2-torque-and-equilibrium-key

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2 Torque and Equilibrium key
AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based (Amos Alonzo Stagg High School)
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Advanced Placement
PHYSICS 1
Rotational Motion
Presenter 2014-2015
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Rotational Motion
What I Absolutely Have to Know to Survive the AP* Exam

The rotational kinematic equations are rotational relationships between the angular displacement, angular velocity,
angular acceleration, and time that are only true when the angular acceleration is constant (i.e. when the angular
acceleration is not a function of θ as one example). There exists an almost perfect parallel between translational and
rotational motion.
In a system in which there is both rotation and translation, you must include both rotational and translational kinetic
energy in the same conservation of energy expressions.
Linear and Angular analogs - variables

Linear Angular
x Linear Distance (m) Rotational distance θ
(radians)
Δx Linear Displacement (m) Rotational Δθ
displacement (radians)
v Linear Velocity (m/s) Rotational velocity ω
(radians/s)
2
a Linear Acceleration (m/s ) Rotational acceleration α
(radians/s2)
m Mass (kg) Rotational inertia Ι
(kg.m2)
F Force (N) Torque (N.m) τ
Rotational Inertia for a system of point masses = I = Σmr 2
Rotational Inertia for common objects (not necessary to memorize)

1
Solid Cylinder or Disc I = mr 2
2
Hoop about center axis I = mr 2
2
Solid Sphere I = mr 2
5
Torque
Just as a non-zero net force causes a linear acceleration, a non-zero net torque will cause an angular
acceleration. A torque can be thought of as a twist, just as a force is a push or pull. It is a torque that
affects an objectÕs angular velocity. Torque is not energy, however and the units are mN or N.m, not Joules.
Torque = τ = r⊥ F = rF sin θ
Where
AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not
involved in the production of this material.
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Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative , Inc., Dallas, TX. All rights reserved.

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy
F = force that is being applied to object (N)

r = displacement from the point of rotation to the point of force application (m)
θ = angle between the force vector and the displacement vector
Relationships between the linear and angular variables when an object is rotating around a fixed axis or
rolling without slipping.
x = rθ
v = rω
aT = rα
v2
aC = a R = = ω 2r
r
Where
r = the radius of the rotating object in meters
aT = tangential acceleration in m/s2
aC = centripetal acceleration (also called radial acceleration) in m/s2
Key Formulas and Relationships
Linear and Angular analogs Ð kinematics and energy equations

Linear Angular
Constant Motion
x = xo + vt θ = θo + ω t
Motion with Constant Acceleration

v = vo + at ω = ω o + αt
1 1
x = (vo + v)t θ = (ω o + ω )t
2 2
1 1
x = xo + vot + at 2 θ = θ o + ω ot + α t 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
vo = v + 2ax ω o = ω + 2αθ

2nd Law of Motion
  
 ΣF Fnet  Στ τ net
a= = α= =
m m I I
Kinetic Energy and Power
Translational kinetic energy Rotational kinetic energy
1 1
K = mv 2 K = Iω 2
2 2
Rolling object has both rotational and translational
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kinetic energies
1 1
K = Iω 2 + mv 2
2 2
Power Power
FΔx τΔθ
P= = Fv P= = τω
t t
Strategy on Rotation Problems

1. Draw a free-body diagram (FBD) for each object in the problem, showing the forces acting, the
chosen coordinate system and the axes of rotation.
2. Write ΣF = ma for each translating object and Στ = Iα for each rotating object.
3. Relate the translational and rotational velocities and accelerations when applicable, like rolling
without slipping or a string on a pulley without slipping.
4. If mechanical energy is conserved, then conservation of energy methods provide a useful method of
calculating final linear and rotational velocities.
Multiple Choice
1. A bowling ball of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down an inclined
plane as shown above. The inclined plane forms an angle θ with the horizontal.
The coefficient of static friction between the ball and the plane is µs. Which of
the following diagrams correctly shows the forces acting on the object?
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Resolve forces on an c) correctly shows the forces. Weight always c

incline - FBD pulls an object down, a normal force is always
Direction of forces perpendicular to the surface, and friction is
always parallel to the surface. In this case,
friction points up the ramp because it opposes the
motion of the bottom of the ball, causing the ball
to roll.
2. An automobile moves in a circle of radius 110 meters with a constant speed of 33

m/s. What is the angular velocity of the car about the center of the circle in
radians per second?
a) 0.30 rad/s
b) 0.30(π) rad/s
c) 0.30(2 π) rad/s
d) 110/33 rad/s
v = 33m / s
Relationship between Given and Unknown a
r = 110m
the linear and angular v = rω
variables when an Equation v
object is rotating ω=
around a fixed axis. r
33m / s
ω=
Solution 100m
ω = 0.30 rad/s
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3. Which of the following statements are true about an objectÕs rotational inertia?
Select two answers.
a. Rotational inertia is proportional to the objectÕs mass regardless of choice
of axis.
b. Rotational inertia is inversely proportional to the objectÕs speed.
c. Rotational inertia has the units of kg.m/s2.
d. Rotational inertia depends on the choice of the axis of rotation.
Rotational Inertia for I = Σmr 2 a,d

