Chemical Reaction

Al Mawakeb Al Barsha
Science Department 2023-2024
Name: _______________________________ Grade 11 ____
Chemistry
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction is when chemical changes take place. A chemical equation

represents a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and the products.
Reactant  product
Catalyst is a chemical substance used to increase the rate of chemical
reaction.
Some more symbols used when writing the equation:

(+): separates two reactants and products
 : Yields, separate reactant and product
: Reversible reaction
(s), (l) and (g): designates the states of matter for reactants, and products as
solid, liquid or gas.
(aq): Designate an aqueous solution, the substance which is dissolved in
water.
∆: designates heat
1
Balancing a chemical equation is when the number of atoms of each

element and mass is conserved in reactants and products.
To balance a chemical equation, you have to balance the coefficients, whole
number placed before every element or compound.
Balancing chemical equation could be done by:
a- multiplying the element or compound by a whole number in the reactant or
the product
b- Multiplying the element in the reactant and the product sides with reversed
numbers. (least common multiple)
c- In case of oxygen gas and the product side shows odd number for oxygen
and all other elements are balanced, multiple it by the number of oxygen
atoms in product sides, divided by 2, then multiply the whole equation by 2
Note: Always start balancing hydrogen element if found, and always end
balancing with oxygen element if found.
You can use the below table to check the number of each atom in reactant
and product and try to make all equal starting with hydrogen and ending with
oxygen.
Element Reactant Product
Example of least common multiple method:
___ AlF3 + ____ Ca  ___ CaF2 + Al
F in the reactant side is 3. F in the product side is 2.

The least common multiple for 2 and 3 is 6. So now check how much you
need to multiply each side by to reach 6.
2AlF3 + ____ Ca  3CaF2 + Al
Now continue balancing the other elements like Ca.
2AlF3 + 3Ca  3CaF2 + 2Al
2
Example of O2 with fraction method.
___ C2H6 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + H2O
First you balance H then C
C2H6 + ___ O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
Now all the elements are balanced except for O. In the product side Oxygen is
an odd number “7” while O in the reactant side is even number “2”.
In this case you take the “odd number /2”
C2H6 + 7/2O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
But since the coefficient should be a whole number then we have to multiply
all coefficients by 2.
2C2H6 + 7O2  4CO2 + 6H2O
3
Chemical reactions iare classified in 5 types:
a- Combustion reaction: A reaction that includes oxygen gas with a given

substance containing carbon in the reactant and carbon dioxide and water in
the product.
Example: 2C3H8 + 10O2  6CO2 + 8H2O
When CO2 is produced, the combustion is called to be complete combustion.

In case of CO “carbon monoxide” is produced instead of CO2 “Carbon dioxide”,
the combustion is called incomplete combustion.
Blue flame means it is complete

combustion and that there is enough
amount of oxygen gas.
Yellow flame means it is incomplete
combustion and that there isn’t enough
amount of oxygen. When glassware such
as test tube touches the yellow flame,
black carbon residue can be observed on
the test tube.
b- Combination reaction or Synthesis reaction: When 2 or more

substances (element or compounds) react to give single new substance in
product side.
2K + Cl2  2KCl
c- Decomposition reaction: single compound breaks down into two or more

products. It can be recognized by having one compound in the reactant side.
2NaN3  2Na + 3N2
d- Single Replacement/displacement: Reaction where one element replaces

a second element in a compound. It can be recognized by having one
compound, one element in the reactant side, and one compound, one element in
the product side.
2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
In order metal to replace another metal, it should have higher activity than the
original one, according to the below table.
4
When metal is replacing hydrogen, same as in the example above, H will go

outside as H2 (because it is non-metal), and the metal will join with OH
“Hydroxide ion”
The table below shows the activity series for metals. Any metal with higher
reactivity can replace another metal with less reactivity. The opposite way
doesn’t work
For example, iron metal can replace lead metal because it is more reactive, but
it can’t replace zinc because it is less reactive.
Halogens also can replace another halogen according to their reactivity using
the below table
As you go from top to bottom of column 17, activity decreases. So Fluorine is

the most reactive and Iodine is the least reactive.
Remember that when non- metals move
out they will have subscript of “2”.
5
To know the new

compound formed, you
have to check the
ions formed by
each element and
then do criss-cross.
Columns 1, 2, 13, 15, 16, and 17 form 1+, 2+, 3+, 3-, 2-, and 1- respectively.
For transition metals, some can form only one ion like Zn2+ for zinc, Ag1+ for
silver, while others can form two possible charges. You will be provided with
the required charge for transition metals.
For polyatomic anions, also you will be given the name and the charge of the
ions such as sulfate ion for SO42-, and phosphate ion PO43-.
Sample:1 Au + LiNO3  ??
No Reaction since Au is less reactive than Li.
Sample:2 Li + AuNO3  ??
Since Li is more reactive, and it is a metal, so it will switch with Au.

Au will go out with subscript 1 because it is a metal.
Li will join with NO31-
6
Li is in column 1 so it is Li1+
1+ and 1- will cancel each other so the result will be:
Li + AuNO3  LiNO3 + Au
Sample:3 Br + CaF2  ??
No reaction because Br is less reactive than F.
Sample:4 F2 + CaBr2  ??
Since F is more reactive, and it is a non-metal, so it will switch with Br.

