Desktop 7.

Administra on: Facilitate network management, allowing administrators to configure,

1. Purpose: Primarily used for everyday compu ng tasks such as browsing the internet, office monitor, and maintain the network.
applica ons, and mul media consump on. Memory is important in a computer for several key reasons:
2. Performance: Typically has sufficient power for general use but may not be as high- 1. Storage of Data: Temporarily holds data that the computer is currently using or processing.
performance as servers or worksta ons. 2. Speed: Faster than other storage types, allowing quick access to data and applica ons,
3. Hardware: Usually includes a CPU, RAM, hard drive or SSD, and peripherals like a monitor, which improves overall system performance.
keyboard, and mouse. 3. Mul tasking: Enables the computer to run mul ple programs simultaneously by storing
4. Cost: Generally less expensive compared to servers and worksta ons. their data and instruc ons.
5. Scalability: Limited scalability; upgrades o en involve replacing components. 4. System Stability: Adequate memory helps prevent crashes and slowdowns by ensuring
Server there’s enough space for all running tasks.
1. Purpose: Designed to manage, store, and provide resources or services to other computers 5. Efficiency: Supports smooth opera on and quick access to frequently used informa on,
(clients) over a network. making tasks more efficient.
2. Performance: Op mized for reliability, up me, and handling mul ple simultaneous Here's a simple overview of various storage devices:
requests; o en equipped with mul ple CPUs, large amounts of RAM, and high-capacity Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
storage. 1. Capacity: Typically large, ranging from hundreds of gigabytes to several terabytes.
3. Hardware: Typically includes features for redundancy (e.g., mul ple power supplies, RAID 2. Speed: Moderate speed; slower than SSDs.
for storage). 3. Cost: Generally cheaper per gigabyte compared to SSDs.
4. Cost: Higher cost due to specialized hardware and features for performance and reliability. 4. Use: Commonly used for storing large amounts of data, such as opera ng systems,
5. Scalability: Highly scalable; can handle increased loads by adding more servers or upgrading applica ons, and files.
exis ng ones. Solid State Drive (SSD)
Worksta on 1. Capacity: Ranges from a few hundred gigabytes to a few terabytes.
1. Purpose: Designed for tasks requiring high performance and specialized applica ons such as 2. Speed: Much faster than HDDs, leading to quicker boot mes and file access.
3D modeling, video edi ng, or scien fic computa ons. 3. Cost: More expensive per gigabyte than HDDs.
2. Performance: High-performance hardware, including powerful CPUs, large amounts of RAM, 4. Use: Ideal for faster performance, o en used for opera ng systems and frequently accessed
and high-end graphics cards. files.
3. Hardware: O en features advanced components tailored for specific applica ons, such as USB Flash Drive
high-resolu on displays and specialized input devices. 1. Capacity: Typically ranges from a few gigabytes to hundreds of gigabytes.
4. Cost: Typically more expensive than desktops due to advanced hardware and capabili es. 2. Speed: Varies, but generally faster than HDDs.
5. Scalability: Can be upgraded with be er hardware components but is generally used as a 3. Cost: Affordable and portable.
single powerful machine rather than scaled across mul ple units. 4. Use: Portable storage for transferring files between computers.
Computers play several key roles in networking: Op cal Discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray)
1. Communica on: Allow users to send and receive data, such as emails, files, and messages, 1. Capacity: CDs hold up to 700 MB, DVDs up to 8.5 GB, and Blu-ray discs up to 100 GB.
over a network. 2. Speed: Slower compared to HDDs and SSDs.
2. Resource Sharing: Enable sharing of resources like printers, files, and internet connec ons 3. Cost: Inexpensive.
among mul ple users. 4. Use: Used for media distribu on, backups, and data archiving.
3. Data Storage: Store and manage data that can be accessed by other computers on the External Hard Drive
network. 1. Capacity: Ranges from hundreds of gigabytes to several terabytes.
4. Processing Power: Distribute tasks and compu ng power across mul ple computers, 2. Speed: Similar to internal HDDs and SSDs, depending on the type.
enhancing performance and efficiency. 3. Cost: Varies, generally affordable for large capaci es.
5. Access to Services: Provide access to network services like websites, databases, and 4. Use: External storage for backups, addi onal storage, and transferring large amounts of
applica ons. data.
6. Security: Implement security measures to protect network data and resources from Network A ached Storage (NAS)
unauthorized access and threats. 1. Capacity: Can range from a few terabytes to many terabytes, depending on the
configura on.

2. Speed: Depends on network speed and the drives used. 3. Why: Helps the receiving system recognize and correctly process the message content.
3. Cost: Higher ini al cost due to the need for a network and mul ple drives. Message Timing
4. Use: Centralized storage accessible over a network, ideal for homes and businesses. 1. Purpose: Manages the ming of sending and receiving messages.