a solid (continuous Rotational inertia depends on the choice of axis
mass distribution) of rotation, r.
object Rotational inertia is proportional to the objectÕs
mass regardless of choice of axis.
4. A wheel rotates through 10.0 radians in 2.5 seconds as it is brought to rest with a
constant angular acceleration. What was the initial angular velocity of the wheel
before the braking began?
a) 0.25 rad/s
b) 0.625 rad/s
c) 2.0 rad/s
d) 8.0 rad/s
Angular kinematic 1 d
equations θ = (ω o + ω )t
2
2θ
ωo = −ω
t
2(10 rad )
ωo = −0
2 .5 s
ω 0 = 8rad / s
5. A solid disc has a rotational inertia that is equal to I = ½ MR2, where M is the
discÕs mass and R is the discÕs radius. It is rolling along a horizontal surface with
out slipping with a linear speed of v. How are the translational kinetic energy and
the rotational kinetic energy of the disc related?
a) Rotational kinetic energy is equal to the translational.

b) Translational kinetic energy is larger than rotational.
c) Rotational kinetic energy is larger than translational.
d) The answer depends on the density of the disc.
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Calculation of The ball will have both translational kinetic b

mechanical energy energy and rotational kinetic energy.
problem 1
Translational _ KE = Mv 2
2
1 2 1⎛1 2 ⎞⎛ v ⎞
2
Rotational _ KE = Iω = ⎜ MR ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜
2 2⎝2 ⎠⎝ R ⎠
1
Rotational _ KE = Mv 2
4
6. The discs shown above are connected by a belt that rotates both discs at the same
time. The belt does not slip as it rotates the discs. The discs have different radii
as shown, with R1 < R2. What is the relation between the angular velocities of the
discs?
a. ω1 = ω2
b. ω1 R1 = ω2 R2
ω1 ω2
c. =
R1 R2
R1 R2
d. =
ω1 ω2
Relationships Both wheels have the same linear speed at their b

between the linear outside edges because both wheels are being
and angular variables rotated by the same belt that is moving without
when an object is slipping.
rotating around a
fixed axis v1 = v 2
ω1 R1 = ω 2 R2
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7. A wrench has five equal forces V, W, X, Y, and Z applied to it. Which two forces
produce the same clockwise torque?
a) V and W
b) V and X
c) V and Z
d) W and X
τ = r⊥ F = rF sin θ
Definition of torque Both V and X produce a clockwise torque that is b
equal in magnitude. V and Z produce a torque
that is equal in magnitude, but Z produces a
counterclockwise torque.
8. A square piece of plywood on a horizontal tabletop is subjected to the two horizontal

forces shown above. Where should a third force of magnitude 5 newtons be applied so
that the piece of plywood is in equilibrium?
a.
b.
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c.
d.
The net force must equal zero, so the possible

Torque and static answers are a and d. Answer d, however, would a
equilibrium cause the plywood to rotate so the answer is a.
9. A door is free to rotate about its hinges. A force F applied normal to the door a
distance x from the hinges produces an angular acceleration of α. What angular
acceleration is produced if the same force is applied normal to the door at a distance
of 2x from the hinges?
a) ¼ α
b) ½ α
c) α
d) 2 α
2nd Law of Motion Στ = Iα and τ = Fr sin θ d

for rotational if
variables Fx = I doorα
then
F (2 x) = I door (2α )
10. A bowling ball is thrown down the bowling lane so that it is initially spinning
with back-spin and sliding forward at the same time. As it moves, how does the force
of friction affect the ballÕs spin rate and the speed of the ballÕs center of mass?
Spin rate Speed of center of mass
a. spins faster decreases
b. spins faster increases
c. no change no change
d. spins slower decreases
2nd Law of Motion d

for linear and
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rotational variables
ΣF = ma
− F f = ma
− Ff
a=
m
Negative acceleration means the ballÕs linear
speed will slow down since it is opposite the
ballÕs linear velocity.
Στ = Iα
− F f R = Iα
− Ff R
α=
I
Negative angular acceleration means the ballÕs
spin rate will slow down.
11. A uniform rigid bar of weight W is supported in a horizontal orientation as shown

