Oe fiIP e Obn1 's law.

1,
current flow ing through the electric circuit is directly proportional to the
'fhe h . .
.
tentia1 difference. across l e circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance
po . cuit provided the temperature remains constant
of the cir ' .
z. Define Kirchofrs current law.

Kirchoff's current law states that in a node, sum of entering current is equal
of leaving current.
to sum
t l at junction point = O

3, Define Kirchoff's voltage law.

Kirchoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any
closed path is zer~. , . , ~· .. , . ' , . _:; :r .
., ,..

Around a closed path 'f.V = 0 '~ , · :- :_ . ,- .. __ . ,. • . .

- • '#., ~ • '

4. Defme voltage source~ in se~~es.... .:_ :-,.: . . ...

' ' .
Voltage sources in series may- be r_eplaced by an equivalent _¥oltage source
having a voltage equal to the algebraic .sum of the individual sources.
S. Define current source in parallel.
The algebraic sum of the parallel current ,source is equivalent to a single
current source.
6. What is capacitor ?
Any •two conducting plates · separat~d by an insulating ·dielectric form a
capacitor. The capacitance is denoted by C and it is measured in Farads (F) ..

Q
C= -
V

Where, C- Capacitance ; Q- Charge ; V - Voltage ·

1.100
•
7. Define acti,.•e and passive clcn1ents.
The source of energy are called active element.
Example : Voltage source. current source,
The element which stores or dissipates energy is called passive el

Ex_ample : Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor.

8. , vhat is circuits'?
A ncrwork containing atleast one closed pa~ is called an electric

9. \Vbat Js network?
Interconnection of two (or) more simple circuit elements is called

ner.vork.
10. Defin e current.
The flow of free electrons in a metal is called electric current.
current is the ampere.

Current (l) = .9..

t
where, Q is total charge transferred.
t is ti.me required for transfer of charge.

11. What is voltage?

The potential difference between two points in 1 •
voltag Th • f . an e ectnc
e. e unit o voltage is volt. It is represented by V or V.

It W Workdone
•u
vo age = - _
Q
----=-
Charge

12. F"m d the equivalent

. resistance between A and B .ID fi gure.
1n
A----1

lxl 1n
Solution: = 1+ l + 0.5

= o.5 + o.5 = 1 0
 R
cq
== ~
l +1
10

== 0,50

10

13 Two resistors of S ohm and 10 0 h · · . .

• m arc connected 1n sencs. J,f the total
vol~age across tw,o resi5tors is 12 volt, find the voltage drop in 5 ohm
resistor.

sn ,on
12
I == IS = 0.8A

Voltage drop across SQ resistor = 0.8 x 5

+
=4V
12 V

14. Tw~ capacitors ~ 1 an~ C 2 are connected in series if c = 10 µF and

equivalent capacitance 1s 1.67 µF. 1

Solution :

10xC2
l.67 = lO+C
2
10C2 : 16.7 + l.67C2
8.33C2 = 16.7
~ = 2 µF
IS. A resistance R is connected in series with parallel circuit comprising two
resistance of 12 ohm and 8 ohm. The ·total power dissipated in the circuit
is '700W, When the applied voltage is 200V. Calculate the value of R.
 IIJIJVV

11 JW

120w

200V
Solution :
P = VI

P 700
1= V = 200 = 3.5 A
12 and Sn Resistance are parallel.
l2x8
-- -
12+8
= 4.8

Total Resistance is (4.8 + R)

V = lR
V
(4.8 + R) = I
200
4.8 + R = .S
3
4.8 + R = 57.142
R = 52.34 Q

R
16. Three fans are connected in
parallel across 200V, Each is
i-ated at l00W, 110W, 120W
respectively. How much current
flows through each and what is
the total current.
 VI= P
current through l OOW fan : 200 x I = 100
I • 0.5A
current through l lOW fan : 200 x I = 110
l 110
= 200 • 0.55A
current through 120W fan : 200 >< I = 120
120
I= 200 • 0.6A
_ State voltage division rule. ·
17
Voltage across a resistor in a series cir • . 0
!
the series elements multiplied by the valu:u: ;~ual the t_ot_al voltage across
·stance of the series elements t resistor d1v1ded by the total
res1 · • R ·
V - l
1- R +R x V
I 2
is. State Current division rule.
Current in any branch . is equal .to the ratio of the opposite • parallel branch
resistance to the total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in
_.
• •
• the cucuit.
• • T

R2 .
l1_= R1+R2 XI

19. Define Source transformation.

The voltage and current -sources may be inter changed without affecting the
remainder of the circuit this technique is the source transformation. Source
.transformation is tool for simplifying circuits.

