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    Multiprocessing and Multithreading

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    Graciela Andreatta
    Multiprocessing and multithreading are techniques used to exploit parallelism outside of a single program or thread. Multiprocessing uses multiple CPUs to process different parts of a program simultaneously. Multithreading allows the processor to switch between programs or threads when waiting for data from slow memory, improving overall system throughput. These techniques have become more common as transaction-based applications and demand for throughput have increased.

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    Multiprocessing and Multithreading

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    Graciela Andreatta
    39 views4 pages
    Multiprocessing and multithreading are techniques used to exploit parallelism outside of a single program or thread. Multiprocessing uses multiple CPUs to process different parts of a program simultaneously. Multithreading allows the processor to switch between programs or threads when waiting for data from slow memory, improving overall system throughput. These techniques have become more common as transaction-based applications and demand for throughput have increased.

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    Multiprocessing and multithreading are techniques used to exploit parallelism outside of a single program or thread. Multiprocessing uses multiple CPUs to process different parts of a program simultaneously. Multithreading allows the processor to switch between programs or threads when waiting for data from slow memory, improving overall system throughput. These techniques have become more common as transaction-based applications and demand for throughput have increased.

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    39 views4 pages

    Multiprocessing and Multithreading

    Uploaded by

    Graciela Andreatta
    Multiprocessing and multithreading are techniques used to exploit parallelism outside of a single program or thread. Multiprocessing uses multiple CPUs to process different parts of a program simultaneously. Multithreading allows the processor to switch between programs or threads when waiting for data from slow memory, improving overall system throughput. These techniques have become more common as transaction-based applications and demand for throughput have increased.

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    MULTIPROCESSING AND MULTITHREADING

    None of the techniques that exploited instruction-level parallelism within one program could make up for the long stalls that occurred when data had to be fetched from main memory. For this reason, newer generations of computers have started to exploit higher levels of parallelism that exist outside a single program or program thread. This trend is sometimes known as throughput computing. This idea originated in the mainframe market where online transaction processing emphasized not just the execution speed of one transaction, but the capacity to deal with massive numbers of transactions. With transaction-based applications such as network routing and web-site serving greatly increasing in the last decade, the computer industry has re-emphasized its capacity and throughput issues. One technique of how this parallelism is achieved is through multiprocessing systems, computer systems with multiple CPUs. Once reserved for high-end mainframes and supercomputers, small scale (2-8) multiprocessors servers have become commonplace for the small business market. For large corporations, large scale (16-256) multiprocessors are common. Even personal computers with multiple CPUs have appeared since the 1990s. Another technique that has become more popular recently is multithreading. In multithreading, when the processor has to fetch data from a slow system memory, instead of stalling for the data to arrive, the processor switches to another program or program thread which is ready to execute. Though this does not speed up a particular program/thread, it increases the overall system throughput by reducing the time the CPU is idle.

    Otra tcnica que se ha vuelto ms popular recientemente es multithreading. En multithreading, cuando el procesador tiene que obtener los datos de una memoria de sistema lento, en lugar de estancamiento de los datos para llegar, el procesador cambia a otro programa o de hilos de programa que est listo para ejecutar. Aunque esto no se acelera un programa en particular / hilo, aumenta el rendimiento global del sistema al reducir el tiempo de la CPU est inactivo.

    1.

    Transcriba a qu refieren las siguientes palabras en el texto. Ejemplo: that (lnea 17) refiere a technique

    a. that (lnea 2)

    _____long stalls______________

    b. This idea (lnea 5)

    ____ throughput computing _______

    c. where (lnea 6)

    _______ mainframe market _______

    d. its (lnea 10)

    _______ computer industry ______

    e. which (lnea 20)

    _______ program thread ____

    2. Lea el texto con atencin y responda las siguientes preguntas en espaol. a. Qu entiende por -throughput computing-? Dnde surgi? Este trmino se refiere al rendimiento de la informtica. Esta idea se origin en el mercado del ordenador central, donde el procesamiento de transacciones en lnea no slo hacen hincapi en la velocidad de ejecucin de una transaccin, sino de la capacidad para hacer frente a un nmero masivo de las transacciones. b. En qu difieren los sistemas de multiprocesamiento actuales de los anteriores? Difieren en la velocidad y la precisin. Ya que las nuevas generaciones de computadoras han empezado a explotar un mayor nivel de paralelismo que existe fuera de un solo programa o hilo del programa.

    c. En qu consiste la tcnica de -multithreading-? Cul es su ventaja? 1. Traduzca los siguientes grupos nominales. a. instruction-level parallelism: ------------------------b. on -line transaction processing: ------------------------c. transaction-based applications: -------------------------

    d. network routing: --------------------------------e. slow system memory: ------------------------------

    2. Complete el siguiente cuadro con informacin del texto.

    SUJETO This trend Online transaction processing multiprocessors servers the processor

    VERBO is known (L. 5 ) emphasized (L. 6) have become (L. 13) has to fetch (L.18)

    TRADUCCIN DEL VERBO SEGN EL TEXTO

    Traduzca el siguiente texto. TYPES OF MULTIPROCESSING Processor symmetry In a multiprocessing system, all CPUs may be equal, or some may be reserved for special purposes. A combination of hardware and operating-system software design considerations determine the symmetry in a given system. For example, hardware or software considerations may require that only one CPU responds to all hardware interrupts, whereas all other work in the system may be distributed equally among CPUs; or execution of kernel-mode code may be restricted to only one processor (either a specific processor, or only one processor at a time), whereas the user-mode code may be executed in any combination of processors. Multiprocessing systems are often easier to design if such restrictions are imposed, but they tend to be less performant than systems in which all CPUs are utilized equally. Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems. In systems where all CPUs are not equal, system resources may be divided in a number of ways, including asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP), non-uniform memory access (NUMA) multiprocessing, and clustered multiprocessing (qq.v.). En un sistema de multiprocesamiento, todas las CPU puede ser igual, o algunos pueden ser reservados para propsitos especiales. Una combinacin de hardware y sistema operativo, las consideraciones de diseo de software determinar la simetra de un sistema dado. Por ejemplo, las consideraciones de hardware o software puede requerir que una sola CPU responde a todas las interrupciones de hardware, mientras que todas las dems tareas en el sistema puede ser distribuido en partes iguales entre las CPU, o la ejecucin de cdigo en modo kernel, puede ser restringido a un solo procesador (ya sea un procesador especfico, o un solo procesador a la vez), mientras que el cdigo en modo de usuario puede ser ejecutado en cualquier combinacin de los procesadores. Los sistemas de multiprocesamiento son a menudo ms fciles de disear, si estas restricciones se imponen, sino que tienden a ser menos eficiente que los sistemas en los que todas las CPUs se utilizan por igual. Sistemas que tratan por igual en todas las CPUs se llaman de multiproceso simtrico (SMP). En los

    sistemas en todas las CPUs no son iguales, los recursos del sistema se puede dividir en un nmero de maneras, incluyendo multiprocesamiento asimtrico (ASMP), acceso no uniforme a memoria (NUMA) de multiprocesamiento, y de multiprocesamiento en clster (qq.v.).

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