above by a rope that makes a 30¡ angle with the horizontal. The force exerted on the bar
at point O, where it is pivoted, is best represented by a vector whose direction is which of
the following?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Statics and torque b
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12. A system of two wheels fixed to each other is free to rotate about a frictionless axis
through the common center of the wheels and perpendicular to the page. Four forces are
exerted tangentially to the rims of the wheels, as shown above. The magnitude of the net
torque on the system about the axis is
a) FR
b) 2FR
c) 5FR
d) 14FR
Statics and torque b
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Free Response
Question 1
2008M2 The horizontal uniform rod shown above has length 0.60 m and mass 2.0 kg.
The left end of the rod is attached to a vertical support by a frictionless hinge that allows
the rod to swing up or down. The right end of the rod is supported by a cord that makes
an angle of 30¡ with the rod. A spring scale of negligible mass measures the tension in
the cord. A 0.50 kg block is also attached to the right end of the rod.
A. On the diagram below, draw and label vectors to represent all the forces acting
on the rod. Show each force vector originating at its point of application.
(4 points) 1 point for correctly drawing and labeling

T, the tension in the cord
1 point for correctly drawing and labeling

Mg, the weight of the rod

mg, the weight of the block
1 point for correctly drawing or labeling H,

the force exerted on the rod by the hinge
One earned point was deducted if one or

more of the following were present: a
correct vector not starting on the body, a
component if the total force was also
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shown, or any extraneous vectors
B. Calculate the reading on the spring scale.
(4 points) 1 point for an indication that

The simplest method is to take the torque about the the sum of the torques is equal
hinge, directly yielding an equation that can be solved to zero
for the tension in the cord which is equal to the reading
on the spring scale. 1 point for a correct
Στ = 0 expression for the torque
τ = r⊥ F = rF sin θ exerted by the cord
⎛ L⎞ 1 point for a correct
TLsin 30¡ − mgL − MG ⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2⎠ expression for both the torque
⎛ L⎞ due to the weight of the rod
mgL + Mg ⎜ ⎟ and the torque due to the
⎝ 2⎠ weight of the hanging block
T=
Lsin 30¡
⎛ m⎞
( ) (
0.50kg ⎜ 9.8 2 ⎟ 0.60m + 2.0kg
⎝ s ⎠
) ( ) ⎛⎜⎝ 9.8 sm ⎞⎟⎠ (0.30m)
2 1 point for the correct answer
T= including units and a
0.30m
reasonable number of
T = 29N significant digits
C. If the cord that supports the rod is cut near the end of the rod, calculate the initial
angular acceleration of the rod-block system about the hinge. The rotational inertia of the
rod-block system about the hinge is 0.42 kgm2.
(3 points) 1 point for indicating that the

sum of the torques is equal to
 Στ τ net Iα
 
α= =
I I
1 point for the correct
L
Στ = mgL + Mg summation of the torques

2 about the hinge due to the
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ m⎞ block and rod
Στ = ( 0.50kg ) ⎜ 9.8 2 ⎟ ( 0.60m) + ( 2.0kg ) ⎜ 9.8 2 ⎟ ( 0.30m)

⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
1 point for the correct
Στ = 8.82N i m

answer including units and a
 Στ 8.82N i m

rad reasonable number of
α= = 2
= 21 2
I 0.42kgm s significant digits
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Question 2
Guadalupe has a motorized globe on her desk that has a 0.16 m radius. She turns on the
4.25-watt motor and the globe begins to spin. The globe starts from rest and has a final
rotational speed of 0.628 rad/s (1 revolution per 10 seconds). The globe reaches this
speed in 25 seconds.
A. What is the angular displacement during the 25-second time interval in

radians?
(2 points) 1 point for correct rotational kinematics

equation
Given and Unknown:
ωo = 0 1 point for correct answer in terms of the
ω = 0.628rad / s given quantities
t = 25 s
θ =?
Equation
1
θ = (ω o + ω )t
2
Solution
1
θ = (0 + 0.628rad / s)(25s)
2
θ = 7.85 rad
B. What is the linear speed of a point on the globeÕs equator?
(1 point) 1 point for correct answer in terms of the

Given and given quantities
ω = 0.628rad / s
Unknown
r = 0.16 m
Equation v = rω
Solution
v = (0.16m)(0.628rad / s)
m
v = 0.10
s
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C. What is the average torque provided by the motor during the 25-second time
interval?
(1 point) 1 point for correct answer in terms of the

(a) Given and Unknown given quantities
P = 4.25W
Δθ = 7.85rad
t = 25s
τΔθ
Equation P=
t
Pt
τ=
Δθ
(4.25W )(25s)
Solution τ=
7.85rad
τ = 13.5 Nim
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Question 3
In the diagram below, two bodies of different masses (M1 and M2 =2M1) are connected
by a string which passes over a pulley of negligible friction but has a rotational inertia
1
equivalent to a solid disc, mr 2 . The pulley has a mass of ½ M1 and a radius of R.
2
M1
M2
A. On the diagram below, draw and label vectors to represent all the forces acting on
M1 and M2.
(4 points) 1 point for correctly drawing and labeling

