DJ\A . Tone interrupt ftag wh ich is ge neratcd
arnplifie r stage then sets the pro per dia ling can be pe rformcd by incor- each time a fui ! byte is receivcd .
signal levei for the Am79 10 rece ive porati ng a to ne dialer chip like the By the sarne token. low speed data
carrie r input. Note tha t the te le- Moste k 5089. may be read by the 8051 by modi-
phone earpiece and mouth piece lf tone dia ling is desi red . PI .2 fying the software to account for
Digital Design ■ October 1982
12
 Single-Chip Modem

reading o ne bit for evcry 240 bits programmable inte rval timer gen- PC board as the othe r digital
transmitted. erates the baud rate freq ue ncics for circuitry.
the UARTs. The Am8 l56 RAM/
Many of thc analog circuit func- 1O/ti mer chip cont rais the mode
tions (Figure 3) may bc performcd settings of the Am79 l0 anel pro- References
digitally by thc 805 1. For instancc. vides loopback contrai. When digi- ( 1) ·• Acoustic and Inductive Cou-
two of the disconnect options dis- tal loopback is se lcctcd. thc data pli ng for Data and Voice Transmis-
cussecl carlie r may be implemcntccl received by the modem o n the RD sion : · October 1972. Bel! System
easily_!)y the 8051 . By mo nitoring line is passeei th rough the and-or Technical Reference PUB 41803.
the CD o r R D lines. the 8051 can circui try back into the T O input for (2) ··Data Communicatio ns Using
initiatc loss o f carrier cletect dis- retrans mission over thc pho nc line . the Switched Telecommunicatio ns
conncct or rcceive-spacc c.liscon- Whe n analog loopback is selected . Network : · Rcvised May 197 1. Bel!
nect by clisabling thc off-hook lcacl the 8085 ca n test the modem by System Technical Refe re nce PUB
to the DAA relay. sending out a digi tal data stream . -11005 .
Thc Am7910 becomcs a powc r- Thc analog carrier output on the (3) ··Data Couplcrs CBS anel CBT
ful adclition whc n con nectcd to any T C lead is looped back into thc re- for Automatic Terminais:· May
µP-based system (Figure 7) . T hc ceivecl carrier input anel clemodu- 197-l. Bcll System Techn ical Refer-
8085-based system req uircs two latcd back into the original digital ence PUB 4 1802.
UA RTs for half-d uplex operation data stream at the RD o ut put. T he (4) Conversation with E dward
although only one if req uired fo r small parts count requ ired enables DeWath , Sta ndard Tech nologies
fu li-duplex operation. The Am8253 the modem to be put o n the sarne Corporation , Berkeley, CA . D

Digital Design ■ October 1982

13
 Inside a
single-chip
modem
David M. Taylor, Advanced Micro Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.

The state-of-the-art in VLSI data

communications, the newly unveiled
single-chip modem employs digital
signal processing and digital filters,
and can emulate four basic modems.

trend is emerging versely, the receiver demodulates the analog signal

toward integrating ever higher-speed modems into received from the phone line into a serial digital bit
single packages with lower power consumption. As stream at the data output.
these higher-speed dial-up modems continue to decline The transmitter and receiver each have their own
in price, they will displace lower-speed modems in the arithmetic logic units (ALUs) for implementing the dig-
marketplace, primarily because they take less time to ital filtering algorithms. Filtering is a characteristic of
transmit a given amount of data over the telephone. all modems, but implementing these filters digitally is
Advances in silicon technology have allowed semi- a special feature of this chip-levei modem. The trans-
conductor manufacturers to put entire network devices mitter and receiver are joined by an interface section,
on integrated circuits (ICs). Advanced Micro Devices' which provides the handshaking involved in operating
new Am7910 is one example of an asynchronous, fre- and coordinating both the transmitter and the receiver.
quency-shift-keying (FSK) modem that implements Because the transmitter and receiver operate indepen-
four different modem specifications on a single chip. dently, each section has its own microprogram read-
The four modems implemented are the Bell 103, Bell only memory (ROM), digital filtering coefficient ROM,
202, lnternational Consultative Committee for Telegra- ALU, and random-access memory (RAM) for storing
phy and Telephony (CCITT) V.21 , and CCITT V.23. intermediate filter results.
Additionally, the chip permits these four modem spec- The transmitter has an extra section that is nat con-
ifications to be employed in nine normal operating tained in the receiver-the sine ROM. The sine ROM
modes, plus 1O loopback-test modes. The architecture contains coefficients for representing one-quarter cy-
of the chip, which employs digital signal processing, cles of a digital sine wave, which is used to generate
allows a multitude of operating environments. the analog sine wave by the digital / analog (D / A) con-
The modem includes on-chip analog-to-digital and verter. Because of the symmetry of sine waves, a full-
digital-to-analog converter circuits, and performs all cycle sine wave may be constructed from only a quar-
of the required signal filtering (Fig. 1). The necessary ter of a sine wave. The second quadrant of a sine wave
U.S. RS-232-C and European V.24 handshaking signals is evenly symmetrical with respect to the first quadrant,
are provided for interfacing, as in traditional modem and the sine wave's last two quadrants are the sarne
applications. The complete modem is implemented in as the first two, except that the signs are reversed (odd
a 28-pin package, with the addition of an externai crys- symmetry). By traveling through the sine ROM section
tal and four relatively inexpensive passive components. at different rates, sine waves of varying frequencies
The chip itself contains about 50,000 transistors. are generated.
The Am79 10 consists of independent transmitter
and receiver sections, which perform the digital signal Processing flexibility
processing functions of the modem. The transmitter A key feature of the IC Is its ability to implement many
modulates an asynchronous, serial, digital bit stream different modem types. This is made possible through
into a FSK analog signal for transmission over phone the inherent flexibility of digital signal processing. Dig-
lines (see "Phone-line modulation techniques") . Con- ital filtering is performed by applying multiply, delay,
Data Communications/ November 198 2 Reprinted with permission from Data Communications.

14
 to implement all the required filtering, an analog-to-
1 .
digital converter is necessary on the front end of the
0/A receiver. Likewise, a digital-to-analog converter is
CONVERTER ' · needed on the transmitter. The A / D converter provides
RECEIVER an effective 11 -bit ( 1O-bit plus sign) resolution of the
SINE HARDWARE RECEJVER
samp led analog signal , w hich is performed at 496kHz.
ROM TRANSMIT ALU The A / D converter use d is called an interpolative A / O.
,___...._ RAM RAM ·
Similarly, the D/ A converter on the transmitter (also
an 11-bit D/ A) samples at 122 kHz.
TRANSMIT RECEIVER
ALU,..
ALU Start-up
The interface and control logic of the IC modem per-
forms a number of tasks. The first is to decode the
chip's tive "mode control" lines to determine the par-
ticular mode in which the modem chip is to operate.
The possibilities include the nine normal operating
modes plus the 1O loopback modes. There are 13 other
possible modes obtainable from the tive mode-control
signals (2 5 total), but these are reserved for internai
diagnostic testing.
Another function of the interface logic is to provide
timing for both the transmitter and receiver. The IC
modem has an oscillator that works with an externai
crystal to furnish timing signals. Optionally, a transistor-
transistor logic clock using the proper frequency can
be substituted for the c rystal. A final task assigned to
the interface logic is to generate the standard hand-
shaking protocols that are unique to each particular
modem specification.