10. What is mesh analysis?

Mesh analysis is one of the basi~ technique used for finding current flo)Ving
through the loop in a network. Mesh· analysiti is applicable if the given •etwcd
contains voltage sorces. If there exists c in a circuit. Then it should
be converted into equjvalent v9ltage so •
ll. What is nodal anlaysis? 11M · solution for
Nodal anlaysis is one of the ~c
-itage drop across the nodes in~:.a .•
i-104 . ble if the S
.
1ven
network contains current
b
Nodal analysis is app Iica . circuit then it can to e con\'\
in the given '
there exists voltage sources
equivalent current sources. . ·I analysis?
for Supcrmes •
22. When do we go rk has a c urrent source, the n it is sligh
If the branches in the netwo
to apply mesh analysis. b. d. fftculty is by apply ing the supermesh
One way to over come l is l
In this case we have to choose supermesh.
. . t d by two adjacent loops that have conun
A supermesh 1s constttu e
source.
I •? ·,
23 When do we, go for supernode ana ys1s. ,.
• If the branches in the network has a voltage source, the~ it is ~Ii
to apply nodal analysis.
One way to overcome this di fficulty is by applying the supemod
[n this case, we have to choose super node.
A supernode is constituted by two adjacent node that have co
source.
24. Defme mesh.
A mesh is defined as a loop which does not contain any other lo

2S. A voltage divider circuit of two resistors is designed with a to

of the two resistors equal to son. If the output voltage is 10•
voltage, obtain the values of the two resistors in the circa
Solution :
90% 10%
R, R2

·14----son ___....,.1
RI = 90% x 50
=: 0.9 X 50

Rl = 45Q
R:z == 10% X 5Q
= QJ X 50
R1 == SQ
 ·t down the formula for a star ·con11ected network is converted into a
1, wn e
delta network?
RARB+RBRc+RcRA
RAB = Re

RARB + RBRc+ RcRA

R8c - RA

RARB+RBRc+RcRA
RcA - R
8
2, Write down the Iormula for a delta connected network is converted into a
star network ? R x R
AB CA

Where l:RAB =RAB+ Rae+ RcA

l State Superposition theorem.

Any electric circuit (linear, lumped, bilateral), energeied by two or more sources,
lberesPonse in any element in the network is equal to the algebraic sum ofthe responses
caused by individual sources acting separately.
◄. 8t1 te Thevenin1s theorem.

Acomplex network having linear bilateral, lumped elements with open circuited
=.!~ !enninals can be reduced by ~ simple circuit consisting of a single voltage
"Vlllte in ser·1es w1·th a impedance.
·
••------------------~-~
S. State Norton's theorem.. . .
-
-~~~
~
,

Any electrical network (linear, lumped, bilateral) with short cir •

can be reduced by a simple circuit consisting of a single current ;uitect·'""''
• . . 1 . urec hl --.ii,
wtth a thevenins equ1va ent resistance. l>araJ1ei
6. State maximum power transfer theorem.
Power transferred from source to load will be maximum, when 80
is equal to load resistance looking back from its load terminals. urcel'eai,
7. Give the condition for maximum2 DC
~ =~ RL = Load resistance

I\h = Theveni~'s equivalent

V 2
th
Pmax - for A-C
42th
2t, =Zth Z L = Load impedance

Zth = Thevenin's impedance

'
8. Draw the Thevenin's equivalent circuit.

Rlh

E
r -
Rth +RL

hat is the lim 't f .

Su . . • a ion of super position theorem ?
per position can be applied t t· .
Th o inear network only
e network should 1· fy .
sa is to homogenity principle.
 Define power.

J. te of doing work by eleclrical energy or ·energy supplied p er unit time is

The ra Th . d dL • • d . tts
called the power. e power 1s enote 1:1y either P (or) p. It 1s measure m wa
(JI).
Workdone in electric circuit
Power= Time

dw dw dq
p == di = dq . dt
P=VI
2, What is average value?

It is defined as area under one complete cycle to period.

The average value of the sine wave is the total area under the half-cycle curve
divided ~y the distance of the curve.

Average Value - Area under one complete cycle

Period
3. Define R.M.S. value.

The r.m.s value may be determined by taking the mean of the squares of the
_instanteneous value of current over one complete cycle.

RMS == (Area under hatched line)2

Period
Define f or111 factor.

The ratio ofR.Ms value to the average value is called the form factor.

Fonn factor ( 1'f) RMS Value

== Average Value
 5. Define Peuk fuclor.
Peak fac tor is de lined us the ratio of the maxim
um value lo therms ~al11e

Muxi111um Vuluc
Peo k fo cto r ( k/1)
= RM S Vuluc

6• \uh
"l'
at is ins t:intaneous value?
particular moment is called .
The value of an alternating current, at any
. 1:1
instantaneous valu e.

\Vh ai arc peak value and peak to peak

value?
7,
wave during positive (or) ncgai.•
The peak value is the highes tvalue of the sine _ 1
- •e
half only.
peak to peak value 'rt.
The sum of positive and negative value is called a • •nc JlCac
e is equal to two times the ,-. •
to peak value of a sinusoidal alternating voltag
1
~ \'a)1,;e_

8. What is average value ?

a under the half cycle tun·,
The average value of the sine wave i_s the total are
_
divided by the distance of the curve -.
V(t)

IT
=TI V(t) dt
0

usoidal voltage.
9. Define effective value or RMS value of sin
the mean of the squares of the
The R.M.S value may be determined by taking
antane ous value of current.over one complete cycle. This is often known as !ht
inst
effective value.
T

Vrms = _!_ f(V(t)) 2

dt
T o

10. Define phase angle.

. d oted brt•
The angIe between voltage and current' is called phase angle. It 1s en
~edance?
What is .
ti• . of the phasor voltage
b rauo • hto the phasor current is called impedance. It 1s
T easZan d J·t is measured
. mo ms.
denoted V
Impedance (Z) = l
e admittance.
1z, Defi n . . .
The.reCl.procal of 1mp,edance 1s called adm,ttance. It is denoted as y and it is
measured in Sjen1ens(s)

Admittance (Y) - -Z1 --I

- V
l3. Define Phasor diagram.
}
The phasor diagran11s a name given to a sketch in the complex plane showing the t,I
relationships of the phasor voltages and phasor currents throughout a specific circuit. t•
14. What is instantaneous power? I

The power at any instant of time is known as instantaneous power '

P(I) = V(I) . i (1) JI
JS. What is average power? l
~
i;

The average ,o f the instantaneous power over one period is called average power. 't
Average power is also defined as the product of voltage and current.
16. What is apparent power?

The product ofV rms & Irms is known as the apparent power(s).
Apparent Power (S) = V eff Ieff VA
17
• Define power factor.

The ratio of the ave.r age power to the apparent power is called the power factor.
p0 Average Power
wer factor ::::: ----=---
l8, Wb t • Apparent Power
a IS Power triangle?
1111
1llt Aco nonly employed graphical representation°
· f co mplex power is known as
~iangte.

•
 ~'
19. Define Complex Power.
t of the rm s vo lta ge ph as or and the complex conj~

'td·
The produc
co mp lex po we r. It is denQted as s a:nd it ~ Of q,, lliti
current phasor is known as
volt-amperes (VA). 1'
The complex power is S = 1/2 VI
20. What is reactive power?
as the pr od uct of the ap plied vo lta ge and reactive co111
It is defined
o ca lle d as im ag ina ry co m po ne nt of the apparentpollentor\
current . It is als P0\t1/er•1.11,
· e <VA'l
· · re d ·
1n un ·t
i vo lt - am pe re reactiv
represented by "Q" and 1t 1s measu ).
Q = Vefrlerr sin~VAR ·
time periods an d fre qu en cy .
21. Distinguish between a cycle,
of po sit ive an d nega tive ins tan tan eo us values ofthevolt..-
One co mplete set ·- .,
current is called cycle .
by an alt ern ati ng qu an tit y to com plete one cycle.
The time taken . IS Cllct
time period (T) .
21t
Time period (T ) = -
(t)

tha t a alt ernating qu an tit y co mp let s per ~n d • D11111

The number of cycles, - ts
a~ frequency . It is measu red in Hz .

1
"Frequency (f) = T

reactive po we r.
22. Write th e expression fo r finding
Reactive power is given by,
Reactive power (Q) =Vcfflerrsin e VA
R
 ~ - -
,, . ·cnt state?
, I is tr:111s• . s energy storage elements, with change in excitation the curre
nt
\\b' workcon13111 s froIll one state too ther statc. 'fh b 1 •
t e c u1v1our of the voltage or
fafle chang e
l 10110 ges . . hanged from · one staIe to ano ther state 1·s called transi
ent slate.
and, when it is c ?
~rrent . nt response.
' ,1bul 1s. tra11s1e
nts deliver their. energ.y tothe resist
. ances, hence
the response
\ 1e ele1ne d
,r'hf, 1ora8_
5 . e. gets saturate a1ter sometime, an d ts
c. • . referred to
as the transient
hanges vwith om
11.... . f h . . b c .
. the response o t e c1rcmt e1ore 1t reaches steady state is called
c nse. Tha1t 5
re5pO . nt response.
.~.. u·ans1e •
u,., • econstant of RL C1rcm•t.
prfi~e tiJilaken to reach 63 .2% of final value in a RL circuit is called the time
11ieon1et
L
fRL circuit. Time constant (t) = R
constanto
time constant of RC circuit.
fi
De me
1be time-taken t? re~ch 3.6.8¾o of m1t1a
· · · 1current m
· an RC crrcu1
· ·t 1s
· called the time
tan! of RCc1rcu1t. Time constant (t) =RC
:,e down few applications of RL, RC and RLC circuits.
i.Coupling Circuits ii. Phase-Shift Circuits iii. Filters
iv.Resonant Circuits v. AC bridge Circuits vi. Transformers.
Define damping ratio.
his the ratio of actual resistance (R) in the circuit to the critical resistance (Rj. 1t
~denoted by greek letter zeta (x)

I = R~, = ~ Jf
Wutismeaot by natural frequency?
UlhedamPrmg ·is made zero then the response oscill
lilho ates with natural frequency
lio udt any opposition, such a frequency is called natural frequency of oscilla-
ns, enoted as w
l\ar n'
The . 15 transient time?
iscai:e ~en for the circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state
1
~t. e transient time.
11 th
e condition to be resent in a series RLC circuit to make the circuit
•
T

criticnlly d111npcd'l

R. )2 = _!_
(2L LC
·t uct 11t I = 0 nnd t = :V·.
10· l low docs i1 c11p11c1 or 1
. . W· know that capacitive reuctancc Xe;= 27tfc
Solution• e
•

1 at r = 0
fr = le ~

XC =~OSo' capacitor acts as•short circu1t. At r =¥,Xe= ¥ so capacitor acts as Oficn

circuit.

11. Define Rise time. . .

0
It is the time required ~or the response to rise from 101/o to 90% of final Value fi
overdamped system and Oto 100% of final value for underdamped system. or

12. Define resonant circuit.

The circuit that treat a narrow range of frequencies very differential) ti.. _ ,
. . The gain
other frequencies, are referred to as resonant circuit. · of a highlyy IU4II al:
• ( ) . . . resona:t
circuit attains a sharp maximum or m1n1mum as its resonant frequency. At
. . . . h resont:1
frequency XL = Xe. In resonant circuit current 1s 1n p ase with the applied volta£c.
~

13. What is resonant frequency?

The frequency at which resonance occurs is called resonance frequency,

1
f, = 21t✓
LC
At resonance frequency XL = Xe

14. Define selectivity.

Selectivity is defined as the ratio of bandwidth to the resonant frequencyof

resonant circuit.
Bandwidth
Selectivity = Resonant frequency
 . f ~i fY factor.
~r,o t qu11• d h .
, Ot ~ tor is define as t e ratio of m aximu m energy stored to the
Ji• JitY Jae I
d per eye e.
,.. qua·pate
""e
2 maxi
•
m um energy
,
stored
, dissct (Q) :::;
1t x
per eye1e
rg)
I QllalitY factor Energ y dissipated per cycle

. RLC circuit, if the value of L ao<.I C are 100 µH an d 0.J µF

r1es in Hz.
10 • se_ 1 find the reson ance freque ncy
1'- respective y, I
J; = 21tA f
]

= 21tJ 1oox 1o-6 x 0.1 x 1o-6

= 50329 Hz

Jf. Give any two comparisons how the circuit responses during series and
parallel resonance.

s.No. Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

R
I. Bandwidth = 21tL Bandwidth = R~

l Quality factor :::;