T1, the tension in the cord

W1, the weight of M1

T2, the tension in the cord

W2, the weight of M2
One earned point is deducted for any

extraneous vectors
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B. Qualitatively describe the forces acting on M1 and M2 and indicate why they cause
the pulley to rotate.
(2 points) 1 point for correctly describing the forces

There are two forces acting on each
of the bodies: weight downward 1 point for indicating that the tension is
and the tension in the string different on each side of the pulley
upward. The tension is different on
each side of the pulley since there
must be a non-zero net torque to
cause the pulley to begin to rotate.
C. Describe how you could determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the system
in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants? Be sure to explicitly
describe the calculations you would make, specifying all equations you would use
(but do not actually do any algebra or arithmetic).
(4 points) 1 point for discussing NewtonÕs second

Using NewtonÕs 2nd law, for each body law for M1
sum the forces in the y dimension and set
equal to may and/or the x dimension. For 1 point for discussing NewtonÕs second
M1 the tension is positive and the weight is law for M2
negative since the acceleration is upward.
1 point for discussing NewtonÕs second
ΣFy = M 1 a law for rotation for the pulley
T1 − Fg1 = M 1 a
1 point for substituting angular variables
T1 − M 1 g = M 1 a with linear/angular relationships and
setting the torques equal to Iα
For M2 the tension is negative and the
weight is positive since the acceleration is
downward.
ΣFy = M 2 a
− T2 + Fg 2 = M 2 a
− T2 + M 2 g = M 2 a
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Next, Use NewtonÕs 2nd law for rotation for

the pulley and make substitutes for angular
variables with linear/angular relationships. 1 point for using the correct height of CM
Finally manipulate the equation and solve
for the acceleration of the system. The
following algebraic manipulation is for the
edification of the presenter, but not
required for the student.
Στ = Iα
T2 R − T1 R = Iα
⎛1 ⎞⎛ a ⎞
T2 R − T1 R = ⎜ M p R 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠⎝ R ⎠
⎛1 ⎞⎛ a ⎞
R (T2 − T1 ) = ⎜ M p R 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠⎝ R ⎠
⎛1 ⎞
T2 − T1 = ⎜ M p ⎟(a )
⎝2 ⎠
T1 − M 1 g = M 1 a
T1 = M 1 g + M 1 a
− T2 + 2 M 1 g = 2 M 1 a
T2 = 2 M 1 g − 2 M 1 a
⎛1 ⎞
T2 − T1 = ⎜ (1 / 2 M 1 )⎟(a )
⎝2 ⎠
1
2M 1 g − 2M 1a − M 1 g − M 1a = M 1a
4
1
2 g − 2a − g − a = a
4
4
a= g
13
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Question 4
A solid sphere begins at rest and rolls down the incline and through a 2.0 m radius loop
without slipping. The sphere has a mass of 5.0 kg and a radius of 0.125 m. When it is at
the top of the loop, the ball has a linear speed of 5.45 m/s.
A. Indicate what variable determines if the sphere completes one trip around the loop
with the specified speed at the top of the loop and justify your answer qualitatively
without using equations.
(4 points) 1 point for the correct answer, the height

above the ground
The height above the horizontal ground
from which the ball starts rolling 1 point for work that shows an
determines if the specified speed at the top understanding of Conservation of
of the loop is met. Consequently, this is a Mechanical Energy
conservation of mechanical energy
problem. First, choose where the 1 point for work that shows an
gravitational potential energy is zero, Ug=0. understanding that at the top of the loop the
In this case, let Ug=0 at the horizontal sphere has translational and rotational
ground level. Use conservation of energy, kinetic energies and gravitational potential
realizing that the ball will have energy
translational kinetic energy, rotational
kinetic energy and gravitational potential 1 point for work that indicates the height
energy at the top of the loop. The sphere that the sphere is released from determines
must have this same amount of energy
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when released from rest at the top of the

incline. Now make substitutions for
angular variables with linear/angular
relationships and combine like terms and
solve for the unknown height.
B. Justify your answer about what variable determines if the sphere completes one trip
around the loop with the specified speed at the top of the loop with appropriate equations.
2
The moment of inertia of a solid sphere is I = mr 2 .
5
(4 points) 1 point for a statement of Conservation

of Mechanical Energy
initial _ energy = energy _ at _ top _ of _ loop
1 1 1 point for correct translational &
MgH = Mv 2 + Iω 2 + Mg (2 R − r ) rotational kinetic energies and potential
2 2 energy
1 point for relationship between the

