Module Code: Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D1

Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________
Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS

First Quarter/ Week 2/ Day 1
OBJECTIVE:
• Represents real-life situations using rational functions.
• Distinguishes rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality.

YOUR LESSON FOR TODAY:

• Representing real life situations using rational functions
• Distinguishing Rational Function, Rational Equation, and Rational Inequality

Rational Algebraic Expressions

A polynomial function p of degree n is a function that can be written in
the form
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
where𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 and n is a positive
integer. Each addend of the sum is a term of the polynomial function. The constants
are the coefficients. The leading coefficient is 𝑎𝑛 . The leading term is 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , and the
constant term is𝑎0 .

Example 1. An object is to travel a distance of 10 meters. Express velocity v as a

function of travel time t, in seconds.

Solution. The following table of values show v for various values of t.

t (seconds) 1 2 4 5 10
v (meters per second) 10 5 2.5 2 1

10
The function 𝑣(𝑡) = can represent v as a function of t.
𝑡

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 Module Code: Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D1

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The graph indicates that the maximum drug concentration occurs around 1 hour after the
drug was administered (calculus can be used to determine the exact value at which the
maximum occurs). After 1 hour, the graph suggests that drug concentration decreases
until it is almost zero.
Example 3. In an organ pipe, the frequency f of vibration of air is inversely proportional
to the length L of the pipe. Suppose that the frequency of vibration in a 10-foot pipe is 54
vibrations per second. Express f as a function of L.
𝑘
Solution. Since f is inversely proportional to L, then 𝑓 = 𝐿 , where k is the constant of

proportionality.
𝑘 540
If L = 10 then f = 54. Thus,54 = 10 = 𝑘 = 540. Thus, the function𝑓(𝐿) = represents f
𝐿

as a function of L.
Example 4. The distance from Manila to Baguio is around 250 kilometers.
(a) How long will it take you to get to Baguio if your average speed is 25 kilometers per
hour? 40 kilometers per hour? 50 kilometers per hour?
(b) Construct a function (s), where s is the speed of travel, that describes the time it takes
to drive from Manila to Baguio.
Solution.
(a) Distance is calculated as the product of speed and time. So we can get the time by
dividing distance by the speed.
250 kilometers/ 25 kilometers per hour = 10 hours
250 kilometers/ 40 kilometers per hour = 6.25 hours
250 kilometers/ 50 kilometers per hour = 5 hours

(b) Since time is the quotient of distance and speed, we can write out the function as𝑡(𝑠) =
𝑑
.The distance is fixed at 250 kilometers so the final function we have is
𝑠
250
𝑡(𝑠) = .
𝑠

Practice Exercise 1:
1. Given the polynomial function𝑝(𝑥) = 12 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 , find
(a) The degree of the polynomial
(b) The leading coefficient
(c) The constant term
(d) The number of zeroes

2. The budget of a university organization is split evenly among its various committees. If
they have a budget of P60,000:
(a) Construct a function𝑀(𝑛)which would give the amount of money each of the number
of committees would receive.
(b) If the organization has eight committees, how much would each committee have?

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 Module Code: Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D1

Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________
Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________
3. A company has a budget of P90,000 to be split evenly among its various offices. The
marketing office of the company receives twice the amount of money than the other
offices.
(a) Given 𝑀(𝑛) as the number of offices in the company, construct a function 𝑓(𝑥)which
would give the amount of money each of the non-marketing offices would receive.
(b) If the company had five offices, how much would the marketing office receive? How
much would each of the non-marketing offices receive?

Practice Exercise 2:
4𝑡
1. Let 𝐶(𝑡) = be the function that describes the concentration of a certain medication in the
𝑡 2 +4

bloodstream over time.

(a) What is C(0)? Why is that so?
(b) Construct a table of values for when t is equal to 0,1,2,3,4, and 5.
(c) Interpret your answers in relation to drug concentration.

2. The distance from Pasay to Bicol is around 420 kilometers.

(a) How long will it take you to get to Bicol if your average speed is 30kilometers
per hour? 60 kilometers per hour? 90 kilometers per hour?
(b) Construct a function (s), where s is the speed of travel, that describes the time it
takes to drive from Pasay to Bicol.

Rational Algebraic Expressions

𝑎
A rational expression can be written in the form 𝑏 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
polynomials and 𝑏 ≠ 0. It is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two
polynomials.

𝑥 𝑦+1 𝑦 2 −1 𝑥 3𝑥 2 −4𝑥+5
Examples:2 , 𝑦−1 , , 2𝑥−1 ,
𝑦+2 2𝑥−1

Rational Equation is an equation involving rational expressions. It is an equation

containing at least one fraction whose numerator and denominator are
𝑝(𝑥)
polynomials, 𝑞(𝑥).These fractions may be on one or both sides of the equation.

Examples:

2 3 1
• − 2𝑥 = 5
𝑥
3
• 1 − 2𝑥+1 = 2
8 𝑥
• − 8 = 2𝑥−1
𝑥
2𝑥 2
• =3
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1
4𝑥+1 12
• − 3 = 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥+1

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 Module Code: Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D1

Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________
Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________
Rational Inequality is an inequality which contains a rational expression. It is
composed of rational expressions combined with a ≤, ≥, <, or> sign.

Examples:
𝑥−1
• 𝑥+2 > 0
𝑥+68
• ≥5
𝑥+8
3𝑥+5
• ≤2
𝑥+1
2𝑥
• ≥1
𝑥+1
1 2
• + 𝑥 2 −1 > 1
2

𝑝(𝑥)
A Rational Function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥) where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are
polynomial functions, and 𝑞(𝑥) is not the zero function. The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is all values
of 𝑥 where
Examples: 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
• 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+3
3𝑥 2 −4𝑥+5
• ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥−1
1−𝑥 2
• 𝑖(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+𝑥−12
𝑥2
• 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
𝑥−2
• 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 +7𝑥+5

Learning Summary:
𝑝(𝑥)
• A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions and
𝑞(𝑥)
q(x) is not the zero function. The domain of f(x) is the set of all values of x where q(x) is not equal to 0.

Rational Equation Rational Inequality Rational Function

Definition An equation involving An inequality A function of the form

rational expressions. involving rational 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥), where
expressions.
both are polynomial
functions and 𝑞 ≠ 0.

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 Module Code: Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D1

Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________
Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

EVALUATION:
Determine whether the given is a rational function, rational equation, or a rational
inequality. Write your answer on the opposite side of the given.

8 𝑥
1. − 8 = 2𝑥−1
𝑥

2𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1

6𝑥−1 1
3. >2
2𝑥+1

3𝑥 2 −4𝑥+5
4. ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥−1

𝑥−1
5. = 𝑥3
𝑥+1

2+𝑥
6. =8
𝑥−1

𝑥+3
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 − 𝑥 2 −5

7
8. 2𝑥 ≥ 𝑥+4

𝑥 4
9. = 𝑥+9𝑥 3
2

𝑥−1
10. 𝑋+1 = 𝑥 2

References for Further Enhancement:

Grade 11 Learner’s Material, pp.35-43
Oronce, Orlando A. General Mathematics, pp. 71-76
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-algebra-i-concepts/section/12.2/

Prepared by: ZEDDY P. BORAL

Pasay City West High School

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 Module Code: Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D2

Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________
Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS

First Quarter/ Week 2/ Day 2
OBJECTIVE:
• Solves rational equations and inequalities.

YOUR LESSON FOR TODAY:

• Solutions of Rational Equations and Rational Inequalities

Rational Equation is an equation involving rational expressions.

Examples:
𝑥
• 1=2
𝑦−1 2
• =3
𝑦+1

Rational Inequality is an inequality which contains rational expressions.

Examples:
𝑥+68
• ≥5
𝑥+8
3𝑥+5
• ≤2
𝑥+1

To solve rational equations,

1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the equation by multiplying both sides of the equation
by the least common denominator (LCD).
2. Solve the equation. Eliminating denominators may result to extraneous solutions.
3. Check your solution. Substitute the value of the unknown variable to the original equation.

