Bio Eng

Biological engineering
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For Bioengineered food, see Genetically modified food.
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Some biological machines

Biological engineering or bioengineering is the application of principles
of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible,
economically viable products.[1] Biological engineering employs knowledge
and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences,[2] such as mass
and heat transfer, kinetics, biocatalysts, biomechanics, bioinformatics,
separation and purification processes, bioreactor design, surface science,
fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and polymer science. It is used in the
design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials,
renewable energy, ecological engineering, agricultural engineering,
process engineering and catalysis, and other areas that improve the living
standards of societies.
Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to

produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable
and rapid disease diagnostic devices, prosthetics, biopharmaceuticals,
and tissue-engineered organs.[3][4] Bioengineering overlaps substantially
with biotechnology and the biomedical sciences in a way analogous to how
various other forms of engineering and technology relate to various other
sciences (such as aerospace engineering and other space
technology to kinetics and astrophysics).[citation needed]
In general, biological engineers attempt to either mimic biological systems

to create products, or to modify and control biological systems. Working
with doctors, clinicians, and researchers, bioengineers use traditional
engineering principles and techniques to address biological processes,
including ways to replace, augment, sustain, or predict chemical and
mechanical processes.[5][6]
History
[edit]
Biological engineering is a science-based discipline founded upon the
biological sciences in the same way that chemical engineering, electrical
engineering, and mechanical engineering[7] can be based upon chemistry,
electricity and magnetism, and classical mechanics, respectively.[8]
Before WWII, biological engineering had begun being recognized as a

branch of engineering and was a new concept to people. Post-WWII, it
grew more rapidly, and the term "bioengineering" was coined by British
scientist and broadcaster Heinz Wolff in 1954 at the National Institute for
Medical Research. Wolff graduated that year and became the director of
the Division of Biological Engineering at the university. This was the first
time Bioengineering was recognized as its own branch at a university.
Electrical engineering was the early focus of this discipline, due to work
with medical devices and machinery during this time.[9]
When engineers and life scientists started working together, they

recognized that the engineers did not know enough about the actual
biology behind their work. To resolve this problem, engineers who wanted
to get into biological engineering devoted more time to studying the
processes of biology, psychology, and medicine.[10]
More recently, the term biological engineering has been applied to

environmental modifications such as surface soil protection, slope
stabilization, watercourse and shoreline protection, windbreaks, vegetation
barriers including noise barriers and visual screens, and the ecological
enhancement of an area. Because other engineering disciplines also
address living organisms, the term biological engineering can be applied
more broadly to include agricultural engineering.[citation needed]
The first biological engineering program in the United States was started
at University of California, San Diego in 1966.[11] More recent programs
have been launched at MIT[12] and Utah State University.[13] Many old
agricultural engineering departments in universities over the world have re-
branded themselves as agricultural and biological
engineering or agricultural and biosystems engineering. According to
Professor Doug Lauffenburger of MIT,[12][14] biological engineering has a
broad base which applies engineering principles to an enormous range of
size and complexities of systems, ranging from the molecular level
(molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, protein
chemistry, cytology, immunology, neurobiology and, neuroscience) to
cellular and tissue-based systems (including devices and sensors), to
whole macroscopic organisms (plants, animals), and even to biomes and
ecosystems.
Education
[edit]
The average length of study is three to five years, and the completed
degree is signified as a bachelor of engineering (B.S. in engineering).
Fundamental courses include thermodynamics, biomechanics, biology,
genetic engineering, fluid and mechanical dynamics, chemical and enzyme
kinetics, electronics, and materials properties.[15][16]
Sub-disciplines
[edit]
Modeling of the spread of disease using Cellular
Automata and Nearest Neighbor Interactions
Depending on the institution and particular definitional boundaries
employed, some major branches of bioengineering may be categorized as
(note these may overlap):
 Biomedical engineering: application of engineering principles and design

concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes.[17]
 Tissue engineering
 Neural engineering
 Pharmaceutical engineering
 Clinical engineering
 Biomechanics
 Biochemical engineering: fermentation engineering, application of
engineering principles to microscopic biological systems that are used to
create new products by synthesis, including the production of protein
from suitable raw materials.[17]
 Biological systems engineering: application of engineering principles
and design concepts to agriculture, food sciences, and ecosystems.[7]
 Bioprocess engineering: develops technology to monitor the conditions
of where a particular process takes place,[17] (Ex: bioprocess
design, biocatalysis, bioseparation, bioenergy)
 Environmental health engineering: application of engineering principles
to the control of the environment for the health, comfort, and safety of
human beings. It includes the field of life-support systems for the
exploration of outer space and the ocean.[17]
 Human factors and ergonomics engineering: application of engineering,
physiology, and psychology to the optimization of the human–machine
relationship.[17] (Ex: physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics, human–
computer interaction)
 Biotechnology: the use of living systems and organisms to develop or
make products.[18] (Ex: pharmaceuticals, Bioinformatics, Genetic
engineering.)[17]
 Biomimetics: the imitation of models, systems, and elements of nature

for the purpose of solving complex human problems. (Ex: velcro,
designed after George de Mestral noticed how easily burs stuck to a
dog's hair.)[19]
 Bioelectrical engineering
 Biomechanical engineering: is the application of mechanical engineering
principals and biology to determine how these areas relate and how
they can be integrated to potentially improve human health.[20]
 Bionics: an integration of Biomedical, focused more on the robotics and
assisted technologies. (Ex: prosthetics)[17]
 Bioprinting: utilizing biomaterials to print organs and new tissues[21]
 Biorobotics: (Ex: electrical prosthetics)
 Systems biology: Molecules, cells, organs, and organisms are all
investigated in terms of their interactions and behaviors.[22]
Organizations
[edit]
 Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET),[23] the U.S.-

based accreditation board for engineering B.S. programs, makes a
distinction between biomedical engineering and biological engineering,
though there is much overlap (see above).
 American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) is
made up of 1,500 members. Their main goal is to educate the public
about the value biological engineering has in our world, as well as invest
in research and other programs to advance the field. They give out
awards to those dedicated to innovation in the field, and awards of
achievement in the field. (They do not have a direct contribution to
biological engineering, they more recognize those who do and
encourage the public to continue that forward movement).[24]
 Institute of Biological Engineering (IBE) is a non-profit organization, they
run on donations alone. They aim to encourage the public to learn and
to continue advancements in biological engineering. (Like AIMBE, they
do not perform research directly; however, they offer scholarships to
students who show promise in the field).[25]
 Society for Biological Engineering (SBE) is a technological community
associated with the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
SBE hosts international conferences, and is a global organization of
leading engineers and scientists dedicated to advancing the integration
of biology with engineering.[26]
 MediUnite Journal is a medical awareness campaign and newspaper
that has often published biomedical findings and has cited biomedicine
in various research papers.[27]

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Biological engineering

Some biological machines

Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to

In general, biological engineers attempt to either mimic biological systems

Before WWII, biological engineering had begun being recognized as a

When engineers and life scientists started working together, they

More recently, the term biological engineering has been applied to

 Biomedical engineering: application of engineering principles and design

 Biomimetics: the imitation of models, systems, and elements of nature

 Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET),[23] the U.S.-

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