2 ⎞⎛ v ⎞
2
1 1⎛2
MgH = Mv + ⎜ Mr ⎟⎜⎜ 2
2
⎟⎟ + Mg (2 R − r ) linear and angular variables
2 2⎝5 ⎠⎝ r ⎠
1 1⎛2 ⎞
MgH = Mv 2 + ⎜ M ⎟v 2 + Mg (2 R − r ) 1 point for correct answer and correct
2 2⎝5 ⎠ units with reasonable number of
⎛1 1 ⎞ significant digits
MgH = M ⎜ v 2 + v 2 + g (2 R − r ) ⎟
⎝2 5 ⎠
1 1
gH = v 2 + v 2 + g (2 R − r )
2 5
2
7 v
H= + 2R − r
10 g
7 (5.45m / s)2
H= + 2(2.0m) − (0.125m)
10 9.8m / s 2
H = 6.0 m
TIPERS are provided to help students with concepts. They are not in the student
study packet, only the presenter packet. Use as you see fit.
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NT8A-CRT2: PULLEY AND WEIGHT—ANGULAR VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION GRAPHS

A weight is tied to a rope that is wrapped around a pulley. The pulley is initially
rotating counterclockwise and is pulling the weight up. The tension in the rope
creates a torque on the pulley that opposes this rotation.
a) On the axes below, draw a graph of the angular velocity versus time for
the period from the initial instant shown until the weight comes back
down to the same height. Take the initial angular velocity as positive.
ω
b) Draw a graph of the angular acceleration versus time for the same time v
period.
Axis of
ω α rotation
Time Time
Explain.
Answer:
ω α
Time Time
The tension in the string resulting from the weight of the hanging block produces a constant
torque on the pulley. So the pulley will rotate counterclockwise but slow down to stop at an
instant, and then start rotating clockwise at an increasing rate. If we take the initial angular
velocity as positive, then the angular acceleration has to be constant and negative.

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NT8A-CRT4: ANGULAR VELOCITY VS. TIME GRAPH—ANGULAR ACCELERATION VS. TIME

GRAPH
Sketch an angular acceleration versus time graph given the angular velocity versus time
graph shown for the same time interval.
ω α
Time Time
Explain.
Answer: The slope of the line in the angular velocity graph tell us the angular acceleration.
The first segment has a positive slope for two time units, then a zero slope for one time unit, a
negative slope for one time unit, and finally a zero slope at zero velocity. The positive slope has
a smaller magnitude than the negative slope, so the acceleration-time graph should look like
the following:
ω α
Time Time

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NT8B-RT8: RIGID 3-DIMENSIONAL POINT OBJECTS—MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT X-AXIS

Shown below are six small brass and aluminum spheres connected by three stiff lightweight rods
to form a rigid object. The rods are joined at their centers, are mutually perpendicular, and lie
along the axes of the coordinate system shown. All spheres are the same distance from the
connection point of the three rods at the origin of the coordinate axis. The brass spheres are
shaded in the diagram and are identical. The aluminum spheres are identical, have less mass than
the brass spheres, and are unshaded in the diagram. For this problem, treat the metal spheres as
point masses and ignore the mass of the connecting rods.
A z B z C z
y y y
x x x
D z E z F z
y y y
x x x
Rank these objects on the basis of the moment of inertia about the x-axis.
Greatest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ 4 _______ 5 _______ 6 _______ Least
OR, The moment of inertia about the x-axis is the same but not zero for all these
objects. ___
OR, The moment of inertia about the x-axis is zero for all these objects. ___
OR, The ranking for the moments of inertia about the x-axis cannot be determined. ___
Explain your reasoning.
Answer: F > C = D = E > A = B. The moment of inertia depends on the product of the mass
and the square of the distance from that mass to the axis of rotation. For a rigid object, we can
find the moment of inertia by adding this product together for all the mass in the object. Since
the axis of rotation in this case is the x-axis, we can ignore all masses along this axis since the
distance to them is zero. To rank the moments of inertia we need to rank the total mass that is
not along the x-axis, since all of this mass is at the same distance. Case F has 4 brass spheres
not on the x-axis, Cases C, D, and E each have two, and A and B have none.

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NT8B-RT10: FLAT OBJECTS—MOMENT OF INERTIA PERPENDICULAR TO SURFACE

Three flat objects (circular ring, circular disc, and square loop) have the same mass M and the
same outer dimension (circular objects have diameters of 2R and the square loop has sides of 2R).
The small circle at the center of each figure represents the axis of rotation for these objects. This
axis of rotation passes through the center of mass and is perpendicular to the plane of the objects.
A Circular B Circular C Square
ring disc loop
2R 2R 2R
Rank the moment of inertia of these objects about this axis of rotation.
Greatest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ Least
OR, The moment of inertia of these objects is the same. ___
OR, We cannot determine the ranking for the moment of inertia of these
objects. ___
Please explain your reasoning.
Answer: C > A > B, based on the distribution of mass. Mass farther from axis contributes more
to the moment of inertia than mass closer to the axis. For the circular ring, all of the mass is at
a distance R from the axis of rotation; and for the square loop almost all of the mass is at a
distance that is greater than R. All of the mass of the disc is at a distance R or less.

