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Oral Communication
Lesson: Various Model of Communication

This module was designed to make you better and differentiate the various models of communication.

The following are different models of communication that explain and illustrate how the process of
communicating works.
a. Aristotle’s Model of Communication Aristotle (5 BCE), a teacher of Rhetoric and a founder of an
academy that produced good speakers, came up with the first and earliest model of
communication. This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication.
Speaker plays a very important role in public speaking. To influence or persuade his audience, he
must first prepare his speech and analyze the audience before he speaks to them.

Speaker Message Audience

b. Transactional Model In the transactional model, there is an exchange of messages between the
sender and the receiver where both take turns in sending and receiving messages. The roles of both
communicators reverse each time in the communication process. This is also called circular model
of communication and is used for interpersonal communication. Everyday talk and interactions are
examples of transactional model of communication. The participants in this communication process
who have common social and cultural systems and relational situations can communicate with one
another more effectively. A teacher discussing a lesson with his students or teachers holding a
virtual meeting communicate with one another efficiently because they know each other and share
the same social system. The model shows that there is a continuous exchanging of messages, but
barriers may take place and affect communication.
 c. Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver introduced the concept of noise. This model of
communication is also known as the Telephone Model for this is based on the experience of using
the telephone back in the 1940’s wherein the message was hindered by noise. Therefore, the
message received by the listener was not necessarily the message sent by the sender.

The Shannon – Weaver model of communication contains six important features.

Sender
The originator of message or the information source selects desire message.

Encoder
The transmitter which converts the message into signals

Receiver The destination of the message from sender

Noise The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this process
the messages may be distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder, and crowd
noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect
the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message.\

An example of Shannon - Weaver model of communication Mr. Diaz made a call to his secretary
“Please call the internet provider.” During his call, noise comes in (transmission error) and his
secretary heard “Please call” only. The secretary replied (feedback) “Whom will I call, Sir?”
Sender : Mr. Diaz
Encoder : Telephone (Mr. Diaz)
Channel : Cable
Noise : Distraction in voice
Reception : Telephone (Secretary)
Receiver : Assistant
Due to transmission error or noise, the secretary was not able to understand the message
 d. Schramm Model of Communication
Wilbur Schramm is known as the Father of Mass Communication. He came up with five models but in the
Schramm Model of Communication he developed in 1955, communication breakdown is explained. He
asserts that both the sender and the receiver should have the same field of experience.

In this concept, field of experience refers to everything that makes an individual unique – everything that
he/she has ever learned, watched, seen, heard, read, and studied. In this model, communication has six
elements
Source Encoder Message Channel Decoder Receiver

He gives emphasis on encoding and decoding of message. This model shows how a message is transferred
from the sender to the receiver. The model also asserts that message can be complicated by different
meaning learned by different people. Schramm claims that communication can take place if and only if
there is an overlap between the field of experience of the participants of the communication process. It
means that the sender and the receiver have commonalities. For example, a Japanese is invited to give a
talk to Filipino students. These students can only understand English and Filipino. If the speaker will speak
in Japanese, the audience will not be able to understand him.
Schramm’s Model of Communication

Source: https://methods.sagepub.com/images/virtual/how-to-build-social-science-theories/127_1.jpg

E. Eugene White Model of Communication

Eugene White’s Model of communication says that communication is circular and continuous, without a beginning
or end. His 1960 cyclical model, the communication process is composed of eight stages- thinking, symbolizing,
expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed-backing, monitoring, and thinking. He also points out that
although one can assume that communication begins with thinking, it can be observed from any point in the
circle. White was also the one who introduced the concept of feedback which is a process also known as to close
the loop.

White’s Model of Communication

 f. Berlo’s Model of Communication
You have already learned that Aristotle’s model of communication places the speaker in the central position
and the one who drives the entire communication process. The Berlo’s model of communication takes into
account the emotional aspect of the message.
Berlo’s model follows the SMCR model S – Source
M – Message C – Channel R – Receiver

Berlo’s model of communication is composed of a several factors under each element. The SOURCE is
where the message originates. The person should have communication skills like the ability to read, write,
speak, and listen to the right attitude towards the listeners, subject, and oneself. The individual must be
knowledgeable about the topic he is communicating and the audience’s familiarity with it. In
communicating, the social system must be considered such as the culture of the audience. The sender of
the message from where the message originates is referred to as the encoder.