Cloud Storage 2. How: Involves scheduling when messages are sent and handling delays or synchroniza on
1. Capacity: Virtually unlimited, based on subscrip on plans. issues.
2. Speed: Depends on internet speed. 3. Why: Ensures that messages are delivered in the right order and at the right me for proper
3. Cost: Subscrip on-based, can vary based on storage needs. communica on.
4. Use: Accessible from anywhere with internet access, used for backups, file sharing, and Flow control is a concept in computer networking and data communica ons that ensures
collabora on. data is transmi ed smoothly and efficiently between devices. Here's a simple explana on:
Choosing the right opera ng system (OS) is crucial for several reasons: 1. Purpose: Prevents a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver with too much data at
1. Compa bility: Ensures that the so ware and hardware you want to use will work smoothly once.
with your system. 2. How: Uses various techniques to manage the rate of data transmission between devices.
2. Performance: A well-chosen OS can op mize your computer’s performance and speed for 3. Benefits: Helps avoid data loss, conges on, and ensures data integrity.
your specific needs. 4. Methods: Includes techniques like buffering, windowing, and acknowledgment mechanisms.
3. Security: Different OSes have varying levels of security features; choosing the right one can Here's an overview of various networking devices and their func ons:
help protect your data from threats. Router
4. User Experience: The right OS can make your work easier with a user-friendly interface that 1. Func on: Directs data between different networks.
matches your preferences. 2. Use: Connects mul ple networks, such as a home network to the internet.
5. Support and Updates: Some OSes offer be er support and more frequent updates, which 3. Example: Home router connec ng your devices to the internet.
can be important for maintaining system health and access to the latest features. Switch
In short, the right OS ensures compa bility, performance, security, usability, and ongoing 1. Func on: Connects devices within the same network and forwards data to the correct
support. des na on.
A Network Opera ng System (NOS) is designed to manage and support network resources 2. Use: Commonly used in local area networks (LANs) to connect computers, printers, and
and services. Here’s a simple breakdown: other devices.
1. Resource Management: Helps manage and share resources like files, printers, and internet 3. Example: Ethernet switch in an office network.
access between mul ple computers on a network. Hub
2. Network Administra on: Provides tools to configure and control network se ngs, manage 1. Func on: Broadcasts data to all devices in a network.
user accounts, and set permissions. 2. Use: Basic device for connec ng mul ple devices in a network, less common due to
3. Security: Implements security measures to protect data and control access to network inefficiency.
resources. 3. Example: Early networking setups in small offices.
4. Communica on: Facilitates communica on between different devices on the network, Modem
allowing them to exchange data and use shared resources. 1. Func on: Converts digital data from a computer to analog signals for transmission over
5. Centralized Control: Allows administrators to manage the network from a central loca on, phone lines and vice versa.
making it easier to maintain and troubleshoot. 2. Use: Connects a computer or router to the internet via telephone lines or cable.
Message Encoding 3. Example: DSL or cable modem for home internet.
1. Purpose: Converts informa on into a format that can be transmi ed over a network. Access Point (AP)
2. How: Uses specific rules or standards to transform data into binary code (0s and 1s) or other 1. Func on: Provides wireless connec vity to devices.
formats. 2. Use: Extends the wireless coverage of a network.
3. Why: Ensures that data can be understood and correctly interpreted by the receiving 3. Example: Wi-Fi access point in a home or office.
system. Firewall
Message Forma ng 1. Func on: Monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security
1. Purpose: Arranges data in a structured way before sending it. rules.
2. How: Follows a predefined structure or protocol, like adding headers or footers to the 2. Use: Protects networks from unauthorized access and threats.
message. 3. Example: Network firewall in a corporate environment.
 Network Interface Card (NIC) o Example: Satellite communica on, point-to-point communica on.
1. Func on: Connects a computer to a network. o Use: Used for long-distance communica on and connec ng remote areas.
2. Use: Provides the hardware interface between a computer and the network. o Features: Requires line-of-sight between the transmi er and receiver; can cover large
3. Example: Ethernet card in a desktop PC. distances.
Bridge 3. Infrared
1. Func on: Connects two or more network segments, filtering traffic and reducing collisions. o Example: Remote controls, short-range communica on between devices like laptops and
2. Use: Combines mul ple networks into a single network. printers.
3. Example: Bridge connec ng two different LANs. o Use: Used for short-range, line-of-sight communica on.
Repeater o Features: Uses infrared light signals; limited by obstacles and range.
1. Func on: Amplifies and regenerates signals to extend the range of a network. Internet Cloud
2. Use: Used in long-distance networking to boost signal strength. Defini on: The internet cloud, or simply "the cloud," refers to a network of remote servers
3. Example: Wi-Fi repeater extending the range of a wireless network. that store, manage, and process data over the internet, rather than on local computers.