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NT8C-QRT14: THREE EQUAL FORCES APPLIED TO A RECTANGLE—TORQUE A

Three forces of equal magnitude are applied to a 3-m by 2-m rectangle. Forces F1 B C
and F2 act at 45° angles to the vertical as shown, while F3 acts horizontally. F3
F1
a) Is the net torque about point A clockwise, counterclockwise, or zero? F2
45° 45°
Explain how you determined your answer.
Answer: Clockwise. Since the line of action for F2 is through point A, F2 creates no torque
about point A. The line of action for force F3 passes through point B, 1 meter away from P.
The shortest distance from A to the line of action for force F1 is 1.41 meters, the distance from
point A to point C. Force F1 will produce a clockwise torque about point A, and force F3 will
produce a counterclockwise torque about point A. Since all of the forces are equal, the force
acting at the largest perpendicular distance
b) Is the net torque about point B clockwise, counterclockwise, or zero?
Answer: Zero. The line of action for F3 is through point B, so F3 creates no torque about point
B. The line of action for forces F2 and F1 both pass a distance of 0.707 meters from point B, but
one creates a clockwise torque about B and one a counterclockwise torque. So the torques due
to these two forces will cancel, and the net torque about B is zero.
c) Is the net torque about point C clockwise, counterclockwise, or zero?
Answer Zero: The line of action for all forces pass through point C, so the torque due to each
force is zero, and the net torque is also zero.

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8C-CT15: FISHING ROD—WEIGHT OF TWO PIECES

An angler balances a fishing rod on her finger as shown.
If she were to cut the rod along the dashed line, would the weight of the piece on the left-
hand side be greater than, less than, or equal to the weight of the piece on the right-hand
side?
Explain your reasoning.
Greater than. The net torque about the balancing point of the rod is zero, since the rod has no
angular acceleration. The weight of the rod to the left of the balancing point creates a
counterclockwise torque about that point, and the weight of the rod to the right creates a
clockwise torque. The magnitudes of these torques must be equal for the net torque to be zero.
The weight of the left side of the rod (the handle) acts at the center of mass of the left side, and
the weight of the right side acts at the center of mass of the right side. Since the right side is
longer than the left, the center of mass of the right side is further away from the dashed line
than the center of mass of the left side. For the torques to be equal, the weight of the left side
must be greater to compensate for the smaller perpendicular distance.

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8C-RT18: SUSPENDED SIGNS—TORQUE

The figures show six signs that are suspended from equal length rods on the side of a building.
For each case, the mass of the sign compared to the mass of the rod is small and can be ignored.
The mass of the sign is given in each figure. In cases B and D, the rod is horizontal; in the other
cases, the angle that the rod makes with the vertical is given. The rope supporting the signs is 50
cm long in cases A, B, and C and 1 meter long in cases D, E, and F.
A B C 60°
30° 50 cm 50 cm 50 cm
50 kg 100 kg
80 kg
D E 60° F
30°
1m
1m 1m
90 kg 70 kg 60 kg
Rank these situations on the basis of the magnitude of the torque the signs exert about the
point at which the rod is attached to the side of the building.
Greatest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ 4 _______ 5 _______ 6 _______ Least
OR, The torque is the same but not zero for all these arrangements. ___
OR, The torque is zero for all these arrangements. ___
OR, We cannot determine the ranking for the torques in these arrangements. ___
Answer: B > D > C > E > F > A; the torque depends on the weight of the sign (mg) times the
distance from the line of action of this weight to the point of attachment. The line of action of
the weight is along the rope that is suspending the sign, which is one rod length (L) away from
the attachment point in cases B and D, closer than that in cases C and E (0.866 L), and closer
yet (0.5L) in cases A and F. Since A and F have the smallest masses and the smallest distances,
they will be smallest with A smaller than F. Since B and D have the largest masses and the
largest distances, they will have the largest torques, with B > D. C and E have intermediate
distances and intermediate masses, with C > E.

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8C-RT19: HEXAGON—TORQUE ABOUT CENTER

Four forces act on a plywood hexagon as shown in the diagram. The sides of the hexagon each
have a length of 1 meter.
D 6N
A
4N
4N
B
4N
C
Rank the magnitude of the torque applied about the center of the hexagon by each force.
Greatest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ 4 _______ Least
OR, The magnitude of the torque due to each force is the same, but not zero. ___
OR, The magnitude of the torque due to each force is zero. ___
OR, We cannot determine the ranking of the magnitude of the torques. ___
Answer: A > C > B = D. The magnitude of the torque due to each force is equal to the
magnitude of the force times the perpendicular distance between the line of action of that force
and the pivot point. The lines of action of forces B and D pass through the center of the
hexagon, so the torques due to forces B and D are both zero. The perpendicular distance
between the line of action and the pivot point is equal to the height of one of the triangles
shown for force C, and is equal to the side of a triangle for force A. The side of the triangle is
longer than the height, and so the torque due to force A is greatest

