Bonding 2

Bonding 2
Ms. Subance
Metallic Bonding
• A metallic bond is the sharing of electrons between many atoms of
a metal element.
• It is essentially the bonding of metal atoms to metal atoms.
• Metals lose valence electrons to become positive ions. The positive
ions would vibrate about a fixed position and the lost electrons are
free to move around positive ions.
• The metal atoms bond to metal atoms to form a metallic lattice.
• Described by the electron-sea model
• This is where the valence electrons of the metal’s atoms are spread
out through the lattice of the metal.
Properties of Metals
1) Metals are dense – The particles in metals are tightly packed in lattice
2) Metals have high melting and boiling points – strong forces of attraction exist between particles.
A large amount of thermal energy is required to overcome the strong electrical forces between the
positive ions and the delocalized electrons. These forces operate throughout the lattice.
3) Metals are good conductors of heat – delocalized electrons transmit the energy of vibrations of
one positive ion to its neighbours. The ions vibrate more freely than other bonds which means it
is easier for each atom to transmit thermal energy to their neighbour. Thus the regular repeating
lattice and close proximity of the ions promotes the transfer of energy.
4) Metals are good conductors of electricity – electrons are delocalized
within the lattice. Electrons flow in at one end and the same number flow
out the other end.
5) Metals are malleable and ductile – the distortion does not disrupt the
metallic bonding. Malleable means that it is hammered into shape and
ductile means it can be drawn into wires. Due to electrons allowing atoms
to slide by.
6) Metals are lustrous – the presence of free electrons cause more metals to
reflect light.
Polar vs Nonpolar molecules
- Sometimes the bonds within a molecule are polar and yet the molecule itself is non-polar
Nonpolar molecules
A nonpolar molecule is equal on all sides. [Symmetrical shape of molecule-atoms surrounding
central atom are the same on all sides.
Polar Molecules
Molecule is not equal on all sides
- Not a symmetrical shape of molecule [ atoms surrounding the central atom are not the same on all
sides]
Intramolecular attractions
-Attractions within or inside molecules, also known as bonds
- Ionic
- Covalent
- Metallic
Intermolecular attractions
-Attractions between molecules
- Hydrogen “bonding”
- Strong attraction between special polar molecules (F, O, N, P)
- Dipole – Dipole
- Result of polar covalent bonds
- Induced Dipole (Dispersion Forces)
- Result of non-polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen “Bonding”
- Strong intermolecular force
-Like magnets
- Occurs ONLY between H of one molecule and N, O, F of another molecule
Hydrogen
Bonding
Why does Hydrogen Bonding occur
- Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine
- are small atoms with strong nuclear charges
- powerful atoms
- Have very high electronegativities, these atoms hog the electrons in a bond
- Create very POLAR molecules
Dipole –Dipole Interactions
- Weak intermolecular force
- Bonds have high electronegativity differences forming polar covalent molecules but not as
high as those that result in hydrogen bonding.
- partial negative and partial positive charges slightly attracted to each other.
- only occur between polar covalent molecules
Induced Dipole Attractions
- Very weak intermolecular force

- Bonds have low electronegativity differences
- Temporary partial negative or positive charge results from a nearby polar covalent molecule.
- Only occur between NON-polar and polar molecules
Giant covalent structures
Giant covalent structures are structures which are covalently bonded by vast network of atoms.
All the bonds are covalent, so giant covalent structures have very high melting and boiling
points, are usually hard.
Allotropes of carbon
Diamond and graphite
Both diamond and graphite are made up of carbon atoms. Different forms of the same element
are called allotropes. These allotropes of carbon have different properties because the atoms are
bonded in different arrangements which create different giant structures
Properties of Diamond
All the electrons in the outer most shell of carbon is involved in
covalent bonds
-Hard – the hardest natural substance on earth
- High melting and boiling point – a lot of energy is needed to
break the covalent bonds
- Cannot conduct electricity – no free electrons or ions to carry
a charge.
Properties of Graphite
Only 3 of the 4 electrons in the outer most shell of each carbon
atom is covalently bonded
- Soft and slippery – layers can slide easily over each other
because the weak forces of attraction are easily broken.
- Conducts electricity – the only non-metal to do so. The free
electron from each carbon means that each layer has delocalized
electrons which can carry charge.
Van der Waal Forces
These are weak intermolecular forces that are dependent on the distance between
atoms or molecules. These forces arise from the interactions between uncharged
atoms/molecules.
NaCl
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound with the formula NaCl. It is a crystalline solid, white.
In its aqueous form, it is called a saline solution. Sodium chloride is also referred to as salt.
Uses of sodium chloride

- Is used in medicine - saline solution in nasal spray
- Used in fire extinguishers
- Used in cleansers like shampoo and toothpaste
- Used in the soda ash industry to produce sodium carbonate through the Solvay process
- Used in the paper industry, textile industry and in the construction of roads
- Used in water softening
Properties of sodium chloride
- Easily soluble in water and partially soluble or insoluble in other liquids
- They are white crystals which do not have an odour but possess a taste
- In its aqueous state NaCl acts as a good conductor of electricity due to the free movement of the ions.
- Has a high melting and boiling point.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

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Bonding 2

out the other end.

metallic bonding. Malleable means that it is hammered into shape and

- Very weak intermolecular force

Uses of sodium chloride

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

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