Analog-to-digital
The IC modem eliminates the need for externai filters
because of the high-speed operation of the A / D con-
1. Single-chip modem. One example of a complete verter. A typical telephone line has an operating fre-
modem implemented on a single chip is the Am79 10 from quency range of about 300 to 3,400 Hz. According to
Advanced Micro Devices, shown here. Borrowing from the the Nyquist sampling theorem, a sampling frequency
computer industry, ai/ signal processing and filtering are of about 8 kHz is adequate to sample data from the
performed digitally. Using different variab/es, four distínct phone line. However, this would require special high-
modem types can be emulated. order filters to elimina te aliased (harmonic) freq uencies
that would be centered at the sampling frequency of
8 kHz. The Am7910, however, samples at 496 kHz, so
and add functions on a received digital "word." The these aliased frequencies are centered at 496 kHz,
sarne hardware components may also be used to cre- which is so high in the frequency spectrum that a sim-
ate filters of varying characteristics by providing differ- pie on-chip resistor and capacitor is used to effect the
ent filtering coetficients to the ALU. low-pass filtering.
The digital filter itself contains multipliers, adders, The A / D converter in the Am7910 is an improved
and delay elements. The filter sections are cascaded, version of the basic idea that originated at Bell Labs.
used in parallel, or modified slightly to generate filters (See J.C. Candy, W.H. Ninke, and B.A. Wooley, "A
of varying characteristics. The coetficient ROMs con- Per-Channel A I D Converter Having 15-Segment µ-255
tained in both the transmitter and receiver provide to Companding," IEEE Transactions on Communications,
the ALUs the coetficients that implement the digital- January 1976, Vol. COM-24, pp. 33-42.) The circuit
filtering algorithms. Different coetficients are provided operates similarly to a delta-modulator circuit, except
to the ALU depending on which modem is being imple- for the addition of an integrator. The integrator, in ef-
mented at a given time. fect, averages all of the past errors and includes this
The modem chip's microprogram instructi ons are factor in the comparison process.
basically the sarne for all of the modem types. The only The digital signal processing architecture of the IC
real difference is in each modem's respective filters. modem provides a number of benefits to the user as
Therefore, the implementation of so many different well as to the manufacturers of very-large-scale inte-
rr.odems involves only the additional silicon area to grated circuitry. First, it provides highly stable and con-
store different fi ltering coetficients for each modem sistent performance from one modem part to another.
type (roughly 5 percent of the total chip size). ln fact, the performance should be as stable as the
Because the IC modem uses digital signal processing crystal used to generate the clock. Secondly, digital
Data Communications/ No11ember 1982

15
 Phone-line modulation techniques
There are essentially three different types of modula- 1,200 baud because of bandwidth limitations imposed
tion schemes used in modems: frequency-shift-keying by the telephone line. ln addition, FSK signals are
(FSK), differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK), and qua- asynchronous; that is, lhe digital data input and the
drature-amplitude-modulation (QAM). FSK modulation analog output from lhe modem are not qualified by a
is the simples! form of encoding and decoding digital synchronizing clock.

TRANSMITTER

DIGITAL ANALOG
~ NPUT OUTPUT~

(A)

RECEIVER

ANALDG DIGITAL

\IWNJ\/WMf N•PU.._
T-----'""'
OUTPUT_ _ s i _ _ r - - t _

( B)
►

data. Figure 1A shows conceptually how FSK works. lf DPSK and QAM modems are synchronous- the
a binary O is present ai the digital input to lhe modem, transmitted and received digital data generally is quali-
the analog output is a sine wave of a particular frequen- lied with a clocking signal. The clock is also encoded in
cy. lf a binary 1 is received, a sine wave of a different the transmitted analog signal, so l he receivers must
frequency is transmitted. The analog signal has a con- decode it, making the demodulation of DPSK and QAM
tinuous phase, even as lhe digital input changes. signals more difficult than their FSK counterparts.
This type of encoding allows 1 bit of information to DPSK and QAM modems both encode more than 1
be encoded per baud. One baud is defined as one bit per baud. Thus a DPSK modem operating at 1,200
transmission element per second. Thus a 300-baud bitis, which encodes 2 bits per baud, transmits at 600
FSK modem transmits at 300 bit i s. The Bell 103 and baud. DPSK modems vary lhe phase of a constant-
CCITT V.21 modems are examples of the two most frequency analog signal to encode lhe data (Fig. 18).
widely used 300-baud asynchronous FSK modems. ln this particular case, the phase of the current baud is
These two modems differ primarily in their transmission compared with the phase of the last received baud.
frequencies for a given digital input. The phase change occurs in multiples of 90 degrees.
FSK modems are generally used only up to about Hence, there are four possible phase changes: O
degrees (no change), 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270
DIBIT DIBIT DIBIT DIBIT DIBIT
degrees. Therefore, with lour possible phases, 2 bits
may be encoded per baud. ln some recent cases,
O 1 1 1 1 O o o 1 1
DPSK techniques are used to encode 3 bits per baud,
which requires detection of a 45-degree phase change.
QAM modems differ from DPSK modems in one
major respect: They vary the amplitude of the transmit-
ted analog signal, as well as the phase. Obviously, lhe
demodulation of QAM encoded signals is the most
difficult of lhe three types, especially since telephone-
line characteristics are such that one is not guaranteed
to have lhe sarne frequency characteristics from call to
CONSTANT
call. Because oi this, both DPSK and OAM modems
OIBIT PHASE SHIFT FAEOUENCY must employ more elaborate equalizers than FSK mod-
CAAAIEA ems. QAM modems typically encode up to 4 bits per
SIGNAL
baud, which req uires a signal detection threshold oi 1
in 16 possibilities. A QAM modem operating at 9.6
kbil/s, which encodes 4 bits per baud, would then be
transmitting at 2,400 baud.

Data Communications/ November 1982

16
signal processing architectures are consistent with the 2. Equalization. Signals over a telephone tine are dis-
techniques used for conventional microprocessor and torted due to variations between circuits, especially at the
memory circuits. Production costs therefore are de- high end of the usable frequency band {A). To compen-
creased. Lastly, digital components inherently provide sate for this signal deterioration, modems dynamically
better yields- more components can be made with adjust the signal characteristics to take into account the
fewer rejects. distortion (8). This is key for high-speed modems.

