PHYSICS PROJECT

SIMPLE HARMONIC
MOTION

TEJUS LAIJU
XI-I
 CER
TIFIC
This is to certify that this project has been completed
by TEJUS LAIJU of class ATE XI-I, The Indian School,
Kingdom of Bahrain as per the CBSE project wrote
requirement for the session 2023-2024.

Teacher’s signature Examiner’s signature

 ACK
NOW
It is my utmost pleasure to express my deep sense
of gratitude towards Mr.Manogaran, whose
LED
valuable guidance has helped in the completion
GEM
and success of this project, his suggestions and
instructions has served as the major contribution
towards this project.ENT
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for the constant encouragement and
immense motivation which have sustained my
efforts at all stages of this project.
Introduction
Oscillation, the rhythmic and repetitive motion of a system around a
central point, is a phenomenon that pervades the natural world. From the
gentle swaying of tree branches in the wind to the periodic motion of a
swinging pendulum, oscillatory behavior is a fundamental aspect of our
surroundings. At its core, an oscillation involves the back-and-forth
movement of a system, symbolizing a dynamic equilibrium between
opposing forces. This captivating dance between opposing influences is
exemplified in a specific type of oscillation known as Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM)
PERIODIC MOTION
Periodic motion of a body is that motion which is repeated identically
after a fixed interval of time. The fixed interval of time after which the
motion is repeated is called period of motion
OSCILLATORY MOTION
Oscillatory or Vibratory motion is that motion in which a body moves to
and fro or back and forth repeatedly about a fixed point (called mean
position or equilibrium position), in a definite interval of time.
In such a motion, the body is confined within well-defined limits (called
extreme positions) on either side of mean position.
Thus, a periodic and bounded motion of a body about a fixed point is
called an oscillatory or motion.
Out of all the trigonometrical functions, only the sines and cosines
functions are simple periodic as well as bounded. These functions have a
period of 2 π radians and are called harmonic functions. Therefore, the
oscillatory motion can be expressed in terms of sine and cosine functions
or their combinations. It is due this reason that the oscillatory motion is
called a harmonic motion.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERIODIC MOTION AND OSCILLATORY MOTION

All oscillatory motions are periodic motions because each oscillatory

motion is completed in a definite interval of time. But all periodic motions
may not be oscillatory. For example, the revolution of earth the sun is a
periodic motion but not an oscillatory motion, because the basic concept
of to and fro or back and forth motion about some mean position for
oscillatory motion is not present in this motion
HARMONIC OSCILLATION
Harmonic oscillation is that oscillation which can be expressed in terms of
single harmonic function (i.e., sine function or cosine function).
In such oscillations, when a body is displaced a little from its equilibrium
position (i.e., mean position) and then left to itself, it begins to oscillate to
and fro about its mean position under a restoring force, which is always
directed towards the mean position and whose magnitude at any instant
is proportional to the displacement of the body from the mean position
at that instant. In the absence of frictional forces, the harmonic oscillation
possesses constant amplitude. A harmonic oscillation of constant
amplitude and of single frequency is called simple harmonic oscillation.
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (S.H.M)
The simplest oscillatory motion in which the restoring force it's directly
proportional to the displacement but in the opposite direction
That is,
F ∝ -x
F=-kx
ma=-kx
k
a=- x x ⇒ a ∝-x
TYPES OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
The SHM, or Simple Harmonic Motion, can be classified into two types:
 Linear SHM
 Angular SHM

Linear Simple Harmonic Motion

When a particle moves to and fro about a fixed point (called equilibrium
position) along with a straight line, then its motion is called linear Simple
Harmonic Motion.
For example, the spring-mass system.

Angular Simple Harmonic Motion

When a system oscillates angular long with respect to a fixed axis, then its
motion is called angular simple harmonic motion.
Characteristics of SHM
• Repetitive motion through a central equilibrium point.
• Symmetry of maximum displacement.
• Period of each cycle is constant.
• Force causing the motion is directed toward the
equilibrium point (minus sign).