Br will go out with subscript 2 because it is a non-metal.
F will join with Ca

Ca should be written first because it is a metal
Ca is in column 2 so it will form Ca2+
F is in column 1 so it will form F1-
Then do criss cross method

Ca2+ F1-
CaF2
F2 + CaBr2 Br2 + CaF2
e- Double Replacement/displacement: Reaction that involves an exchange of

the positive ions between two compounds. It can be recognized by having two
compounds in the reactant and two compounds in the product side.
Na2S + Cd(NO3)2  CdS + 2NaNO3
Ionic compounds are formed from cations and anions (metals and non-
metals). When double displacement takes place, the metal will switch to the
next non-metal and the non-metal will switch to the next metal.
Note: Remember that metals should be written first.
To know the new compound formed, you have to check the ions formed by
each element and then do criss-cross.
7
Sample 1: K2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2  ??
K and Ba are the metals (Cations)

SO4 and NO3 are the non-metals (Anions)
K is in column 1 so it forms K1+

Ba is in column 2 so it forms Ba2+
SO4 is sulfate ion with charge 2- so SO42-

NO3 is nitrate ion with charge 1- so NO31-
K was originally with SO42- so now it will switch to NO31-

Ba was originally with NO31- so now it will switch to SO42-
K1+ and NO31-  KNO3
Ba2+ and SO42-  BaSO4
Mixing solutions of two ionic compounds can sometimes result in the

formation of an insoluble salt called a precipitate. Some combinations of
solutions produce precipitates, while others do not. Whether or not a
precipitate forms depends upon the solubility of the new compounds that
form. By using the general rules for solubility of ionic compounds, you can
predict the formation of precipitate. These general rules are shown in the
below table
Soluble means the compound will be aqueous state (aq) and Insoluble means
the compound will be solid state (s).
8
Complete ionic equation is an equation that shows dissolved ionic

compounds as dissociated free ions. Only aqueous substances will be changed
into their ions.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
To write the complete ionic equation you should separate the aqueous
compounds into the ions forming the compound, while liquid, solid and gas’s
state compounds will not be separated:
Ag1+ (aq) + NO3 1-(aq) + Na1+ (aq) + Cl1-(aq)  AgCl (s) + Na1+ (aq) + NO3 1-(aq)
Next step is to identify the spectator ions, which are the similar ions that
appear on both sides of an equation.
From the above equation, NO3 1-(aq) and Na1+ (aq) are spectator ions.
Net ionic equation: is an equation for a reaction in solution that shows only
those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change. (Without the
spectator ions).
Ag1+ (aq) + Cl1-(aq)  AgCl (s)
9
Some equations may not have spectator ions. So the complete ionic equation
will be the same as the net ionic equation. This situation takes place when
there is no solid formed.
10

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Al Mawakeb Al Barsha

Science Department 2023-2024

Name: _______________________________ Grade 11 ____

Chemical reaction is when chemical changes take place. A chemical equation

Some more symbols used when writing the equation:

Balancing a chemical equation is when the number of atoms of each

Example of least common multiple method:

___ AlF3 + ____ Ca  ___ CaF2 + Al

F in the reactant side is 3. F in the product side is 2.

2AlF3 + ____ Ca  3CaF2 + Al

Now continue balancing the other elements like Ca.

2AlF3 + 3Ca  3CaF2 + 2Al

Example of O2 with fraction method.

___ C2H6 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + H2O

First you balance H then C

C2H6 + ___ O2  2CO2 + 3H2O

C2H6 + 7/2O2  2CO2 + 3H2O

2C2H6 + 7O2  4CO2 + 6H2O

Chemical reactions iare classified in 5 types:

a- Combustion reaction: A reaction that includes oxygen gas with a given

When CO2 is produced, the combustion is called to be complete combustion.

Blue flame means it is complete

b- Combination reaction or Synthesis reaction: When 2 or more

c- Decomposition reaction: single compound breaks down into two or more

d- Single Replacement/displacement: Reaction where one element replaces

When metal is replacing hydrogen, same as in the example above, H will go

As you go from top to bottom of column 17, activity decreases. So Fluorine is

To know the new

No Reaction since Au is less reactive than Li.

Since Li is more reactive, and it is a metal, so it will switch with Au.

Li will join with NO31-

No reaction because Br is less reactive than F.

Since F is more reactive, and it is a non-metal, so it will switch with Br.

F will join with Ca

Then do criss cross method

F2 + CaBr2 Br2 + CaF2

e- Double Replacement/displacement: Reaction that involves an exchange of

Sample 1: K2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2  ??

K and Ba are the metals (Cations)

K is in column 1 so it forms K1+

SO4 is sulfate ion with charge 2- so SO42-

K was originally with SO42- so now it will switch to NO31-

K1+ and NO31-  KNO3

Ba2+ and SO42-  BaSO4

Mixing solutions of two ionic compounds can sometimes result in the

Complete ionic equation is an equation that shows dissolved ionic

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Name: ___________________________ Grade 11

_ AlF3 + Ca  _ CaF2 + Al

_ C2H6 + _ O2  ___ CO2 + H2O