Loopback
The Am791O can operate in 1O loopback modes for
performing analog loopback testing of lhe modem.
This is valuable for doing in-circuit testing by a local
controller or computer.
ln normal operation, lhe transmitter and receiver are
sei to operate on different frequency channels - lhe
transmitter sends to the remate modem on one fre-
quency channel while it is receiving on another chan-
nel. To perform a functional test to verify that lhe
modem is operating properly, the local controller can
put lhe modem in an analog loopback mode. This tells FIIEOUENCY~
lhe transmitter and receiver to operate on l he sarne
(A)
frequency band, allowing the transmitted analog out-
put to be externally tied to lhe received analog input.
The local controller would then send a block oi serial
data to lhe modem, and because lhe transmitter and
receiver are operating on lhe sarne frequency chan-
nel, the receiver will demodulate lhe analog signal
generated by lhe transmitter, and return lhe sarne
block of serial data to the controller. Any received er-
rors can then be detected by lhe controller performing
lhe test. There is one loopback mode for each of lhe
normal operating modes of lhe Am791 O, plus an extra
loopback mode for the CCITT V.23 back-channel.
3
Equalizers FlleGUENCY (kKz)
As modems operate ai faster speeds, limited band-
width and distortions of l he telephone line increasingly
affect their operation. For this reason, higher-speed
modems have much more complex modulation and should not be engaged because the top end of the
demodulation schemes compared with lower-speed frequency spectrum would then be weighted too heavi-
modems. ly and could cause demodulation errors just like a bad
The Am 79 1Ocontains a fixed line-amplitude equal- line without equalization.
izer for its two 1.2-kbit/s modems- lhe Bell 202 and
the CCITT V.23. " Fixed" in this case means that lhe Auto-answer
filter characteristics are not user programmable. Low- ln addition to the capabilities already delineated, the
er-speed 300-bit/s modems typically do not need a Am7910 can assist in the auto-answer process if told
line amplitude equalizer because of their relatively low- to do so by the network interface, which is functionally
speed operation. The equalizer may be engaged or similar to the data access arrangement (DAA) that
disengaged ai lhe user's discretion, depending on lhe used to be supplied by Bell. The network interface is
typical line quality of the phone line being used. required by the FCC to couple the modem to the phone
Figure 2 shows why a line amplitude equalizer is line. When lhe interface detects a valid ringing signal,
advantageous for higher-speed modems. Figure 2A indicating that there is an incoming call waiting to be
illustrates how l he phone line frequency-response char- answered, it informs l he modem of this by enabling
acteristics ten d to decrease at higher frequencies. On the "ring" input. When this occurs, the IC modem gen-
very bad lines, l he response characteristics may ebb erates an answer tone from its transmit carrier, which
even faster. Figure 28 shows how lhe inclusion of a is coupled to lhe line through lhe network interface.
line amplitude equalizer is used for "leveling off" lhe The other end of the phone link understands lhe an-
frequency response of the distorted signal by empha- swer tone to mean that it has reached a valid modem.
sizing lhe higher frequ ency portion of the spectrum. lf The answer tone specifications conform to l he respec-
a comparatively good line is available, line equalization tive Bell or CCITT V.25 standards.
Data Communications/ November 1982

17
 will never tum on, thus prohibiting data transmission
3. Fui/ dup/11x. Because of the relatively sma/1 bandwidth and reception. The Am7910 also contains back-chan-
required for 300-bit/s operation, two distinct transmission nel handshake signals that are used with half-duplex
paths can be emp/oyed simultaneous/y for full-duplex 1.2-kbitls Bell 202 or CCITT V.23 modems. When the
communications (A). This is not possible with 1.2-kbit/ s modem is emulating a Bell 103 or CCITT V.21 , these
transmission (8), because the main channel requires too back-channel signals are ignored; only the main-chan-
much of the available bandwidth. nel signals are used. The back-channel signals are
functionally the sarne as the signals employed over l he
(A) BELL 103/113 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
main channel.
Bandwidth allocation
Low-speed 300-bitls data transmission is full duplex.
Both the transmil and receive channels use the sarne
amount of telephone-line bandwidth, although each
occupies a different channel in lhe speclrum. This can
be seen in Figure 3A. However, when a 1.2-kbitls FSK
''O" " 1" ''O" "1" modulation lechnique is employed, too much of the
telephone bandwidth is used to permil full-duplex data
transmission.
390 1,070 1,270 2,025 2,225 3,400 Figure 38 shows how the 1.2-kbitls FSK bandwidlh
1,170 2,125
is allocaled. Data transmission may occur at 1.2 kbitls
FAEOUENCY (Hz)
in one direction only. However, there is enough band-
width left to permit a low-data-rate channel in the re-
verse direction. The Am 7910 provides a back channel
for both the Bell 202 and CCITT V.23 modems. The
(B) 1,200 BIT/S Bell 202 back channel currently operates at 5 bitis
and typically is not used as a data channel, but rather
for status and signaling. ln fact, the 202 back channel
does not even use FSK, but instead performs onl off
BACK MAIN signaling. This means that if a signal is sent, an analog
signal of 387 Hz is transmitted. lf a signal is not to be
1,200 Hz
sent, no signal is present; i.e., lhe transmitter output is
O.O volts.
"1" "O"
Little meaningful data can be transmitted at 5 bitis.
The V.23 modem, however, contains a true asynchro-
300 1,300 2,100 3,400 nous FSK 75-bitls back channel, which is fast enough
420 1,700
to permit data transmission in the reverse direction.
FAEOUENCY (Hz)
For instance, 75 bit is will permit transmission of about
seven ASCII charac:ters per second. Most people do
not average much more than seven characters per
second when using a typewriter, so this particular
Also provided by the Am 791 O are the necessary modem has possible applications in the videotex mar-
handshake signals that are a part oi the RS-232-C or ketplace, where a high-speed main channel is needed
CCITT V.24 specifications. These handshake signals with a lower-speed back channel for typewriter-like
contrai the dynamic operation oi the modem pertinent response.
to the particular operational mode. For instance, "data ln some applications, 1.2-kbit l s transmission is
terminal ready' ' (DTR) is the chip "enable" signal. needed in both directions. To accommodate this, lhe
Unless DTR is active, the c hip is prevented from pro- Am 7910 can perform " line-turnaround," which is the
viding any modulation or demodulation. DTR is tradi- ability to change its operation from receiving at 1.2
tionally a signal from the terminal or controller inform- kbit ls and transmitting at 75 15 bit is to transmitting
ing the modem that the terminal is ready to transmit at 1.2 kbit ls and receiving at 75 15 kbitls. The
and receive data via the modem. Am7910 also meets the applicable Bell and CCITT
"Request to send" (RTS) is another signal from the recomendations regarding line-turnaround protocols.
terminal to the modem. RTS informs the modem that There is a special application in which the Am7910
the terminal has data to send via the modem immedi- modem will operate at 1.2 kbit I s, full-duplex. However,
ately. The modem responds with "clear to send" (CTS) this requires a 4-wire leased-line arrangement. The
signal, which means that the modem is ready to accept conventional switched network uses only two wires.
serial data from the terminal. When the modem is re- By putting the Am791 0 into a 1.2-kbitls loopback
ceiving valid data from another modem over the phone condition, both the transmitter and receiver are condi-
line, the carrier detect (CD) line is active, informing the tioned to operate at 1.2 kbit l s. Because the loopback
host controller or terminal that a valid carrier is being mode causes the transmitter and receiver to operate
received on the phone line. on the same-frequency channel, this may not be done
Unless DTR is active, CTS and CD from the modem on a two-wire line setup. ■
Data Communications/ November 1982