WL
R
-
Quality factor =R l
11 r,, circuits A & B are connected in parallel across 200V, SOHz supply,
tfrcuit Aconsists of 1Oohm resistance and 0.12H inductance in series while
cirtuit B consists of 20 ohm resistance in series with 40 µF capacitance.
Calculate current in each branch.
Solution : 100 0.12H

11 200 40µF

200V,50Hz
 200
II = 1O+ j37 .SO "" 25 ·27 A
2 10
l2 = 20 + j79 .57 = 55 ·23 A

Xi. = 2 x

I
1t x 50 x 0. 12 = 37.07Q
,
XC -- 2r t/c
1
= 2x n x5 0x 40 x 10-6 = 79.ss Q
19. A coil of resistance 20 and ind uct anc e of
0.01 Hi s connected.ID St ·
a cap aci tor C. If n1axin1un1 ·cur ren t occ urs at
25H z find th
e of•iii
e valune,
Sol utio n :
C.
R = 20 · L = 0.0 lH ; C = ?
' 1

Square on both sides ---

1 il

(2n)2 ( ✓0. 01 x C )
252 = 2

1 nirl
625 = - - - -
41t2 x0. 0lC ::::l)f
1 l ~·
c= -- :- -- -- -- ~le[
4n2 X Q.01 X 625 ~[!

C = 1.05 x 10- 3F
1· Define coupled circuit , give some example~ of coupled .
c1rcuits,
The coupled circuits refer to circuits involving el em .
. cnts 'W ith
coupling. If the flux produced by an element of a circuit links oth rnagrictk
er clemc
same circuit or nearby circuit, then the elements are said to have . nts c,f the
rnagnc11c
. . 1 T
Examples of coupled crrcmts are . rans1.stor. 2. Transformer. Cvuplirh°'
2. Define self inductance.

. \Vhen current is passed through a coil there will be rate of ch

linkages, this produced induced emf in the coil. This phenomenon _ange of Oux
. 1s called
induction. self

N~
L= ""7"
I
3. Define mutual inductance.
Due to the change in current in first coil, the emf is induced in sec d .
This phenomenon is called mutual inductance. on coil
·

N2 ~12 Nt
1 21
M= . (or) M = .
1
1 '2

4. Define co-efficient of coupling.

I
The amount of coupling between two inductively coupled coils is eiq>ressed
M
in terms of the co-efficient of coupling, which is defined as K = J1,Li
5. Write the expression which relates the self and mutual inductance.

The relation between self and mutual inductance is,

Mutual inductance, M = K .JL 1 L2

11111111111
 [eel v•• . .
covP f(icien t of couplin g
.co-e ,
~1,ere,
J(
seIf in. ductance of the first coi.l.
Li • If indu ctance of the second coil.
L • se
2
ciprcs sion for equivalent inductance of two coupltd coilH
·te tbe .
~
'"''
,,. etc • d • 0 ser ies,
caP 11e . . .
. a1d1ng,
equ ivalent inductance,
5
111 sefle Lcq = L, + L2 + 2M
t ries oppoS '
ing equivalent inductance
111 se Lcq = L + L - 2M
1 2
. the expression for equivalent inductance
of two coupled coils
1, Write ted in parallel.
connec
In parallel aiding, equivalent inductance,
L1L2-M2
Lcq =
L 1+ L 2 -2M
In parallel opposing, equivalent inductance,

L1L2-M 2
Leq = L1+ L 2 +2 M
Define Network Topology.
Network topology is network geometry that provides
information that helps in
formation of network equations. Certain aspects of
network behaviour are
t into better perspective with network top
ology.

If each element or a branch of a network is represe

nted on a diagram by a line
tive of the characteristics of the elements. we get
a graph.
Wliat is a tree?

