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Class 6 Holiday Homework

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8 views

Class 6 Holiday Homework

Uploaded by

ky638768
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Smoking is the major cause of mortality with bronchogenic carcinoma of the lungs and
is also one of the factors causing death due to malignancies of larynx, oral cavity,
oesophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach and uterine cervix and coronary heart
diseases.

Nicotine is the major substance present in the smoke that causes physical
dependence. The additives too produce damage to the body - for example, ammonia
can result in a 100 fold increase in the ability of nicotine to enter into the nose.

Clavulanic acid, added to cigarettes to mask the harsh taste of the nicotine, can
increase the binding of nicotine to brain receptors, which increases the 'kick' of
nicotine.

Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette contains over 4000 chemicals and 40
carcinogens. It has long been known that tobacco smoke is carcinogenic or cancer-
causing.

The lungs of smokers collect an annual deposit of 1 to 1 ½ pounds of the gooey black
material. Invisible gas of cigarette smoke contains nitrogen, oxygen and toxic gases like
carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides. These
gases are poisonous and in many cases interfere with the body's ability to transport
oxygen.

Like many carcinogenic compounds, they can act as tumour promoters or tumour
initiators by acting directly on the genetic make-up of cells of the body leading to
development of cancer.

During smoking, within the first 8-10 seconds, nicotine is absorbed through the lungs
and quickly 'moved' into the bloodstream and circulated throughout the brain. Nicotine
can also enter the bloodstream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth (if
tobacco is chewed) or nose (if snuff is used) and even through the skin. Our brain is
made up of billions of nerve cells. They communicate with each other by chemical
messengers called neurotransmitters.

Nicotine is one of the most powerful nerve poisons and binds stereo selectively to
nicotine receptors located in the brain; they play a critical role in cognitive processes
and memory.

The nicotine molecule is shaped like a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine which is


involved in many functions including muscle movement, breathing, heart-rate, learning
and memory. Nicotine, because of the similar structure with acetylcholine when it gets
into the brain, attaches itself to acetylcholine sites and produces toxic effect.
In high concentrations, nicotine is more deadly. In fact, one drop of purified nicotine on
the tongue will kill a person. It has been used as a pesticide for centuries.

Recent researches suggest that acute nicotine administration would result in increased
dopamine release from the brain, producing perception of pleasure and happiness,
increased energy and motivation, increased alertness, increased feeling of vigour
during the early phase of smoking.

However, not withstanding these superficial effects, research shows that the
relationship between smoking and memory loss is strongest in people who smoke more
than 20 cigarettes each day and this is not specific to the socio-economic status,
gender and a range of associated medical condition. Smoking may speed up age-
related memory loss but the details are not yet clear. Some studies suggest that
repeated exposure to high nicotine smoke related to the ‘Brain wiring’ is nothing but
neuro-biochemistry that deals with complex interaction among genetic experience and
bio- chemistry of brain cells.

One of the causes of memory decline in relation to the brain functions could be the
nerve cell death or decreased density of interconnected neural network due to loss of
dendrites; the tiny filaments which connect one nerve cell to another. Abstinence from
smoking is essential, not only to avoid this systemic effect but also to reduce the ill-
effects on the environment.

1. Give meaning of the following words as used in the passage:


i. Poisonous
ii. Vigour
iii. Abstinence
2. Find out the words from the passage which are opposite of the following:
i) Soft
ii) Discouragement
iii) Cover up
3. Answer the following questions briefly, in your own words:
i) What is the major cause of mortality as stated in the
passage? What does it result into?
ii) What is added to mask the harsh taste of nicotine? What
does it lead to?
iii) What does the invisible gas of cigarette smoke contain?
iv) What are the effects that chain smoking may lead to?
v) Why is it considered essential to abstain from smoking?

Write a letter to your friend describing A terrible road accident that you witnessed
while returning home from your school.
Exercise-1

Change the following assertive sentences into exclamatory sentences.

1. You are very slow.

2. She is very beautiful.

3. They are very happy here.

4. It was a very marvellous sight.

5. This is a very moving story.

6. I am very fortunate.

7. It was a very difficult puzzle.

8. They are very excited about the journey.

9. I was very surprised when I heard the news.

10. It was a very hot day.

Exercise-2

Transformation of an exclamatory sentence into an assertive sentence:

1. What a splendid performance!

2. How beautiful she is!

3. How kind of you to help him like that!

4. How generous she is!

5. What a surprise it is!

6. What a clean country Singapore is!

7. What a gorgeous lady she is!

8. How exciting the match was!

9. What a big city Mumbai is!

10. How clever Shyam is!

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