18
New Application Technology

Single-chip FSK modem

expands your design choices
Built-in ROM, programmable mode contrais, AIO and DIA
converters and digital bandpass filters allow one IC
to simulate a variety of low-data-rate Bel/ and
CCITT modem configurations.

Michael K Stauffer, Advanced Micro Devices lnc ers, data terminais and remote instrument diagnostics.
Note, for example, that previously, modem-system
For applications requiring Bell 103/113, Bell 202 or designs requiring asynchronous data rates to 300 bps
CCITI (lnternational Consultative Committee for Tele- full duplex or 1200 bps half duplex mandated multichip
phone and Telegraph) V.21 and V.23 modem configura- modems and numerous externai components to perform
tions, consider the Am7910 single-chip, multiple-func- analog filtering. But the Am7910 eliminates the need
tion FSK (frequency shift keying) voiceband modem. for analog filters by integrating on-board A/D and D/A
Compared with traditional implementations, it needs converters and a digital signal processor with a 24k
fewer externai parts to structure a working modem ROM anda 1.3k RAM to perform digital filtering. The
configuration. Thus, it saves space, lowers cost and result? Digital techniques that prove extremely stable,
implements a wide range of programmable communica- predictable and less prone to drift over temperature
tion capabilities in conj unction wit h personal comput- and time.

MAIN
CHANNE L
-
1
TRANSMITTED 10
DATA (TD)
- .
TRANSMITTER -~ TRANSMITTED
CARRIER (TC)
28 BACK
1
CHANNEL ' MAIN
CHANNEI.. 2_6
CAP,º 6
~7 1 RECEIVED
CAP 2 º RECEIVER 1§ DATA(RD)
.5 1
RECEIVED
BACK
CARRIER (RC) ... CHANNEL

MODE
CONTROL
INPUTS
,~g:
MC2
MC,
-1 7
- 18
-19
-20
~

INTERFACE
,
12 _
13
25' ":'.
11 :
REOUEST TO SENO (RTS) l
CLEAR TO SENO (CTS)
CARRIER DETECT (CD)
MAIN
CHANNEL

21 CONTROL
14 - BACK REOUEST TO SENO (BRTS) l BACK
MC, BACK CLEAR TO SENO (BCTS) CHAN NEL
27 ;:
DATA TERMINAL
RÉADY (DTR) -
16
1 .. :
3 -
BACK CARRIER DETECT (BCD)
RING(RI)
RESET

!
1
......
_ 24 1 ºCONNECTIONS FOR EXTERNAL 20 V (5V)
XTAL 1/CLK TIMING SERIES CAPACITOR (400 pF) 00
40 V ( -5V)
XTAL 2
-
_ 23
1
CONTAOL
1ANO RESISTOR (7.2 kO) FOR
OPERATING ON -CHIP
A/D CONVERTER
22
◄◄t-----=~o
88
90 ANALOG GROUND (AGND)
DIGITAL GROUND (DGND, Vssl

Fig 1-Fabricated using n-channel MOS technology and housed ln a 28-pin package, the Am7910 FSK voiceband modem
consists of transmitter, receiver and interface-control sections. lt operates at 300, 600 or 1200 bps and is compatible with Bel/• and
CCITT-recommended standards for the 103/1 13, 202, V.21 and V.23 types of asynchronous modems.

Reprinted with permission from EDN.

19
Digital signal processing
permits single-chip design

Loaded with built-in assets, the chip thus lends itself You generate t he modem's clocking by either at-
to overcoming complicated-as well as common- taching a 2.4576-MHz crystal to drive the internai
modem-design problems. Two application examples crystal oscillator or applying an externai TTL-compati-
demonstrate how it can ease circuit- and system-level ble clock signal. Fabricated using n-channel MOS
design challenges, and a look at the chip's digital- technology, the modem comes in a 28-pin,
signal-processing capabilities shows how you can use it 0.225 x 0.55 x l.50-in. Cerdip. Other available packages
to implement nine modem types. include a plastic DIP and a leadless chip carrier.
Requiring ± 5V, the modem consumes 600 mW max and
Chip comes complete operates over O to 70ºC ambient temperature.
Before you can benefit from considering t he design
examples, though, you must understand the Am7910's Modem needs only a few externai parts
performance characteristics (see box, "How the single- Because of its small sjze, you can install the FSK
chip FSK modem works"). Designed complete with modem inside inexpensive µC, data-terminal and
transmitter, receiver and interface control and timing instrument enclosures. Such integrated systems usual-
logic (Fig 1), the chip operates at 300-, 600- or 1200-bps ly must communicate at low to medium bit rates over
asynchronous data rates and adheres to applicable Bell- phone lines. Typical applications include accessing
and CCITI-recommended modem specifications. Five remote databases, activating security alarms, control-
pin-programmable mode-control lines (MCo to MC4) ling process equipment and reading status indicators.
select the desired modem configuration. More sophisticated applications encompass download-
Digital signal-processing and conversion techniques ing or updating software and diagnostics.
help the chip perform its major functions, such as To demonstrate how few additional externai parts
modulation, demodulation and filtering. Other key you need to install the Am7910 in common applications,
functions include autoanswering and analog and digital consider a minimum stand-alone modem configuration
loopback testing. Except for analog signal::;, the chip (Fig 2). ln this setup, an op amp and severa! resistors
furnishes TIL-levei RS-232C/CCITT V.24 terminal- form a duplexer circuit, which couples the modem's
interface control signals. transmitter output onto the phone lines via a direct-
Tex t continues on pg 148

Am 26LS32
Í - --7 Am79 10
20 '>---1-- - - - - -- - f OTR FSK MODEM TIP

>--r::;=== ====i.::;::.,=::j;----1 Ri's TC l--------<.....,.,-......,NV'..._..-i PHONE