~~ _is a connected subgraph of a network which

consists of all the nodes
Original graph but no closed path;. The graph of
of trees. a network may have a
 lJ. Draw the gruph Jin d tree~ of the given network.
GrnplJ: 2
2

TREES: I
)

2
2
4

3 3
f
2 2

4
..
f r )

4
I
( r "
J2. What is a Twig and Link?
Twia : The branches of a tree are called its twigs.
"
Link : The branches of a co-tree are called links.
13. List any two properties of a inciden_t matrix.
The unit entries in a colun1n identity the nodes of the branch between which •
it is connected. The unit entries in a row identity the branches incident at a nodt. ,

14. Define cut-set?

A cut-set is a minimaf set of branches of a connected graph such th3t !ht f
removal of these branches causes the graph to be cut into two parts.
E
15. Define Tie-set?
l S1
For a given tree of a graph, addition of each link between any two nodes form1
a l~op called fundamental loop. Thfa fundamental loop formed by one link bas
~,
umqud path in the tree joining the two nodes of the link. This loop is also calltd n
f-loop or tie-set. de.
S01
 ulor
no co .nbs of cha .
rge fto,v pa st a giv en poi nt in a ,vir e in
. ? 2s. Ho w ma ny
I, res of current 1s f10,v1ng.
ampe
" t1nswer:

I-_g_=!Q = 5A
t 2

l Define active and passive cle me nts and giv e

exa mp les .
a Answer:
Elements capable of delivering pow er·to som e
.external device are called active
el~ments eg. Voltage source, current source.
Elements capable of only receiving pow er are cal
led positive elements.
Eg: Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors.
1
Stale Maximum po,ver tra nsf er theorem.
~dnswe,:,:
The
d li m axi·mum po · ns
wer tra • um
fer the ore m sta tes tha t ma xim ·
~ vered fi:om a source to loa d wh en the loa d res po,ver 1s
urce resistance . ist an ce is eq ua l to the

,_
 ~ •~r,,IIOl'j'.;~
"' ~.~..
1
9. Tn 0 induct h cly couple d coils hnvc self inducl anccs L 1 ~ 50
1 1

•
· () ...S, f111d
• t o f' coup I'ang as
ni}l. If• the co-c1·1·1c1c11 Che vuluc of •n fl ''tr1·•u J• 2-:: ~- .
. rnutu.aJ ·1 '•1
behvee n the cods. nd1,q,,. !
1.

& Answe r:
M = K✓L1L 2
Mutua l Inductance

= o.sJ( so x 10- 3 )( 200 x 10-3 )

M = 0.05 H

10. List out the proper ties of tree of a graph .

~ Answe r:
✓ The numbe r of nodes in a graph is equal to the number of nodes Li,:._ .•••
--... --

✓ The numbe r of brance s in a tree is less than the number of b~c~: .: !

graph.
✓ If a tree bas 'n' nodes, then it has ( n- 1) branches.

✓ The set of all links of a tree is called the co-tree of the graph.
 h Cf's voltage law
~ s'voltage
te J(rc o . s~m of all br~nch voltages around
law slll:te~ that the algebraic
pichoifd ath in a circuit 1s always zero at all instants of time. ,
,nyclose P
. the incidence matrix of the graph shown in figt.
OblJlD I
1 2 3
1 2

Figl

Nodes Branches
1 2 3 4 5
1 1 0 0 0 1
2 -1 1 0 1 0
3 0 -1 1 0 0
4 0 0 -1 - 1 - 1
State Millman's the
~dauuer orem.
i Hrt in syllabus

l'lnine the current o · through resister sho,vn in fig.

owing
 sn

lOA

ion
i- Fig
1 1 1 1
-=-+-+-
Req 5 10 10

_!_=0.4
Req
Req = 2.5
Vr = IReq = 1ox2.5 = 2?
IB=~=25 =5A
R 5
5. Define coefficient of coupling
The coefficient of coupling can be defined for two coils link~ .
magnetic flux. It is a m~asure of flux linkages between two co~~
it is defined as the fraction of the total flux produced by one coil!ci:z
another and it is denoted by K. ·

K- M
- ✓L1L2
Where M = Mutual Inductance, L = Self Inductance of coil land~

6. • hfrequency •·o aseries RLC~

Show the variation of impedance wit
z

L - - --:1:------(1)
(I)
 for ro < rnri Xe > X1 Impedance (Z) increases.
for ro > ror, XL > Xe In1pedance (Z) increases.
• •atial value of current passing through the circuit shown in fia-
ethe an .. e•
rcul•t• laced from position 1 to 2 at t = O•
..11 Slfltcb P
~!Pl" I

s1/ son
,~
~ 2H
qc·
r
Fig.

50
Io = =1A
50
me the nature of damping in a RLC series circuit having R = 2 n,
pdC=lF.
2 2
{2LR) ( 2 ) ·
= 2(1) =l

l, (R)
2L
2
= LC
1
. .
• have critically damped response.