Content is the body of the MESSAGE, from beginning to the end like whatever the teacher teaches his
students from the beginning up to the end. The speech must be accompanied by elements such as
gestures, facial expression or body language so that listeners will not lose interest. Treatment is the way
one treats his message. One must understand the importance of the message know how to handle it.
Berlo’s model asserts that a message must be properly structured in order to be conveyed clearly. The code
in this model refers to the means through which a message is sent and in what form. It could be the
language, gestures, expressions, music, and so on. The code should be correct in the communication. Only
when the code is clear, the message will be clear.
The C in the SMCR stands for CHANNEL. Channel refers to the five sense organs: hearing, seeing, touching,
smelling, and tasting. These five senses help human beings to communicate with one another.
When the RECEIVER message reaches the receiver, he tries to understand what the sender is trying to
convey. This is also called decoding.

g. Berlo’s Model of Communication

Source: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/berlo-model-of-communication.htm
 h. Helical Model of Communication
The Helical Model of communication was developed by Frank Dance in 1967. He thought of communication
similar to helix. Helix is a smooth curve like a spring that goes upwards and downwards. This model
presents the concept of time where continuousness of communication process is very important.
In helical model, communication is a dynamic process. Communication progresses as an individual gets
older and his experience and vocabulary increases.

Helical Model of Communication

Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/helical-model-communication

Actiivity 1: Directions: Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.

1. Explaining a concept using a can be very helpful for it simplifies the learning process and
allows for better understanding.
2. Aristotle‘s model of communication is more focused on than interpersonal
communication.
3. ’s model of communication is also known as the Telephone Model for this is
based on the experience of using the telephone back in the 1940’s.
4. claims that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap
between the field of experience of the participants in the communication process.
5. Eugene White’s model of communication says that
communication is
 6. Berlo’s model of communication takes into account the ___________ aspect of the
message.

7. Helical model of communication claims that communication progresses as an

individual gets older and his/her experience and increases.

Directions: Develop you own model of communication. Include a two- to three- paragraph description of
your model and explain any special characteristic of it.
 Lesson: Various Effective Communication

Effective communication

a process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge and information such that the
purpose or intention is fulfilled in the best possible manner. In simple words, it is
nothing but the presentation of views by the sender in a way best understood by
the receiver.
We can say that it generally involves;
Sender: The person who initiates the process of communication by sending a
message;
Receiver: The one to whom the message is to be delivered

Barriers to Effective Communication

1. Language Barriers Language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to
communication. However, even when communicating in the same style, the terminology used
in a message may be a barrier if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s).
For example, a nurse or a doctor referring to common colds as upper respiratory tract
infection may not be understood well by a patient. Language barriers may include different
languages, no clarity in speech, using jargon, and not being specific.
2. Psychological Barriers The psychological state of the communicators will influence how
the message is sent, received, and perceived.
For example, if someone is stressed, he/she might be very impatient which could affect how
he sends and receives messages, resulting in misunderstanding.
Anger is another example of a psychological barrier to communication when we are
angry. It is easy to say things that we may later regret and also to misinterpret what others
are saying.
3. Physiological Barriers - Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state.
For example, a receiver with reduced hearing may not grasp a spoken conversation,
especially if there is
significant background noise. Your grandmother or grandfather may not hear as clearly asyour
mother or father; thus, they tend to misunderstand your messages and respond
differently.
4. Physical Barriers
Physical barrier is the natural and environmental situation that hinders the sending of
the information from the sender to the receiver. Defects in media, distractions in the
environment, distance and physical disability, technological problems and noise are the parts
of physical barriers.
5. Systematic/Systemic Barriers
Systematic barriers to communication happen in a workplace or structures where
there are disorganized or incorrect information systems and communication channels or a
lack of understanding of the roles and responsibilities for communication. Individuals in such
workplace may experience confusions of their role in the communication process.
6. Attitudinal Barriers
An attitudinal communication barrier is a behavior or perceptions that hinder people
from transmitting information effectively. Accusing, or thinking someone of having a bad
attitude who might as well bring attitudinal barrier in your workplace is an example of
an attitudinal barrier.