LINES
1 -:- 5V~ : S, DLB TO
AG I--- ......__
19 o----
14
1
--+-< "',- ' - --
1-------;-+-1"',_.__ _ __
- - - - - + - --
---+-- -
-BRTS
- BTD
s,: 1
RING
DETECT RING

1~ 5V
ALB ~

5 CTS
XTAL 1

XTAL2 1--- --l

= 2.4576 M Hz

8 cõ CAP, .___ _
5V - 5V
400 pF
3 RO 5V
7.2k
BCTS
1M 5V
CAP2 1 - -- ~
~ 0.0lµF
POWER
1----- - -- -
~
RESET SUPPLY
16 t----+L- _-<__ J BRD

A m26LS29 MC, Rf l--- -- - -

MC3 Voo >------<1 sv ":'
RS -232C v •• 1------0 -5V
MC 2
CONNECTOR
NOTES:
MC, Vss DLB =DIGITAL LOOPBACK
ALB =ANALOG LOOPBACK/LOCAL COPY
MCo
-=- = DIGITAL GROUND
1k
V =AN ALOG GROUND
-:-
Fig 2-Attachlng a few externai parts transforms the Am7910 chip into a complete stand-atone modem. The op amp and
associated resistors form a duplexer circuit for direct-connecting the chip to an FCC-approved phone-/ine interface.
Level-conversion circuits Am26LS29 and Am26LS32 change the chip 's TTL voltage leveis to RS-232C leveis. Other resistors,
capacitors and switches let you activate the chip's on-board fun ctions to suit your app/ication needs.

20
 'í[:
/';,..
'
i'. SYSTEM
MEMORY
-
r RAM/ROM

.A
-
- V
• PHONE U NE RING L--..o
A
" INTERFACE PHONE
UNES

-- ~
r OTHER A
RING
DETECT DR
TIP - - - O
DT
SYSTEM
~)
-- ~
.I 110
A ~ ~ V

.----
CTL
A
' ...1\
V
... rn
-V
~
1 '

" &
A,-A15

AD0 -A07
,J ~ 8212
OCTAL
DLB-

• f R 400pF
k
) Voo
< () 5V

8085A
Y- P~9n IA
., " R, D
T, D
- ... RDX 1/CLK X2

TO
CAP, CAP2 • < 1M
'>
RESÊT " 1 0.01

--
µP K RTS
,
~ X pF
CTS ffl
,1

-- ( 8251A
UART, _ - ~ ffi
-:-
-Oo-
..
600
OPAMP

DTR õffi Am7910

FSK MODEM __J
J 1. . t>
-
V TC
CLK ' BRO
BTO
ALB -
2.4576
MHz
CLK
R,C r.c - BRTS
AC
--i ri 22k

x, x, - lreTs 22k

--
(/) _J y y iicõ
<( (/)
w
oa: Voo f--0 5V
D a:
o
f-
Vea f--0- 5V
4.9 152 M Hz Ô ~ R,D
o<(
(.)
A
T,D - ,...._ MC, • · MC,,AGNO Vss

-- ' K
8251A
RTS
CTS
J J.
K UART,
A
--
"V
' - CLK
R.C T,C
y y

8156 PA0
A
" RAM/ PA/ 1

-- ' r COUNTER
TIMER PB
~
7 ~ DLB
ALB

--
r--
A K
V
' CLK
PBo

_j
--
A

. "
(
CLKo
GAT 0
o uT0
CLK,
-
__J
3001600/1200 BAUD

r GAT 1 -
-
5175 BAUD
A - OUT,

' • 8253
TIMER/
COUNTER

:,, -.....,7'<.....7

Fig 3-ln a typlcal system-level appllcatlon, the Am7910 FSK modem functions under µP timing and contrai through UARTs and
timerlcounters. As programmed, UART, fumishes the main channel for Bel/ 202 and CCITT V.23 modems and the sole channel for
Bel/ 103 and CCITT V.21 modems. UART2 acts as the back channel for Bel/ 202 and CC/TT V.23 app/ications. The 8156's
p rogrammable 110 ports select the desired modem configuration; the 8253 serves as a baud-rate generator.

21
One IC can simulate nine
Bell and CCITT modem types

How the single-chip FSK modem works

The Am791 O single-chip modem channel) , the redun dant
fc = f, + (f2 - f,)/2 , transmitted energy could fall
comprises three main sections : a
transmitter (modulator), a receiver where f, is the lower of two FSK within the local receiver's
(demodulator) and term inal- frequencies and f2 is the higher. channel frequency band and
interface control logic. During op- ln addition to this primary infor- interfere with detection.
eration, the transmitter receives a mation band , sidebands also After passing through the digital
binary data stream from a source evolve and contain redundant in- bandpéiSS filters, the filtered FSK
such as a UART (universal asyn- formation. Employing digital band- signals get digitally interpolated at
ch ronou s receiver/transmitter) pass filters, the modem attenu- a very high sampling rate-many
and converts the data into analog ates this out-of-band energy for times the Nyquist rate. Next,
s ignals us ing frequ ency-shift- two reasons: an on-chip D/A converter trans-
keying (FSK) modulation-one bit • Telephone companies en- forms the interpolated signals to
per baud (Fig A). For example, a force specifications stan- analog signals. Last, an on-chip
ONE applied to the modem's dards that limit the amount 1-pole post filter smooths the
Transmitted Data (TO) input caus- of energy allowed in certain oversampled analog signals for
es a sine wave (f1) to appear at the frequency bands on the delivery to the TC output terminal.
Transmitted Carrier (TC) analog phone lines. These analog signals represent
output (Fig B). Conversely, a • When two independent in- the FSK-modulated carrier sent
ZERO applied to input TO results formation channels function over the phone lines via a Data
in a different sine wave (f2) at simultaneously on the Access Arrangement (DAA) de-
output TC. phone lines (eg, 300 bps full vice or an acoustic coupler.
As the input data switches be- duplex and 1200 bps half Functioning in an opposite
tween ONEs and ZEROs, the duplex with back or reverse manner from the transmitter's D/A
analog output modulates between
the digitally synthesized sine-
wave frequencies (f1 and f2) in a
phase-continuous process. The
modulation process, however, de- ----JnL---....1
0 o o

livers energy over a broad fre-

quency spectrum in addition to f1
and ti. A random sequence of
ONEs and ZEROs applied to TO,
for instance, produces a modula-
tion spectrum that flattens over a
bandwidth centered on fc (Fig C).
The moden I can recover the
transmitted information from a
B-wide frequency band, for exam- MARK SPACES MARK$ SPACE MARK
ple, where B equals the digital
data's bit rate or maximum rate of Fig B-When digital input data changes between ONEs and ZEROs, the transmitter
section converts this information into output sine waves at different frequencies. The
change. Under these conditions, MARK term refers to the frequency generated by a ONE; SPACE, to the frequency
the center frequency is generated by a ZERO.