Example 1:
1
Solve 𝑥 = 3

Solution:
1
Looking at the equation, we can see that it's asking which reciprocal gives 3. That is 3 .

While it is possible to use this inspection method, it is easier to use a more general method. In
𝑎 𝑐
general, if an equation is in the form of an irreducible proportion = , one can cross multiply to
𝑏 𝑑
obtain a polynomial 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0. This polynomial can then be solved using whatever appropriate
method necessary while noting that 𝑏 and 𝑑 should not be equal to zero.

Example 2:
1 1
Solve the equation 2𝑥+1 = 𝑥−3.

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Solution: Since the numerators are both 1, we can simply equate both denominators to each
other and find the value of 𝑥. That is,
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 3
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = −3 + 1
𝒙 = −𝟐

To check if your answer is correct, substitute the value of the unknown variable to the given
and make sure it satisfies the given equation.

Example 3:
2+𝑥 1
Solve 3−𝑥 = 2

Solution: Using the cross-multiplication method,

1(3 − 𝑥) = 2(2 + 𝑥)
3 − 𝑥 = 4 + 2𝑥
−2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 4 − 3
−3𝑥 = 1
𝟏
𝒙=−
𝟑
𝑥 1 𝑥
Example 4: Solve 5 + 4 = 2

Solution: Since the least common denominator (𝑙𝑐𝑑) is 20, we can simply multiply both sides by
20 then solve for 𝑥. That is,
𝑥 1 𝑥
20 ( + ) = ( ) 20
5 4 2
4𝑥 + 5 = 10𝑥
4𝑥 − 10𝑥 = −5
−6𝑥 = −5
𝟓
𝒙=
𝟔
Example 5: Due to the general community quarantine, it is now a necessity to buy a bike especially
if you do not own a car. A person walks 5 kilometers from her house to buy a new bike which she
will use to return home. She averaged 10 kilometers faster on her bike than on foot. If her total trip
took 1 hour and 20 minutes, what is her walking speed in kph? Use the formula
𝑑
𝑣= .
𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
Solution: Using the formula 𝑣 = 𝑡 , we derive the formula for the time 𝑡 = 𝑣
. Let v be a person’s
5
walking speed. Then 𝑣 + 10 is her speed on her new bike. We can say that her walking time is
𝑣
5
and her biking time is 𝑣+10.
Because the number of minutes in an hour is
5 5 4 20 1
The equation now becomes + = fixed at 60, 20 minutes is or . 1 hour and
60 3
𝑣 𝑣+10 3 1 𝟒
10 minutes converted in fraction is 1 or .
3 𝟑

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Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

We can now multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD and solve the resulting equation.
5 5 4
(3𝑣)(𝑣 + 10)( + ) = ( )(3𝑣)(𝑣 + 10)
𝑣 𝑣 + 10 3
15(𝑣 + 10) + 15𝑣 = 4𝑣(𝑣 + 10)
15𝑣 + 150 + 15𝑣 = 4𝑣 2 + 40𝑣
30𝑣 + 150 = 4𝑣 2 + 40𝑣
4𝑣 2 + 40𝑣 − 30𝑣 − 150 = 0
4𝑣 2 + 10𝑣 − 150 = 0
4𝑣 2 + 5𝑣 − 75 = 0
(2𝑣 + 15)(𝑣 − 5) = 0
𝟏𝟓
𝒗=− 𝟐
or 𝒗 = 𝟓
15
Rejecting 𝑣 = − , we can now conclude that her walking speed is 5kph.
2

Practice Exercise 1: Solve for the unknown variable. Show your solution on the space provided
in each box.

1) y 2 1 2) a + 2 a -1
- = =
9 5 3 3 4

3) x x 4) x +1 5
= 14 + =
5 3 x-5 3

To solve rational inequalities,

1. Write the inequality with a single rational expression on the left-hand side of the inequality
and zero on the right-hand side of the inequality.
2. Determine the meaningful numbers by setting the numerator and denominator equal to
zero.
3. Use the meaningful numbers to separate the number line into intervals.
4. Test for the meaningful numbers if they make the inequality true or false. If true, then they
are part of the solution. False, if not.
5. Express the answer in interval notation.

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Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

2𝑥
Example 1: Solve 𝑥+1 ≥ 1

Solution:
Rewriting the inequality as a single rational expression, then solve for 𝑥 we have

The rational expression will be zero for 𝑥 = 1 (solution, solid circle) and
undefined for 𝑥 = −1 (not a solution, open circle)

Choose convenient test points in the intervals

determined by –1 and 1 to
𝑥−1
determine the sign of .
𝑥+1

Since we are looking for the intervals where the rational expression is positive or zero, we
determine the solution to be the set {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 < −𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏}

𝑥+2
Example 2: Solve 𝑥−3 ≤ 0

Solution:
Since 0 is already on the right-hand side, we should now get meaningful numbers by setting both
numerator and denominator to 0. That is, we will test -2 and 3.
−2+2 0
If 𝑥 = −2, −2+3 = 1 ≤ 0. TRUE (a solution, solid circle)
3+2 5
If 𝑥 = 3, = ≤ 0. FALSE (not a solution, open circle)
3−3 0
-2 3
Test values from -2 to 3 that will satisfy the inequality.
𝑥+2
Therefore, we can say that the solutions to 𝑥−3 ≤ 0 is [−𝟐, 𝟑).
𝑥+3
Example 3: Solve 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 ≤ 0

Solution:

Image from: http://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/notes/inequalities/rational/practice_prob3_soln.html

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Practice Exercise 2:
Solve the following inequalities. Show your complete solution on the space provided
in the box.

3 𝑥+32
1. 𝑥−4
≤ −1 2. 𝑥+6
≤3

Learning Summary:

In solving rational equations, just eliminate the rational expressions in the equation by multiplying
both sides of the equation by the LCD and solve for the unknown variable.

In solving rational inequalities, rewrite the inequality as a single fraction on one side of the
inequality symbol and 0 on the other side, and determine over what intervals the fraction takes on
positive and negative values.

EVALUATION:
Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution in another sheet of
paper.
1. A box with a square base is to have a volume of 5 cubic meters. Let 𝑥 be the length
of the side of the square base and ℎ be the height of the box. What are the possible
measurements of a side of the square base if the height should be longer than a side of the
square base?

2. In Pasay Basketball League, the team from Barangay 86 has won 10 out of 25 games. How
many games should they win in a row to improve their win percentage to 75%?

References for Further Enhancement:

Grade 11 Learner’s Material, pp.25-34
Oronce, Orlando A. General Mathematics, pp. 54-70
https://brilliant.org/wiki/rational-
equations/#:~:text=A%20rational%20equation%20is%20an,numerator%20and%20denominator%20are%20polynomials
%2C&text=These%20fractions%20may%20be%20on,the%20equality%20of%20the%20numerators.
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/alg/solverationalinequalities.aspx

Prepared by: ZEDDY P. BORAL

Pasay City West High School

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 Module Code : Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D3
Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________

Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS

First Quarter/ Week 2/ Day 3
OBJECTIVE:
• Represents a rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
YOUR LESSON FOR TODAY:
• Representing a rational function through its table of values, graph, and equation.

𝑝(𝑥)
• A Rational Function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are
𝑞(𝑥)
polynomial functions, and 𝑞(𝑥) is not the zero function. The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is all values of
𝑥 where 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.

𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥+1
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
2𝑥+3 2

Real-life situations using Rational Functions:

Example 1: Due to the pandemic, (assuming) the local barangay received a budget of ₱300,000.00 to
provide medical checkups for the children in the barangay. Write an equation representing the
relationship of the allotted amount per child 𝑦 versus the total number of children 𝑥.

Solution: Since, the budget is ₱300,000.00 and the number of children is represented as 𝑥, we can
model the function as:
300,000
𝑦=
𝑥
Using table of values,
No. of 10 20 50 100 200 300 500 1000
children
(𝒙)
Allocated 30000 15000 6000 3000 1500 1000 600 300
amount
(𝒚)

If 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎,
300,000
𝒚= = 30000
10

And so on…
Example 2: A philanthropist wants to supplement the budget allotted for each child by providing an
additional ₱750.00 for each child in barangay. If 𝑔(𝑥) represents this new amount allotted for each
child, construct a function representing this relationship.