Activity 1. Read and Tell

What type of barrier is described in the following situations? Write A for Language Barriers,
B for Psychological Barriers, C for Physiological Barriers, D for Physical Barriers, E for
Systematic/Systemic Barriers, F for Attitudinal Barriers.
_____ 1. My mom yells at me because I arrived home late. She never stops reminding me of
all the mistakes I’ve made in the past. I think she was really mad because she wants me to
learn from my mistakes.
_____ 2. I cannot understand the speaker by just listening to him. I need to look at him while
he’s talking and pays attention to his gestures carefully to be able to grasp the
whole meaning of what he says.
_____ 3. Mark took antibiotics when he was told by the doctor to take antihistamines
because of his allergy to dust.
_____ 4. My cousin, who arrived in Manila for the first time to spend her summer vacation
with us, finds it difficult to understand some common Tagalog words we uttered in the house.
She would usually give us a blank look when she could not
understand what we mean.
______ 5. Sheila was asked by her boss to pile the documents and put them in their proper
boxes. Puzzled, since she was new in her work she could not understand what FITC means.
A colleague came to her and said, “File in the Cabinet.” She
responded to her with a shy smile.
______ 6. The new candidate for the presidency of the club has good plans for the group but
I wouldn’t say I like his manner of talking. He sounds too bossy and arrogant. Dismayed by
his behavior, I persuaded my friends not to support him.
______ 7. The students could hardly hear the teacher discussing because of the loud
sounds coming from the construction site near the school.
______ 8. The symposium regarding “How to Fight Depression” was attended by the Senior
High School students. However, the large crowd of students became uneasy and started to
create noise. One student commented, “The speaker has a weak voice that he could hardly
be heard by the audience.”
______ 9. The store manager Alice was reprimanded because of the wrong item she gave
to the customer. She could not work well that day due to the bad headache she was
suffering.
______ 10. Cael came home excited to share his artwork with his grandmother, which won
first place in the school art competition. To his surprise, his reaction was different from that
of his grandmother; he later realized that his grandmother has a hearing impairment.
Activity 2. In a maximum of a 500-word essay, give your idea on how communication skills help
you as a Senior High School student cope with the challenges with school, work, relationships
and social interactions.
 Lesson: Intercultural Communication
Definition and Nature of Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and
create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey,

Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators

World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits that define a competent
intercultural communicator.
1. flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
2. reflectiveness or mindfulness
3. open-mindedness
4. sensitivity
5. adaptability
6. ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking creatively) and systems-level
thinking (or thinking how each one in a system or organization influences each
other)
7. politeness
Note that in addition to culture, other elements such as gender, age, social status,
and
religion must also be taken into consideration when communicating with others.
Refrain from showing bias when talking to someone by following the tips below.
1. Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a certain group.
2. Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and “man” to refer to a general
group
of people. To remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or rewrite a sentence to
avoid using pronouns. The use of his/her is also acceptable.
3. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly.
4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others.
5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social
class than you.
Activity1. Read each statement. If it displays bias or insensitivity, write the
group/element being misrepresented (gender, social status, age, religion,
culture). If not, write “OK.” Once done, compare and discuss your answers with a
partner.
__________1. “Each employee must wear his ID at all times.”
___________2. “You won’t understand if I explain; you’re too young.”
___________3. “Japanese people are so rigid and stoic!”
___________4. “Don’t buy those shades; only low-class people wear those.”
____________5. “Lolo, this is an iPhone. ‘i-Phone.’ It is a very complicated device,
but I’ll explain it to you simply. It is used to talk to people from other places.”
____________6. “All staff members have to submit their leave requests before the
day ends.”
____________7. “My belief is the absolute truth. Other religions simply got it
wrong.”
___________8. “Manang, let’s go, I’ll treat you. I bet you haven’t eaten sushi in
your entire life.”
___________9. “Catholics and Protestants do have big differences, but we must
respect each other’s beliefs.”
___________10. “You’re the youngest person in the family, but I trust that you can
handle the situation well.”
Activity 2. Look at the following photo which compares an advertisement in
Sweden and in Saudi Arabia.

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