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    Chem

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    Ahmed Ziad

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chem

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Ziad
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    3 views4 pages

    Chem

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Ziad

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    Group I Group II Reduction by halogens

    Na2CO3 (s) heat Na2CO3 (L) CaCO3 heat CaO + CO2 NaCl + H2SO4(conc)  Na2SO4 + HCl
    Na2CO3 (s) heat Na2CO3 (L) CaOH heat CaO + H2O NaBr + H2SO4(conc)  Na2SO4+HBr+H2O+Br2+SO2
    2NaHCO3 heat Na2CO3 + H2O + 2Ca(NO3)2 heat 2CaO + NO2 + O2 NaI + H2SO4(conc)  Na2SO4 + HI + H2O + I2 + H2S
    CO2
    2NaNO3 heat 2NaNO2 + O2
    Period III
    Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
    O2 Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O6 SO2 Cl2O7
    P4O10 SO3
    Oxide NaOH Mg(OH) 2 insolub insoluble P2O3H3PO3 SO2H2SO3
    + H2O le P2O5H3PO4 SO3H2SO4
    Cl2 NaCl MgCl2 Al2Cl6 SiCl4 P4P4Cl3
    P4Cl3 P4Cl5
    Chloride brine Mg(OH)2 + Al2O3 + SiO2 +
    + H2O HCl HCl HCl

    Test for alkenes


    Br2 in water Br2 in brine Br2 in inert solvent (CCL4)
    Br-Br(aq) + CH2-CH2  Br-Br(NaCl aq) + CH2-CH2  Br-Br(CCl4) + CH2-CH2 
    CH2Br-CH2OH + CH2Br-CH2Br CH2Br-CH2OH + CH2Br-CH2Br +CH2Br-CH2Cl CH2Br-CH2Br
    Major product: CH2Br-CH2OH Major product: CH2Br-CH2OH
    Minor product: CH2Br-CH2Br Traces of CH2Br-CH2Cl

    Alkene reactions Notes


    CH2CHCH3 + H2O  CH2OH-CHOH-CH3 (break double bonds) cold alkaline KMnO4
    C2H4  CO2 + H2O hot acidic KMnO4
    CH2=CH-CH3  CH3-COOH + CO2 + H2O hot acidic KMnO4
    CH2=C(CH3)2  CH3-CO-CH3 + CO2 + H2O hot acidic KMnO4
    C2H4 + H2O  C3H5OH H3PO4+ 300oC + 60 atm
    C2H4 + H2  C3H6 Ni
    Cracking (no catalyst) 750oC + 70 atm
    Cracking (catalyst) Alumina silica + 450oC + 30 atm
    Alcohol oxidation (orange  green)
    dil H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7(aq) + dil H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7(aq) + heat
    distillation + heat(mild oxidation) under reflux (strong oxidation)
    Primary CH3CH2OH aldehyde CH3CHO carboxylic acid CH3COOH
    Secondary (CH3)2CHOH ketone (CH3)2CO no reaction
    Tertiary (CH3)3COH no reaction no reaction
    Add Mg/CaCO3 to distinguish between primary and secondary products (effervescence in acid)
    Primary alcohol reacts with KMnO4 to form carboxylic acid as it is a strong oxidizing agent

    Alcohol reactions Notes


    C2H5OH + HCl  C2H5Cl + H2O anhydrous ZnCl2
    C2H5OH + PCl3  C2H5Cl + H3PO4
    C2H5OH + PCl5  C2H5Cl +POCl3 + HCl dry test tube, white fumes seen(HCl)
    C2H5OH +SOCl2  C2H5Cl + SO2 + HCl easy to collect C2H5Cl as other products are gases
    2C2H5OH + 2Na  2C2H5ONa + H2
    C2H5O H + CH3CO OH  CH3COCH2CH3 + H2O esterification OH- is removed from carboxylic acid
    C2H5O H +CH3CO Cl  CH3COCH2CH3 + HCl esterification Cl- is removed from acyle chloride
    C2H5OH  C2H4 + H2O hot Al2O3 or conc H2SO4
    (H2O is removed as a double bond forms)
    C2H5OH + H2SO4  C2H5HSO4  C2H4 H2SO4 when acid is in excess
    2C2H5OH + H2SO4 C2H5OC2H5 when alcohol is in excess

    Carboxylic acid reactions Notes


    2CH3COOH + 2Na  2CH3COONa + H2 reaction with metals
    2CH3COOH + CaO  (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O reaction with metal oxides
    CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O reaction with metal hydroxides
    CH3COOH + CaCO3  (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2 reaction with metal carbonates
    3CH3COOH + PCl3  3CH3COCl + H3PO3
    CH3COOH + PCl5  CH3COCl2 + POCl3 + HCl
    CH3COOH + SOCl2  CH3COCl + SO2 + HCl
    Free radical substitution
    Conditions CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl +HCl: UV rays Electrophilic addition
    CH4 + Br2  CH3Br +HBr: UV rays + heat H H H Br H H Br H
    CH4 + I2  CH3I +HI: does not take place
    (high activation energy and reversible) C C C
    S+ S-
    Initiation + Br Br + Br S-

    Cl Cl  2Cl* C C+ C
    Chain CH4 + Cl*  HCl + CH3*
    propagatio Cl2 + CH3*  CH3Cl + Cl* H H H H H Br H
    n
    Chain CH3* + CH3*  C2H6
    termination CH3* +Cl*  CH3Cl
    Cl* +Cl*  Cl2

    Nucleophilic substitution
    SN1 in secondary / tertiary haloalkane SN2 in primary / secondary haloalkane
    Slow rate determining step: CH3
    (CH3)3CS+ BrS-  (CH3)3C+ + Br- Fast step
    S+ S-
    Fast step: C2H5Br + KOH  HO C ----Br  C2H5OH + KBr
    (CH3)3C+ + OH-  (CH3)3COH Slow rate determining step
    2,4 - dnp

    [H] = reducing
    agent

    [H] = NaBH4 or LiAlH4

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