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Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

Solution: Since the budget is ₱300,000.00 and the number of children is represented as 𝑥 and we
added ₱750.00, we can model the function as:
300,000
𝑔(𝑥) = + 750
𝑥

Practice Exercise 1:

1. Using the function above, construct a table of values representing the new amount allotted for each
child
No. of 10 20 50 100 200 300 500 1000
children
(𝒙)
Allocated 30750 15750 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
amount
(𝒚)

If 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎,
300,000
𝑦= + 750 = 30750
10
and fill in on your own… (write your answer on the blanks provided)
𝑑
2. Average speed can be computed by the formula 𝑠 = 𝑡 . Consider a100-meter track used for foot
races. The speed of a runner can be computed by taking the time for him to run the track and
100
applying it to the formula𝑠 = 𝑡 , since the distance is fixed at 100 meters.
a. Represent the speed of a runner as a function of the time it takes to run 100 meters in the track.
b. Construct a table of values for the speed of a runner against different run times from 10
seconds to 20 seconds.
𝒙 10 12 14 16 18 20
𝒔(𝒙)
Example 3: Continuing the scenario above, the table we can observe is that the speed decreases with
time. We can use a graph to determine if the points on the function follow a smooth curve or a straight
line. Plot the points on the table of values on a Cartesian plane. Determine if the points on the function
follow a smooth curve or a straight line.

Solution: By plotting points on the Cartesian plane for each entry on the table of values you wrote in
Practice Exercise 2,

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Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

By connecting the points, we can see that they are not collinear but rather follows a smooth curve.

For the 100-meter dash scenario, we have constructed a function of speed against time, and
represented our function with a table of values and a graph.

When you draw your graph, make sure you show the graph continuing off to the sides. Don't just
stop at a point you've drawn, because this will make it look as though the graph actually stops at
that point.

Example 4: A hypothetical function representing the concentration of a drug in a patient’s

5𝑡
bloodstream over time𝑡 (in hours) is given as𝑐(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 +1.
(a) Construct a table of values.
(b) Plot the points in a Cartesian plane and connect them.
(c) What can you say about the function?

Solution:
A. Since 𝑡 is in time, we can only use non-negative values for it. Using the firstten whole numbers,
we get
𝒕 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
𝒄(𝒕) 0 2.5 2 1.5 1.18 0.96 0.81 0.70 0.62 0.55

B. Plotting the points and connecting them we get:

C. At 𝑡 = 0, the concentration is zero since the drug has not entered the bloodstream yet. It shoots up
at 𝑡 = 1 but it starts decreasing after that.

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Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

Practice Exercise 2:
Do what is asked.
1. Due to the Enhanced Community Quarantine, the local barangay received
a budget of ₱400,000.00 to provide food for each family in the barangay.
Write an equation representing the relationship of the allotted amount per family 𝑦 versus the
total number of family 𝑥.

2. Example 2: Angel Locsin and Manny Pacquiao wants to supplement the budget allotted for each
family by providing an additional ₱1,250.00 for each family in barangay. If 𝑔(𝑥) represents this
new amount allotted for each family, construct a function representing this relationship.

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Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

Learning Summary:
𝑝(𝑥)
• A Rational Function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥) where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are
polynomial functions, and 𝑞(𝑥) is not the zero function. The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is all values
of 𝑥 where 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.
𝑑
• Average speed can be computed by the formula 𝑠 = 𝑡
• We can present a rational function through its table of values, graph, and equation.

EVALUATION:
Do what is asked. Use a graphing paper to show your work.
2+𝑥
1. Represent the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 using a table of values. Plot the points
given in a table of values and sketch a graph by connecting the points.

10
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3, construct a table of values using the numbers from -2 to 8, plot

the points in the Cartesian plane, and determine whether the points forma smooth
curve or a straight line.