Broadcas ng a message in networking refers to sending data to all devices within a specific Features:
network. Here's a simple explana on: 1. Storage: Data is stored on remote servers, accessible from anywhere with an internet
1. Defini on: Transmi ng a message from one device to all devices in the network connec on.
simultaneously. 2. Services: Offers various services like data storage, compu ng power, databases, and
2. How: Uses a special address that all devices recognize as a broadcast address. so ware applica ons.
3. Purpose: Commonly used for sending informa on that needs to reach all devices, such as 3. Scalability: Easily scalable to meet changing demands without inves ng in physical
network announcements or requests for services. hardware.
4. Examples: 4. Accessibility: Users can access their data and applica ons from any device connected to the
o ARP Requests: To discover the MAC address of a device on the local network. internet.
o Network Discovery: For finding devices and services on a local network. Devices Used in Internet Cloud:
Wired Transmission Media 1. Servers:
1. Twisted Pair Cable o Func on: Powerful computers that store data and run applica ons.
o Example: Ethernet cables (Cat5, Cat6). o Example: Data center servers managed by companies like Amazon, Google, or Microso .
o Use: Commonly used in local area networks (LANs) for connec ng computers and other 2. Storage Devices:
devices. o Func on: Devices that store large amounts of data, such as hard drives and SSDs.
o Features: Consists of pairs of wires twisted together to reduce interference. o Example: Network-a ached storage (NAS) systems, Storage Area Networks (SAN).
2. Coaxial Cable 3. Networking Equipment:
o Example: RG-6 cable used for cable TV and internet. o Routers:
o Use: Used for cable television, internet connec ons, and older Ethernet networks.  Func on: Directs data traffic between different networks.
o Features: Contains a central conductor, insula ng layer, metallic shield, and outer cover. o Switches:
3. Fiber Op c Cable  Func on: Connects devices within the same network to facilitate data exchange.
o Example: Single-mode and mul -mode fiber cables. o Firewalls:
o Use: Used for high-speed data transmission over long distances in telecommunica ons and  Func on: Protects cloud infrastructure by monitoring and controlling incoming and outgoing
internet backbones. network traffic.
o Features: Transmits data as light signals, providing high bandwidth and low signal loss. 4. Load Balancers:
Wireless Transmission Media o Func on: Distribute incoming network traffic across mul ple servers to ensure no single
1. Radio Waves server is overwhelmed.
o Example: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth. o Example: Hardware or so ware-based load balancers.
o Use: Used for wireless local area networks (WLANs) and short-range communica on 5. Virtual Machines (VMs):
between devices. o Func on: Emulate physical computers, running mul ple opera ng systems and applica ons
o Features: Transmits data using electromagne c waves over the air. on a single physical server.
2. Microwave o Example: Instances provided by cloud pla orms like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud.

6. Databases: o Defini on: Dividing large messages into smaller packets and reassembling them at the
o Func on: Organized collec ons of data that can be accessed and managed. des na on.
o Example: SQL databases, NoSQL databases hosted on cloud services. o Purpose: Facilitates efficient and reliable data transfer.
Concept of Source, Channel, and Des na on in Communica on o Examples: TCP/IP packet segmenta on.
1. Source:
o Defini on: The origin or sender of the message or data.
o Role: Creates and transmits the message.
o Example: A computer sending an email.
2. Channel:
o Defini on: The medium through which the message is transmi ed from the source to the
des na on.
o Role: Carries the data between devices.
o Example: Ethernet cable, Wi-Fi, fiber op cs.
3. Des na on:
o Defini on: The receiver of the message or data.
o Role: Accepts and processes the incoming message.
o Example: A computer receiving an email.
Rules and Protocols of Communica on
1. Protocol:
o Defini on: A set of rules and conven ons for sending data over a network.
o Purpose: Ensures reliable and orderly communica on.
o Examples: TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP.
2. Addressing:
o Defini on: Assigning unique iden fiers to devices in a network.
o Purpose: Ensures messages reach the correct des na on.
o Examples: IP addresses, MAC addresses.
3. Error Detec on and Correc on:
o Defini on: Methods to iden fy and correct errors in transmi ed data.
o Purpose: Ensures data integrity and accuracy.
o Examples: Checksums, parity bits, error-correc ng codes.
4. Flow Control:
o Defini on: Techniques to manage the rate of data transmission between devices.
o Purpose: Prevents conges on and data loss.
o Examples: Sliding window protocol, TCP flow control.
5. Data Encryp on:
o Defini on: Encoding data to prevent unauthorized access.
o Purpose: Ensures data privacy and security.
o Examples: SSL/TLS, AES encryp on.
6. Handshaking:
o Defini on: Exchange of signals or messages to establish a connec on before data
transmission.
o Purpose: Ensures both sender and receiver are ready for communica on.
o Examples: TCP three-way handshake.
7. Segmenta on and Reassembly: