Design of Steel and RCC Structure

Chapter No-1
Fundamentals of steel
structures

Created By

Mr. ASHISH D. KALE

Lecturer and Head Of Civil Department
K.K.Wagh Polytechnic,Nashik-03
 Design of Steel and RCC Structure
Course Outcomes(Cos)
a) Use of Steel table and IS CODES 800:2007 at work sites

b) Design the Connections for the given steel joints

c) Analysis and design of singly reinforced rectangular beams.

d) Design of shear reinforcement and development length for

beam and slabs.

e) Design various slabs for the given edge condition.

f) Design of axially loaded short column and footing

1.1 Steel as construction material.
1) To Build High Rise Buildings
2) To Build Industrial Sheds
3) To Build Residential Buildings
4) To Build Bridges
5) To Build Parking Garages
6) To Build Transmission Towers
7) To Build Overhead Tank
8) To Build Chimneys
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS
A STRUCTURAL DESIGN MATERIAL
The following advantages in general may be credited to steel
as a structural design material:
1. High strength/weight ratio. Steel has a high
strength/weight ratio. Thus, the dead weight of steel
structures is relatively small. This property makes steel a
very attractive structural material for
a. High-rise buildings
b. Long-span bridges
c. Structures located on soft ground
d. Structures located in highly seismic areas where forces
acting on the structure due to an earthquake are in general
proportional to the weight of the structure.
2. Ductility. As discussed in the previous section,
steel can undergo large plastic deformation before
failure, thus providing large reserve strength. This
property is referred to as ductility. Properly designed
steel structures can have high ductility, which is an
important characteristic for resisting shock loading
such as blasts or earthquakes. A ductile structure has
energy-absorbing capacity and will not incur sudden
failure. It usually shows large visible deflections
before failure or collapse.
3. Predictable material properties.
Properties of steel can be predicted with a high degree of
certainty. Steel in fact shows elastic behaviour up to a
relatively high and usually well-defined stress level. Also, in
contrast to reinforced concrete, steel properties do not
change considerably with time.
4. Speed of erection.
Steel structures can be erected quite rapidly. This normally
results in quicker economic payoff.
5. Quality of construction.
Steel structures can be built with high-quality workmanship
and narrow tolerances.
6. Ease of repair.
Steel structures in general can be repaired quickly and
easily.
7. Adaptation of prefabrication. Steel is highly suitable for
prefabrication and mass production.
8. Repetitive use. Steel can be reused after a structure is
disassembled.
9. Expanding existing structures. Steel buildings can be
easily expanded by adding new bays or wings. Steel bridges
may be widened.
10. Fatigue strength. Steel structures have relatively good
fatigue strength.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL IN A STRUCTURE
• Susceptibility to corrosion
• Maintenance costs
• Loss of strength at elevated temperature
• Fireproofing costs
• Susceptibility to buckling
• Fatigue and brittle fracture Buckling phenomenon
Common Steel Structure

1) Steel Towers
2) Roof Trusses
3) Water Tanks
4) Bridges
5) Gantary and Crane Girders
6) Column
7) Chimney
8) Building Frames etc.
Question-:
State the function of following steel structure.

1) Transmission Towers-:
-: To support the high tension cable

2) Steel Water Tank

-: Steel tank are used to store the water,other liquide like
acid,alkali,gasoline ,benzen etc

3) Roof Truss-:
-: Trusses are used to support the purline and roofing matreials.

4) Chimney-:Steel chimney are used to emission to gas and reduce

the Pollution.
5) Bridge-:It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage
over the obstacle.

6) Gantry girders and Cranes-:Gantry girders and Cranes are

used in the factories, where the loads are transferred from one place
to another with the helps of cranes mounted on the bridges. Bridges
across the yards are supported by the gantry girders with the help of
the wheels and rails on the girders.

7) Column-:A column is used to support the weight of the roof

and/or the upper floors.

8) Building Frames-:Framing, in construction, is the fitting

together of pieces to give a structure support and shape
• TYPES OF ROLLED STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
• The various types of rolled structural steel
sections manufactured and used as structural
members are as follows:
– Rolled Steel I-sections (Beam sections).
– Rolled Steel Channel Sections.
– Rolled Steel Tee Sections.
– Rolled Steel Angles Sections.
– Rolled Steel Bars.
– Rolled Steel Tubes.
– Rolled Steel Flats.
– Rolled Steel Sheets and Strips.
– Rolled Steel Plates.
ROLLED STEEL TEE SECTIONS
The rolled steel tee sections are classified into the following five series as
per ISI:
1. Indian Standard Normal Tee Bars ISNT
2. Indian Standard Wide flange Tee Bars ISHT
3. Indian Standard Long Legged Tee Bars ISST
4. Indian Standard Light Tee Bars ISLT
5. Indian Standard Junior Tee Bars ISJT

A per IS: 808-1984, following T-sections have also been additionally

adopted as Indian Standard T-sections.
1. Indian Standard deep legged Tee bars ISDT
2. Indian Standard Slit medium weight Tee bars ISMT
3. Indian Standard Slit Tee bars from I-sections ISHT

It is to note that as per IS 808 (part II) 1978, H beam sections have been
deleted.
The rolled steel angle sections are classified in to the following three
series.

1. Indian Standard Equal Angles ISA

2. Indian Standard Unequal Angles ISA

3. Indian Standard Bulb Angles ISBA

The rolled steel equal and unequal angle sections are designated by
abbreviated reference symbols ∟ followed by length of legs in mm
and thickness of leg, e.g.,
∟130 x 130 x 8 mm (∟130 130 @ 0.159 kN/m)
∟200 x 100 x 10 mm (∟ 200 100 @ 0.228 kN/m)

The rolled steel bulb angles are designated by BA, followed by

depth in mm of the section and weight in kN per metre length of
bulb angle.
ROLLED STEEL TUBES
 The rolled steel tubes are used as columns and compression
members and tension members in tubular trusses.
 The rolled steel tubes are efficient structural sections to be used as
compression members.
 The steel tube sections have equal radius of gyration in all
directions. The cross section of rolled steel tube is shown in Fig.
Rolled steel flats
 The rolled steel flats are used for lacing of elements in built up
members, such as columns and are also used as ties.
 The cross section of rolled steel flat is shown in Fig. the rolled
steel flats are designated by width in mm of the section
followed by letters (abbreviated reference symbol) F and
thickness in mm, e.g., 50 F 8. This means a flat of width 50 mm
and thickness 8 mm.
 The rolled steel flats are used as lattice bars for lacing the
elements of built up columns. The rolled steel flats are also used
as tension members and stays.
Q-:State the Various grades of steel with its
strength
 Grade of steel can be known as its various
properties such as characteristics strength,
ultimate tensile stress, Maximum % Elongation.
 Grades of Steel are given below is as per IS-2062
 Grades of Steel Widely used in India Fe410A,
Fe540B, Fe570B
Grades of Steel Ultimate Tensile Yield Stress Minimum
Strength (N/mm2) Elongation
(N/mm2) Percentage
Fe410A 410 250 23
Fe410B 410 250 23
Fe410C 410 250 23
Fe440B 440 300 22
Fe490B 490 350 22
Fe540B 540 410 20
Fe570B 570 430 30
Fe590B 590 450 30