References for Further Enhancement:

Grade 11 Learner’s Material, pp.35-43
Oronce, Orlando A. General Mathematics, pp. 71-76
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-algebra-i-concepts/section/12.2/

Writer: ZEDDY P. BORAL

Pasay City West High School

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 Module Code : Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D4
Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________

Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY

MODULE IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS

First Quarter/ Week 2/ Day 4

OBJECTIVE:
• Finds the domain and range of a rational function.

YOUR LESSON FOR TODAY:

• Finding the domain and range of a rational function

𝑝(𝑥)
A Rational Function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥) where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥)

are polynomial functions, and 𝑞(𝑥) is not the zero function. The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is
allvalues of 𝑥 where 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.

𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥+1
Example:𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+3
, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−1

Domain of Rational Functions

The domain of a rational function consists of all the real numbers 𝑥 except those for which the
denominator is 0.

To find these 𝑥 values to be excluded from the domain of a rational function, equate the
denominator to zero and solve for 𝑥.

Example 1:
1
The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is the set of all real numbers except𝑥 = 0.

In set notation, we can write it as: {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ 𝟎}

Example 2:
1
The domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is the set of all real numbers except 𝑥 = 4.
𝑥−4

Domain: {𝒙 ∈ ℝ|𝒙 ≠ 𝟒}

Let’s Try These!

Practice Exercise 1:
Find the domain of the following:
𝑥−2
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2

𝑥+5
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1

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 Module Code : Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D4
Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________

Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

𝑥+3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3

2𝑥−1
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4

5𝑥−15
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3

Range of Rational Functions

The range of the function is the set of all values that 𝑓(𝑥) will take.

There are two ways of finding the range of a rational function which are by (a) sketching the
graph, and (b) using inverse function.

Example 1 (Using a graph):

1
Find the range of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

We know that the function is not defined when 𝑥 = 0. If we will graphusing a table of values, the
graph will look like this:

If we will study the graph, it approaches 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as 𝑥 tends to be positive or negative infinity,
but never touches the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. In symbols, as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → 0.

That is, the function can take all the real values except 𝟎.So, the range of the function is the
set of real numbers except 0.

In set notation, we can write it as: {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 ≠ 𝟎}

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 Module Code : Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D4
Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________

Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

Example 2 (using inverse function):

1
Find the range of 𝑓(𝑥) = using the domain of its inverse function.
𝑥−4

To get the function’s inverse, we write𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), them solve for 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦.
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−4 Given
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−4 Change 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦
1
𝑥 = 𝑦−4 Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦

𝑥(𝑦 − 4) = 1 Find a way to solve 𝑦

1
𝑦−4=𝑥 Divide both sides by x
1
𝑦 =𝑥+4 Add 4 to both sides
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙
𝒚=
𝒙
.
Finding the domain of this, we have the set of all
real numbers except 𝑥 = 0
1
Therefore, by using the domain of its inverse function, we can say that the range of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−4
is the set of all real numbers except 𝑥 = 0.

In set notation, we can write it as: {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 ≠ 𝟎}

Let’s Try These!

Practice Exercise 2:

Find the range of the following:

𝑥−2
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2

𝑥+5
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1

𝑥+3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3

2𝑥−1
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4

5𝑥−15
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3

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 Module Code : Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D4
Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________

Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

Learning Summary:

The domain of a function is the set of all values that the variable 𝑥 can take.
The range of the function is the set of all values that 𝑓(𝑥) will take.

EVALUATION:
Find the domain and range of the following rational functions and write it using set
notation. Write your final answers in the box provided below and show your solution in
another sheet of paper.

Given Domain Range

𝟏
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏

𝒙
2. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐

𝒙+𝟑
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

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 Module Code : Pasay-GM11-Q1-W2-D4
Name:_________________________________________________ Strand:_____________

Name of Teacher : ____________________________________ Date : ______________

𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟑
4. 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓

𝟏−𝒙𝟐
5. 𝒊(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐+𝒙−𝟏𝟐

References for Further Enhancement:

Grade 11 Learner’s Material, pp.44

Prepared by: ZEDDY P. BORAL

Pasay City West High School

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