TRANSMITTED

wv
CARRIER (TC)
TRANSMITTED

JUl -+
DATA (TD)
SINE
SYNTHESIZER
DIGITAL
BANOPASS
FILTERS
ANALOG
POST
FILTER

TO DAAOR
FROM ACOUSTIC COUPLER
UART

Fig A-The transmitter section of the Am7910 receives binary digital data from a source such as a UART and converts it to analog
signals using FSK modulation--one bit per baud. An acoustic coupler ora DAA device transfers the signals onto the phone fines.

22
signal-conve rsion process , the that process, a digital bandpass manner, it provides essential RS-
modem's receiver section con- filter rejects adjacent-channel en- 232C and CCITT V.24 handshak-
verts the FSK-modulated analog ergy and improves the detector ing signals for governing data
carrier present at the Received input signal-to-noise ratio. For transmission and reception. Con-
Carrier (RC) input into serial data 1200-bps modem configurations, taining delay-generation counters,
bits at the Received Data (RD) a fixed digital-equalizer filter com- PLA-driven transmission and re-
output (Fig D). Obtained via a pensates for degraded phone- ception state mach ines and
DAA device or an acoustic coup- line-amplitude and group-delay mode-control decode logic, this
ler, the modulated carrier first characteristics. section implements such common
becomes low-pass filtered by a Digital differential FM demodu- modem functions as Clear To
single-pole analog antialiasing fil- lation circuitry recovers the binary Send, Request To Send and Carri-
ter. Using a very high sampling data stream from the modulated er Detect for the main and back
rate, an interpolative A/D convert- data for availability at the RD channels; Rmg autoanswer capa-
er then transforms the filtered output. Additionally, detection cir- bility; Data Terminal Ready; and
output into a sequence of digital cuitry digitally extracts the Carrier the tive Mode Contrai inputs (MC 0
values. Oversampling eliminates Detect (CD) signal from the modu- to MC4) that select 19 user-avail-
the need for j nstalling complex, lated data to indicate that a valid able modem configurations ac-
precision antialiasing filters in carrier exists at the receiver. cording to Bell and CCITT specs.
front of the A/D converter. The third main section-the ter- For more information on the
Next, the oversampled data se- minal-interface contrai logic- in- Am7910, Circle No 749.
quence undergoes low-pass filter- teracts with a local terminal, which
ing and reduced sampling by a sends serial data to and receives
digital decimation filter. Following data from the modem. ln this

- 40

- 43

iõ
E
...J
w - 46
>
w
...J
1
B 1

1 '·
- 60

1100 1700 2300

F REOUENC Y (Hz)

Fig C----ln a typlcal V .23 modem's power-spectrum response for analog signals undergoing binary frequency modulation at 1200
bps, note that the response flattens at the 1700-Hz center frequency and decreases dramatically beyond the - 3-dB points (for
example, 1100 and 2300 Hz).

RECEIVED
CARRIER (RC)

DIGITA L
RECEIVEO
DATA IRO) _flfL
V\N ANALOG
PREFILTER BANOPASS
FILTERS
DIGITAL
·OEMOOULATION

FROM DAA
ORACOUSTIC -+-
COUPLER TOUART
CARRIER
DETECT
~
E (CD)

Fig D-The FSK modem's recelver sectlon accepts FSK-modulated analog carrier signals from a remota-site modem via an
acoustic coupler or a DAA device. lt transforms the information into binary data via built-in circuits such as analog and digital filters, an
AJO converter and a digital modulator. Carrier-detect circuitry indicares that a valid carrier signal exists in the receiver section.

23
Add a few externai parts; get
a complete stand-alone modem
connect phone-line-interface unit, thus allowing simul- two loopback test modes, a pply externa! signals DLB
taneous data reception on an adjacent channel on the (Digital Loopback) and ALB (Analog Loopback)
sarne phone tines. through an OR gate to the Mode Control 4 (MC4) input.
For the phone-line interface, you can employ an When you require RS-232C voltage leveis for inter-
FCC-approved commercially available or user-designed facing to terminal-control signals, you can use level-
device or, alternatively, an acoustic coupler to link the conversion circuits Am26LS29 and Am26LS32 to
modem's TC and RC pins to the phone lines. Within the furnish compatibility with t he modem's TTL handshak-
interface stage, note the Jack of externai analog filters. ing leveis. A power supply, an RS-232C connector, a pc
For modem timing, connect a 2.4576-MHz crystal board and an enclosure complete the stand-alone
across t he XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins. This crystal, which modem's parts list.
drives an on-chip oscillator, supplies a stable, precise
clock for correctly directing on-chip digital-filter and Dealing with system considerations
associated-circuit operation. A modem system-level application demands more
To ensure proper A/D-converter performance, attach complex support parts. For example, assume that the
a 400-pF capacitor and a 7.2-kD, resistor across the FSK modem must work with a data terminal and a
CAP1and CAP2 pins. Automatic operation of the Reset µP-based system controller (Fig 3). You can install the
circuit calls for connecting a 1-Mn resistor and a modem chip and t he µP on either the sarne pc board or
0.01-µF capacitor to the Reset pin. Consequently, different boards; both easily fit inside the sarne
applying power automatically causes the modem to enclosure. Requiring only a small amount of processing
enter an internai reset sequence. time, the µP controls the modem UARTs (universal
You can easily change modem configurations by asynchronous receiver/transmitters). Because the ter-
activating Mode Select switches S0 through S3 in minal functions on TTL-compatible control signals, you
various combinations. Switch S4 , however , when con- don't have to install level converters; the signals can go
nected across pins TD and RD, allows digital loopback directly to the UARTs.
testing. For local analog loopback testing, merely close To achieve programmable selection of different
switch Ss between the TC and RC pins. To select the modem types with just one chip, use a pair of

TABLE 1-MODE-CONTROL INPUTS FOR SELECTING MODEM CONFIGURATIONS

MODE MC 4 MC 3 MC 2 MC , MC0
-
o o o o o o BELL 103 ORIGINATE 300-BPS FULL DUPLEX
1 o o o o 1 BELL 103 ANSWER 300-BPS FULL DUPLEX
2 o o o o BELL 202 1200-BPS HALF DUPLEX
3 o o o 1 1 BELL 202 WITH EOUALIZER 1200-BPS HALF duplex
4 o o o o CCITT V.21 ORIGINATE 300-BPS FULL DUPLEX
5 o o o 1 CCITT V.21 ANSWER 300-BPS FULL DUPLEX
6 o o o CCITT V.23 MODE 2 1200-BPS HAL F DUPLEX
7 o o 1 1 1 CCITT V.23 MODE 2 WITH EOUALIZER 1200-BPS HALF DUPLEX
8 o o o o CCITT V.23 MODE 1 600-BPS HALF DUPLEX
9 o o o 1
10 o o o
11 o o 1 1
12 o o o RESERVED
13 o o 1
14 o o
15 o
16 o o o o BELL 103 ORIGINATE LOOPBACK
17 o o o 1 BELL 103 ANSWER LOOPBACK
18 o o o BELL 202 MAIN LOOPBACK
19 o o 1 1 BELL 202 WITH EQUALIZER LOOPBACK
20 o o o CCITT V.21 ORIGINATE LOOPBACK
21 o o 1 CCITT V.21 ANSWER LOOPBACK
22 o 1 o CCITT V.23 MODE 2 MAIN LOOPBACK
23 o 1 1 1 CCITT V.23 MODE 2 WITH EOUALIZER LOQPBACK
24 o o o CCITT V.23 MODE 1 MAIN LOOPBACK
25 o o 1 CCITT V.23 BACK LOOPBACK
26 o o
27 o 1 1
28 o o RESERVED
29 o 1
30 o
31