Conditions for SHM

 F ∝ -x
 a ∝-x

EQUATIONS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

x= A cos ( ω
t + φ)
y= A sin ( ω
t +φ)
Here;
x is the displacement of body from extreme position at any instant
t
y is the displacement of body from mean position at any instant t
A is amplitude of displacement of the body.
ω is the angular frequency
φ is phase constant
NON HARMONIC MOTION
Non-harmonic oscillation is that oscillation which cannot be
expressed in terms of single harmonic function
A non-harmonic oscillation is a combination of two or more than
two harmonic oscillations. Mathematically, non-harmonic
oscillation may be expressed as
y= A sin ( ω
t) +Bsin(2 ω t)
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF SHM
We know,
y= A sin ( ω t +φ)
ⅆy ⅆ
velocity , v= ⅆt = ⅆt ( A sin ( ω t +φ ))

v=Aω cos (ωt ¿+ φ)¿ v=ω √ A − y

2 2

ⅆv ⅆ
acceleration, a= ⅆt = ⅆt ¿
2
a=− A ω sin ( ωt +φ )

2
a=−ω y
Maximum & Minimum Value Of Velocity And Acceleration
VELOCITY ACCELERATION
At extreme y=A y=A
position ⇒ V=ω √ A − A = 0
2 2
⇒ 𝑎=−𝜔2𝐴
(Minimum value) (Maximum value)

At mean y=0 y=0

position
⇒ V=ω √ A −0 =
2
ωA ⇒ a=−ω 0 = 0
2

(Maximum value) (Minimum value)

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF SHM

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY &
ACCELERATION IN SHM
Consider the displacement, velocity & acceleration of SHM at the
instant t, is given by
y= Aω sin ( ωt ) ¿ Aω sin ( 2Tπ t )
2π
v= Aω cos ¿ ¿)¿ Aω cos(
T
t ¿ )¿

2
a=− A ω sin ( ωt )=¿ − A ω sin
2
( 2Tπ t ) ∵ ω= 2Tπ
T T 3T
Using the values of t as :0 , 4 , 2 , 4
,T

0 T T 3T T
Time(t) 4 2 4
A −A
Displacemen 0 0 0
t
Aω − Aω Aω
Velocity 0 0
2 2
Acceleration 0 −Aω 0 Aω 0

Displacement time graph

Velocity time graph

Acceleration-
time graph

TOTAL ENERGY IN SHM

A particle executing SHM possesses two types of energy:
1. potential energy-on account of its displacement
2. kinetic energy -on account of its velocity
Potential Energy
Consider a particle of mass ‘m’ executing SHM with amplitude A and
constant angular velocity. Across the displacement of the particle ‘t’ be y
from the mean position.
Then, y= Aω sin ( ωt )

v= Aω cos(ωt)
2
a=− A ω sin ( ωt ) = −ω 2
y

For SHM, restoring force

F=-ky → 1
2
y →2
Force ,F=ma=−mω
From 1 and 2
ω=
√ k
m
k =m ω
2

The work done for small displacement against restoring force

ⅆw =−Fⅆy =−(−ky ) ⅆy =kyⅆy

Total work done ,

y y
W =∫ ⅆw =∫ kyⅆy
0 0

1
W= 2 k y
2

This work appears as potential energy

1 2 2
U = k y =k ( Aω sin ( ωt ) )
2
 1 2 2
U = k A sin ( ωt )
2

1 2 2 2
U = m A ω sin ( ωt )
2
Kinetic Energy
We know ,
1
K.E= 2 m v
2

1
= 2 m ( Aω cos ( ωt ) )
2

1
K.E¿ 2 m A
2 2 2
ω cos ( ωt )

Total Energy of SHM=Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy

1 1
=2 m A ω sin ( ωt ) + m A ω cos ( ωt )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2

1
Total Energy= 2 m A
2 2
ω

Potential Energy Kinetic Energy And Total Energy With Time Graph

Variation of potential and

kinetic energy with displacement
FORCE LAW FOR SHM
When a body is displaced from the equilibrium position a restoring force
act on the body in the opposite direction of the displacement. This
restoring force will bring back the body to the equilibrium position.
let us consider a body of mass ‘m’ executing SHM with the constant
angular velocity (ω) and along a straight line
let y be the displacement at any instant
restoring force, F=-ky
where k is a force constant. It is the force required to give unit
displacement to the body. This relation is called force law of SHM
Force ,F=ma=−mω 2
y