Where,
Fe=Steel(Ferrous)
Number= Characteristics Ultimate tensile Strength in Mpa
Load Acting on Steel Structure as per IS Code 875-1987(I to IV)
Sr. Load IS Code Includes
No.
1 Dead IS code 875 part 1 Dead loads are due to self weight of the structure. ...
Load The unit weight of commonly used building materials
are given in the code IS 875 (part-I)-1987
2 imposed IS code 875 part 2 Live loads are also called as imposed loads. Various
loads* types of imposed loads coming on the structure are
( live given in IS 875 (Part-2): 1987. The
loads ) imposed loads depend upon the use of building
3 Wind IS code 875 part 3 Wind load is the “load” placed by the wind speed and
Loads its air density onto a building
4 Snow IS code 875 part 4 The building which are located in the regions where
loads snowfall is very common, are to be designed for snow
loads. The code IS 875 (Part-4):1987 deals with snow
loads on roofs of the building
5 Seismic IS:1893 IS:1893 specifications using a static equivalent
Load Part 1 (2016) approach per Part 1 (2016) for building structures
Seismic Load acting as per IS:1893-2016 (Part-I to V)
Sr. Load IS Code Includes
No.
Acting on Steel Structure as per IS Code 875-1987(I to IV)

1 IS:1893 (Part1) 2016 for building structures

2 IS:1893 (Part liquid retaining structures

2) 2016
3 IS:1893 (Part Bridges
Seismic 3) 2016
Load
4 IS:1893 (Part Embankments and retaining
4) 2016 walls
5 IS:1893 (Part industrial and stack-like
5) 2016 structures
VI) Wind load analysis as per IS 875 (Part 3)-1987:
Wind forces acting on a given surface is equal to the
wind pressures multiplied by the effected area.
 Point No-1.5
Limit State Method Of Design
1) Define Limit State-:
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements
before failure occurs is called a limit state.

2)Types of Limit State

-: Limit State of strength
-: Limit State of Serviceability.
limit state method, the limit state of collapse deals with the safety of
structure and limit state of serviceability deals with the durability of
structure.
 Limit State of Collapse
 This limit state is also called as strength limit state as it
corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity i.e., the
safety requirements of the structure.
 The limit state of collapse is assessed from collapse of the
whole or part of the structure.
 As per this limit state, the resistance to bending, shear,
torsion and axial loads at every section shall not be less
than that produced by the most unfavourable combination
of loads on that structure.
 The following limit states of collapse are considered in design:
(i) Limit state of collapse in flexure (bending)
(ii) Limit state of collapse in compression
(iii) Limit state of collapse in shear
(iv) Limit state of collapse in torsion.
 Limit State of Serviceability
 A structure is of no use if it is not serviceable.
 Thus, this limit state is introduced to prevent
excessive deflection and cracking.
 It ensure the satisfactory performance of the
structure at working loads. It is estimated on the
basis of elastic theory or working stress method
because deformation is of significance under
working load.
 Limit state of serviceability of following limit
states:
(i) Limit state of deflection
(ii) Limit state of cracking
(iii) Limit state of vibration
Partial Safety Factor
-:The safety of structure depends on each of the two
principal design factors(i.e. Load and Material
strength) which are not the functions of each other.
Hence two different factors one for load and other for
martial strength are used.

-: Each of two safety factors contribute partially to

safety, they termed as partial safety factor

-:Partial safety factors allow for uncertainty of

element behaviour and possible strength reduction due
to malfunctioning tolerance and imperfection in the
material.
Partial Safety Factor For Material Strength

-:The design strength is obtained by dividing the yield

strength by partial safety factors of material strength.

Design strength = Yield strength / Partial safety factors

Partial Safety Factor For Loads
 The partial safety factor for loads allows for possible
deviation of loads, reduced possibility of all loads acting
together, inaccurate assessment of load, and uncertainty
in assessment of effects of loads.
 the partial safety factor for loads is a load factor which
multiplied to characteristics load gives the design load.
 Design load= factor of safety X Characteristic load
Characteristic load-:
Characteristic load is that value of load which
has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceeded during the life time of the structure
Use of Steel Table;IS 808,1989
Question-: State the two importance of steel table
1) IS 808,1989 provide information of standard hot rolled
sections,dimension and properties in tabular form.

2) it covers all the geometrical properties of various sections.

3) it reduces the time to calculate basic properties of a section

as it readily available.

4) Section should be selected so that it is

safe,economical,surviceable and light weight and durable.

5) it provide various section and properties used for design of

tension members,compression member beam,girder,bases
and all truss member