24
single-channel 8251 UARTs. For example, Fig 3's With both UARTs set for 16-times clocking, OUT0
UART1 and UART2 can furnish main- and back-channel furnishes 16 times 300, 600 or 1200 baud for driving
capability, respectively, for Bell 202 and CCITT V.23 UART1's baud-clock inputs.
modem types. Additionally, UART1 can serve as t he Similarly, you program the 8253's Counter 1, also
single channel for Bell 103 and CCITT V.23 modem connected to CLKo, to provide different clock rates at
types. Accordingly, if your application calls only for OUT1, such as 16 times 5 or 75 baud, to drive UART2's
Bell 103 or CCITT V.21 modem types or doesn't need baud-clock inputs. Therefore, to obtain a 1200-baud
back-channel capability for Bell 202 or CCITT V.23 main-channel rate and a 75-baud back-channel rate, you
types, you can eliminate the second UART. program Counter O for a 19,200-Hz output (16 x 1200)
Another support device-the 8156 RAM/timer/count- and Counter 1 for a 1200-Hz output (16 x 75). Then, with
er-eontains programmable I/O ports. It selects vari- both counters set to Mode 2 (rate generator), Counter O
ous modem configurations via the Am7910's MCo gets loaded with a divide-by-128 factor (2.4576
through MC 4 pins and also receives the carrier-detect MHz-d28=19,200) and Counter 1 with a divide-by-16
(CD and BCD) signals from the modem for µP
evaluation. The ALB and DLB loopback-test-mode
signals originate within t he 8156.
For system clocking, the 4.9152-MHz crystal-driven
µP supplies a 2.4576-MHz clock output to UART1. This
TRANSMITTER -
TRANSMIT 1200/600 BAUD(MAIN CHANNEL)
TRANSMIT 5175 BAUD
(BACK CHANNEL)

----
TRANSMIT 1200/600 BAUD
-

~~º-
RECEIVE 5175 BAUD

--- -
OR---
output also drives the 8253 timer/counter's prescaled
TRANSMIT 5175 BAUD
clock input (CLKo). Because the 8253 serves as a - - ~
ANO
baud-rate generator in this application, you program its RECEIVE 5175 BAUD

-
(BACK CHANNEL) RECEIVE 1200/600 BAUD
Counter O to provide different clock rates at OUTo. RECEIVER
RECEIVE 1200/600 BAUD
(MAIN CH ANNEL)

CCITT V.21 CHAN NEL ASSIGNMENTS

w
o
...:::;:::>
tl.
:::;;
<{

'º 'º fc fc
FREQUENCY (Hz)
TRANSMITTER PHONE
UNE

.. 1 ►
w
RECEIVER o
...:::;:::>
tl.
:::;;
<{

1700
fc
FREQUENCY (Hz)
BELL 202 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS
1200 BPS

w
o
FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENTS
...:::;:::>
tl.
ORIGINATING END ANSWERING END :::;;
<{

1070• Hz SPACE 2025· Hz SPACE

TRANSMIT 2225•Hz MARK
1270• HzMARK 300 387 1200 1700 2200 3300
1070- Hz SPACE SPACE: O _j fc
2025· HzSPACE
RECEIVE 1270· Hz MARK MARK: 387 FREQUENCY (Hz)
2225· Hz MARK

Fig 4-ln full-duplex mode, the Am7910 simuftaneously Fig 5--ln half-duplex mode with maln and back channels,
transmits and receives data at 300 bps for Bel/ 1031113 and the Am7910 transmits at 1200/600 bps and receives at 5175
CCJTT V.21 configurations. For each arrangement, two bps for Bel/ 202 and CCITT V.23 modem configurations.
independent frequency-multiplexed channels work within the Alternatively, it can transmit at 5/75 bps and receive at
phone line's 3000-Hz bandwidth. 1200/600 bps.

25
Analog and digital loopback
modes aid on-line testing
factor (19,200+ 16= 1200). NOTES: CCITT V. 23 MODEM. 1200-BPS BER VS SNR,
For the direct-connect phone-line interface, use an DIFFERENT LINES
FCC-approved commercial or user-designed unit that LOCAL TRANSMIT - 10 dBm. 75-BPS BACK
CHANN EL: RECEIVE LEVEL - 25 dBm, 5 11 -BIT
includes ring detection and off-hook control. TEST PATTERN
The minimum and system-level configurations just
discussed illustrate only basic Am7910 applications. To
tailor the chip to your needs, you can make use of its ir
w
~
FRENCH #3-
digital-signal-processing capabilities to implement nine ...
w 10 - l EOUALIZER
<t IN
different modem types. a:
a:
Because most of the chip's signal processing involves o
a:
a: 10 - • /
filtering, its factory-programmed arithmetic circuitry ...iõ
w

can invoke a particular digital filter as well as structure

other similar filters. To deal with the filters' major 10 - s
design differences, the chip's 24k ROM stores the
digital-filter-coefficient constants. With the basic arith-
10 - •
metic overhead for one filter in place, addressing.more 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SNR(dB)
ROM sets up the designs of many different filters.
(a)
Time or space division or a combination of the NOTES: BELL 103 ORIGINATE MODEM, 300-BPS BER VS SNR.
DIFFERENT LIN ES
techniques can multiplex this arithmetic resource. The
10 - 1 LOCAL TRANSMIT = - 10 dBm. 300-BPS.
amount of filtering performed per unit time depends RECEIVE LEVEL = - 24 dBm. 51 1-BIT
primarily on the arithmetic resource's operational TEST PATTERN

speed. Time-division mult:iplexing also dictates tempo- 10 - >

rary RAM storage for each filter's internai design
variables. The number of different filters t hat can ir
w
~ 1Q - l
space-multiplex the arithmetic resource depends solely ...
w

on the chip's ROM capacity and cost, which usually <t

a:
a:
prove extensive and low, respectively. oa:
10 - •
a:
ln its arithmetic resource, the FSK modem performs ...iõw
digital signal processing without using a hardware
array multiplier. Instead, it uses optimized canonic 10 - s