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8E-RT32: ROLLING OBJECTS RELEASED FROM REST—TIME DOWN RAMP

Four objects are placed in a row at the same height near
the top of a ramp and are released from rest at the same A 1-kg solid sphere
time. The objects are (A) a 1-kg solid sphere; (B) a 1-kg B 1-kg hollow sphere
hollow sphere; (C) a 2-kg solid sphere; and (D) a 1-kg C 2-kg solid sphere
thin hoop. All four objects have the same diameter, and D 1-kg hoop
the hoop has a width that is one-quarter its diameter. The Finish line
time it takes the objects to reach the finish line near the
bottom of the ramp is recorded. The moment of inertia Start line
for an axis passing through its center of mass for a solid
2 2
sphere is MR2 ; for a hollow sphere it is MR2 ; and for
5 3
a hoop it is MR2 .
Rank the four objects from fastest (shortest time) down the ramp to slowest.
Fastest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______4 _______ Slowest
OR, The time is the same for these objects. ___
OR, We cannot determine the ranking for the times for these objects. ___
Answer: A = C > B > D
Each of these objects begins with gravitational potential energy at the top of the ramp that is
comverted to kinetic energy at the bottom. The objects will have both translational and
2 2
rotational KE at the bottom. Energy is conserved so we can set mgh = 1/2mv + 1/2Iω .
Assuming that all of the objects roll without slipping the translational KE will be proportional
to the rotational KE. After some algebra we find that the masses cancel for each case and that
the determining factor is the fraction in the moment of inertia for each object.

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8G-BCT45: HOOP ROLLING UP A RAMP—BASIC BAR CHART

A thin hoop or ring with a radius of 2 m is moving so that its center of mass is initially moving at
20 m/s while also rolling without slipping at 10 rad/s along a horizontal surface. It rolls up an
incline, coming to rest as shown below.
ω=0
v=0
ω = 10 rad/s
v = 20 m/s
h
Complete the qualitative energy bar chart below for the earth-hoop system for the time
between when the hoop is rolling on the horizontal surface and when it has rolled up the
ramp and is momentarily at rest. Put the zero point for the gravitational potential energy at the
height of the center of the hoop when it is rolling on the horizontal surface.
Initial system energy Final system energy

During
KEtrans KErot PEgrav PEspring Wext KEtrans KErot PEgrav PEspring Bar chart key
Translational
KEtrans kinetic energy
KErot Rotational
kinetic energy
Gravitational
PEgrav potential energy
0
Spring
PEspring potential energy
Wext Work done by

external forces
Use g = 10 m/s2
for simplicity
Explain.
In the initial situation there has to be rotational kinetic energy in additon to the translational
kinetic energy. For the final situation the hoop is instantaneously at rest so there is no kinetic
energy, but the center of mass is now above the zero level for the gravitational potential energy,
so that is all of the final energy.

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
Initial system energy Final system energy

During
KEtrans KErot PEgrav PEspring Wext KEtrans KErot PEgrav PEspring Bar chart key
Translational
KEtrans kinetic energy
KErot Rotational
kinetic energy
Gravitational
PEgrav potential energy
0
Spring
PEspring potential energy
Wext Work done by

external forces
Use g = 10 m/s2
for simplicity

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8G-RT55: OBJECTS MOVING DOWN RAMPS—SPEED AT BOTTOM

In each case below, a 1-kg object is released from rest on a ramp at a height of 2 meters from the
bottom. All of the spheres roll without slipping, and the blocks slide without friction. The ramps
are identical in cases A, D, and F. The ramps in cases B, C, and E are identical and are not as
steep as the others.
A B C
Solid sphere Solid sphere
2m 2m 2m
D E F
Hollow sphere Hollow sphere
2m 2m 2m
Rank these cases on the basis of the speed of the objects when they reach the horizontal
surface at the bottom of the ramp.
Greatest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ 4 _______ 5 _______ 6 _______ Least
OR, The maximum speed is the same for all cases. ___
OR, We cannot determine the ranking for the maximum speed of these objects. ___
E = F > D = C > A = B. Since all of the masses are the same a large speed corresponds to a
large kinetic energy. At the bottom of the ramp all of the objects have converted all of their
initial potential energy into kinetic energy. However the spheres will have converted some of
the potential energy into rotational kinetic energy as well as translational kinetic energy,
whereas all of the initial potential energy of the blocks will have been converted into
translational kinetic energy. Since the height of the objects initially is all the same, all of the
initial energyies are the same. The shape of the ramp does not matter. Since a hollow sphere
has agreater moment of inertia than a solid sphere, the hollow spheres will have a greter
fraction of their energy as rotational energy when they are rolling withour slipping.