ω=
√ k
m

Time period
2π 2 π
T= =

√
ω
√
k inertia factor
m T =2 π
spring factor

T =2 π
√ m
k

Frequency,
1
v=
T

v=
1
2π √ spring factor
inertia factor
SOME SYSTEMS EXCECUTING SHM
Simple Pendulum
That's a simple pendulum is a common example for
bodies executing SHM. A simple pendulum consists of
a Bob of mark suspended by an inextensible string by
using a metal stud
When the bob is displaced to the point ‘Q’ the various
forces acting on the bob are :
 weight mg acting downwards
 tension on the string along the string
the weight ’mg’ can be resolved into two mutually
perpendicular component mg cos θ∧mg sinθ But mg cos θ
and Tension ‘T’ equal magnitude but opposite
direction. Therefore they will cancel out each other
mg sin θis equal to the restoring force :

F=−mg sin θ=mgθ

x
θ=
l
x
F=−mg
l

Force ,F=ma=−mω 2

From 1 and 2
ω=
√ g
l

2π
T
=
g
l √
T =2 π
√ l
g

Forced and resonant oscillation

Free Oscillation:
The free oscillation has a constant amplitude and period, and no external force is required to
set the oscillation. Ideally, free oscillations will not be damped. But in an all-natural system,
damping will be observed unless and until any constant external force is provided to overcome
the damping. The amplitude, frequency, and energy are constant in such a system. .

Forced Oscillation:
When an object vibrates under the influence of external periodic forces, it is called forced
vibration. Here, the oscillation amplitude undergoes damping but remains constant due to the
external energy provided to the system. For example, when you push someone on a swing, you
must constantly push them so that the swing does not decrease.

Undamped Oscillations:
When a Simple harmonic oscillator oscillates with a constant amplitude which does not change
with time, its oscillations are undamped S.H.M

Damped Oscillations :
When a simple harmonic Oscillator oscillates with a decreasing amplitude with time, its
oscillations are called damped S.H.M.

Damped System
Resonance
Resonance is defined as a system’s tendency to vibrate with an increase in amplitude when it is
subjected to frequency excitation. The resonance frequency, or resonant frequency, is the
greatest frequency at which the amplitude is comparatively maximal.
Important Things for Resonance
There are three things needed for the incident of Resonance, and they are:

1. An Object or a System which has a natural frequency.

2. Driving Force whose frequency is the same as the natural frequency of a system.
3. The elements which can destroy the energy of the system must be least.
Examples of Resonance - Some examples of Resonance are as follows:

1. Swing - When pushing the swing, keep in mind that the push should be given
at the same interval which is the natural rotation of the swing, and then the
dimension of that swing increases only. That is, every time the hammock
makes more angle than its mean position. On the contrary, if it is pushed on
another frequency without taking into consideration as mentioned above, its
effect can be very low, zero or negative.
2. Radio and Television - There is a tuned circuit inside the radio and the TV
which helps to hear or see a channel. When we rotate the 'nab' of the radio,
it is virtually changing the resonance frequency of this tuned circuit. Any time
the resonance frequency of this circuit matches the frequency of any station
or channel, that channel we receive.
3. Sound - Music instruments have special arrangements for sound resonance.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, simple harmonic motion is a fundamental concept in physics that
describes the repetitive back-and-forth movement exhibited by various systems in
nature. Whether it's the oscillation of a pendulum, the vibration of a spring, or the
motion of certain waves, the key characteristics of simple harmonic motion include
a restoring force proportional to displacement and a constant frequency.. It is a
foundational concept that forms the basis for more complex phenomena in the
study of waves and vibrations, contributing significantly to our comprehension of
the natural world.
BIBLIOGRAP
HY
 NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK
 Pradeep’s fundamentals of physics vol.II
 https://www.austincc.edu/