signed-digit representations for t he filter coefficients,

permitting the design of the arithmetic resour ce as a
10 - •
straightforward shift-and-add architecture. (b) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SNR (dB)
Based on these built-in design attributes, the
Fig 7--6it-error rate (BER) versus signal-to-nolse ratlo
Am7910 emulates nine Bell 103, Bell 202, CCITT V.21 (SNR) performance plots, which also track total distortion,
and CCITT V .23 modems (Table l). You select a prove useful for testing various modem configurations and
particular modem configuration by applying the proper phone-line conditions. For example, at equal BERs, a V.23
1200-bps modem operating under stated test conditions on a
digital code to the five Mode Control inputs (MCo to French No 3 phone fine with a compromise equalize,
MC4). Modes Othrough 8 serve as the normal operation- consistently yields a higher SNR than when it functions on flat
al functions. phone fines without an equalizer (a). ln another example, a
Bel/ 103 Originate 300-bps modem operating in fu/1-duplex
You can choose the four 1200-bps modes with or mode under stated test conditions yields higher SNR on Bel/
without a compromise line equalizer. Essentially a long fines than on flat ones (b).

FSK MODEM

TRANSMITTEO TRANSMITTEO TRAN SMIT

DATA (TO) CARRIER (TC) CARRIE R (Tx)
- 11
1
TRANSMITTEA
1 1
1
~

L
-
ANALOG
--
DATA \
PH ONE
' ..... :._~PBACK

-1
TERMINAL DIGITAL
LI NES
LOOPBACK
\
~ AECEIVER ~ o---t, o
RECEIVEO
DATA (AD)
11 1 1CARRIEA
RECEIVEO
(RC)
REC EIVE
GARRI ER (Rx)

Fig 6-When you select one of 10 loopback modes, the transmitter and receiver signal-processing circuits operate on the sarne
channel or frequency band. This capability lets you connect the ana/og output to the analog input for local analog /oopback tests.
Similarty, you can connect digital data input and output signals together for digital loopback testing.

26
 Received Data (RD) or Back Transmitted Data (BTD)
TABLE 2-Am7910 MODE M DISTORTION to Back Received Data (BRD). These connections allow
M EASU REM ENTS a remote modem to test a local modem with its digital
FLAT PHONE• OISTORTEO (FRENCH #3) data signals Iooped back.
M ODEM LINE OISTORTION PHONE LINES
ln addition to testing, loopback modes prove useful in
CCITT V.23 10% 14%
(1200 BPS) 4-wire (leased) phone-line applications. For example,
BELL 202 14% 20% the Bell 202 or CCITT V.23 main-channel loopback
(1200 BPS)
mode makes possible full-duplex operation at 1200 bps
BELL 103 4% 4%
(300 BPS) over a 4-wire line with one Am7910. And t he CCITT
CCITTV.21 8% 8% V.23 back-channel loopback mode provides independent
(300 BPS)
transmitter and receiver channels at 150 bps via one
NOTES: PEAK INTERSYMBOL DISTORTION (ISOCHRONOUS :t BIAS)
MEASURED OVER O TO - 43 dBm INPUT SIGNAL RANGE. Am7910 in conjunction with two 2400-bps differential
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY = O TO - 48 dBm phase-shift-keying modems on a 4-wire line.
CARRIEA DETECT THRESHOLD = ON WHEN RECEIVER INPUT
,. - 43 dBm: OFF WHEN RECEIVER INPUT s - 48 dBm. For system designers, the key modem performance
parameter centers on the expected errors for specified
phone-line conditions and transmitted-data configura-
digital filter, this equalizer flattens a typical phone tions. A standard error measurement is the modem
Iine's amplitude and group-delay characteristics to receiver's BER:
improve the modem's bit-error rate (BER). 2 I NCORRECTLY RECEIVED BITS
For low-data-rate applications, the simulated Bell 103 BER = lTRANSMITTED BITS
and CCITT V.21 modems allow 300-bps full-duplex When measuring this BER , specified conditions
operation over the switched phone network (Fig 4). commonly include phone-line amplit ude and group-
Each modem transmits and receives simultaneously by delay responses, received signal levei and SNR. Most
sharing available transmission bandwidth via frequen- tests utilize a 511-bit pseudorandom sequence as the
cy-division multiplexing. For these two modem types, digital test pattern modulated by the transmitter. Plots
Mode Contrai input MC0 establishes t he Originate or of BER ver sus SNR exemplify typical performance
Answer mode, permitting easy and automatic mode results (Fig 7) .
selection during call establishment. For FSK asynchronous modems, telegraph distortion
For medium-data-rate applications, the simulated measurements-bias and isochronous (jitter)-distortion
Bell 202 and CCITT V.23 modems perfor m at 1200 bps testing-reveal transmission quality and possible BER
in half-duplex mode with a second (back or reverse) problems (Table 2). Bias tests determine the equality
channel (F ig 5). Each modem transmits and receives between ONE and ZERO pulse durations in the
data, but not simultaneously at 1200 bps, over typical r eceiver's data output. Similarly making use of the
2-wire phone lines. r eceiver's data output, isochronous-distortion tests also
To transfer data in both directions during a call, the aid in detecting transition-time variations. EDN
modem reverses the transmisson direction as needed-
a technique termed line turnaround. You can avoid this
Author's biography
inefficient process, however, when conditions call for
sending most of t he data in one direction. To achieve Michael K Stauffer serves as
voice- and data-communica-
greater efficiency, employ a small portion of t he tions section manager at Ad-
bandwidth as a back or reverse channel. Within this vanced Micro Devices lnc
channel, transmit the data at a much lower rate and in (Sunnyvale, CA), where he
the direction opposite to, but simultaneous with, su pervises single - chip-
main-channel transmission. Main- and reverse-channel voiceband-modem product
definition, design and applica-
segments t hus provide full-duplex operation but at tion. Before joining the firm 3 1h
different data r ates. yrs ago, he worked at Searle
Ten modes (16 to 25) allow both analog and digital Ultrasound and GenRad's
Ioopback for each modem specification met by the Time/Data Div. Mike holds a
BSEE degree trom the Massachusetts lnstitute of Tech-
Am7910 (Fig 6). When you select a loopback mode, the
nology, an MSEE from Stanford University and two patent
modem sets ali transmitter and receiver filters to t he grants and maintains membership in the ACM and the
sarne frequency band. This setup lets you externally IEEE. His leisure-time activities include tennis, skiing and
connect the Transmitted Carrier (TC) analog output to racquetball.
the Received Carrier (RC) analog input for local analog
loopback testing.
Alternatively, you can externally connect various
digital data signals, such as Transmitted Data (TD) to 1982 by CAHNERS PUBLISHING COMPANY

27
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