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8H-RT56: STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOARDS—FORCE BY LEFT POST ON BOARD

In each case below, uniform boards with different masses are supported by two vertical posts.
Each board holds either a 10-kg box or a 30-kg box. The boards all have the same lengths. The
masses of the boards and boxes as well as the distances from the left post to the center of mass of
each box are given.
A B C
80 cm 50 cm
50 cm
10 kg 30 kg 10 kg
mboard = 30 kg mboard = 30 kg mboard = 30 kg
D E F
100 cm 100 cm 80cm
30kg 10 kg 30 kg
mboard = 10 kg mboard = 30 kg mboard = 10 kg
Rank these situations on the basis of the force that the left post exerts on the board.
Greatest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ 4 _______ 5 _______ 6 _______ Least
OR, The force is the same but not zero for all these arrangements. ___
OR, The force is zero for all these arrangements. ___
OR, We cannot determine the ranking for the forces in these arrangements. ___
Answer: B > C > A > E > F > D;

Each board is in equilibrium, so the net torque about any point must be zero. If we choose as
our pivot point the right end of the board then the force the right post exerts acts at a zero
distance from the pivot point and exerts no torque. The weight of the board and the weight of
the box each create counterclockwise torques about this pivot and the sum of these two torques
will be balanced by the torque exerted by the left post. Since those posts are all at the same
distance from the pivot the force will be proportional to the sum of the two torques.

lOMoARcPSD|48854803
NT8H-RT57: TILTED PIVOTED RODS WITH VARIOUS LOADS—FORCE TO HOLD RODS

Six identical massless rods are all supported by a fulcrum and are tilted at the same angle to the
horizontal. A mass is suspended from the left end of the rod, and the rods are held motionless by
a downward force on the right end. The locations of the rod with respect to the fulcrum and the
values of the suspended masses are shown for each case. Each rod is marked at 1-meter intervals.
A B C
F F F
100 kg 100 kg 100 kg

D E F
F F F
200 kg 200 kg 200 kg
Rank the magnitude of the vertical force F applied to the end of the rod.
Greatest 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ 4 _______ 5 _______ 6 _______ Least
OR, The vertical force applied to the end of the rod for all of the systems is the same. ___
OR, We cannot determine the ranking for the vertical force for these systems. ___
D>B>E>C>F>A
All of the forces that act on the rod are vertical forces. Choosing the point of contact between
the fulcrum and the rod as the pivot point, the perpendicular distance between the line of
action of each force and the pivot is proportional to the distance along the rod from the pivot to
that force. In cases A and F, the ratio of the distance between the applied force F and the pivot
point and the distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force on the rod by the string
attached to the mass is 3:1. In cases E and C, this ratio is 1:1, and in cases B and D, this ratio
is 1:3. The net torque on each rod is zero (there is no rotational acceleration) so in each case
the clockwise torque due to the applied force F must have the same magnitude as the
counterclockwise torque due to the weight of the hanging mass (or the tension in the string).
So the ratio of applied force to weight of the hanging mass must be the inverse of the distance
ratios above. In cases A and F, the applied force must be one-third the weight of the hanging
mass, in cases E and C, the applied force is equal to the weight, and in cases B and D it must
be three times the weight.

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2 Torque and Equilibrium key

AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based (Amos Alonzo Stagg High School)

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What I Absolutely Have to Know to Survive the AP* Exam

Linear and Angular analogs - variables

Rotational Inertia for a system of point masses = I = Σmr 2

Rotational Inertia for common objects (not necessary to memorize)

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

F = force that is being applied to object (N)

Key Formulas and Relationships

Linear and Angular analogs Ð kinematics and energy equations

Motion with Constant Acceleration

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

Strategy on Rotation Problems

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

Resolve forces on an c) correctly shows the forces. Weight always c

2. An automobile moves in a circle of radius 110 meters with a constant speed of 33

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

Rotational Inertia for I = Σmr 2 a,d

a) Rotational kinetic energy is equal to the translational.

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

Calculation of The ball will have both translational kinetic b

Relationships Both wheels have the same linear speed at their b

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

8. A square piece of plywood on a horizontal tabletop is subjected to the two horizontal

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

The net force must equal zero, so the possible

2nd Law of Motion Στ = Iα and τ = Fr sin θ d

2nd Law of Motion d

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

11. A uniform rigid bar of weight W is supported in a horizontal orientation as shown

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

(4 points) 1 point for correctly drawing and labeling

1 point for correctly drawing and labeling

1 point for correctly drawing and labeling

1 point for correctly drawing or labeling H,

One earned point was deducted if one or

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

shown, or any extraneous vectors

B. Calculate the reading on the spring scale.

(4 points) 1 point for an indication that

(3 points) 1 point for indicating that the

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Rotation I: Rotational Kinematics & Energy

A. What is the angular displacement during the 25-second time interval in

(2 points) 1 point for correct rotational kinematics