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6 views

Definitions

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mbilalipk7
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.

DEFINITIONS A2 Physics 9702


1. Radian: Angle subtended at the center of circle by an arc length equal to the radius of the circle
2. Angular velocity: Rate of change of angular displacement
3. Centripetal force: Resultant force that causes an object to move in a circular path and it is always
directed towards the center of the circle.
4. Gravitational field: The region of space around mass in which a test mass experience a force
5. Newtons Law of gravitation: Force b/w two-point masses proportional to the product of masses and
inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
6. Gravitational Field Strength: force experience per unit mass in gravitational field.
7. Gravitational Potential: amount of work done to bring a unit mass from infinity to that point.
8. Geostationary orbits: Satellites tht are above equator. Rotate from west to east. Complete their orbit in
24hrs.
9. Electric field: Region of space around a charge in which positive test charge experience a force
10. Coulombs law: force b/w two-point charges is proportional to their product of their point charges and
inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
11. Electric Field strength: Force per unit positive test charge.
12. Electric potential: Amount of work done to bring a unit charge from infinity to that point.
13. Capacitance: ratio of charge store on one of the plates to the potential difference b/w the plates.
14. Rectification: It is the process in which alternating current converts into direct current.
15. Smoothing: Output voltage/Current does not fall to zero.
16. RMS Current (Root mean square): value of direct current producing the same mean power/heating in
a resistor.
17. RMS value of voltage: Value of constant voltage that produces same power in resistor as alternating
voltage.
18. Simple harmonic motion: Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement, and it is always
directed toward mean position.
19. Damping: Gradual decrease in amplitude of an oscillatory body due to resistive force.

COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.S


COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.S

20. Resonance: is phenomenon in which amplitude of vibration is maximum when forced frequency is
equal to natural frequency.
21. Free oscillation: When object oscillates in absence of external force.
22. Forced oscillation: when object oscillate due to periodic force acts on it.
23. Magnetic fields: Region of space in which a moving charge experiences a force.
24. Magnetic flux: Product of no. of turns of coil. Magnetic flux density and area through which field lines
are cutting normally.

25. Magnetic flux density: force acting on a wire of unit length carrying a current of unit ampere placed
Perpendicular to magnetic field.
26. Tesla: Force of one newton.
27. Faradays law: magnitude of induced emf is proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
28. Lenz’s law: Direction if inducted emf is such that it opposes the cause which is producing it.
29. Ideal Gas: Gas which follow ideal gas equation PV=nRT, where P=pressure & V=volume & T=temp.
At all values of pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass of a gas.
30. Brownian motion: Perpetual random motion of smoke particle in air due to collision w/ air molecules.
31. Internal energy: It is the microscopic sum of random K.E & P.E of gas molecules.
32. Specific heat capacity: Amount of heat energy which is required to change the temp of a unit mass by
1K w/out change in state.
33. First law of thermodynamics: Increase in internal energy of the system = heat supplied to the system+
work done on the system. (ΔU=Q+W)
34. Specific latent heat: Amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance at constant
temp.
35. Binding energy: Amount of energy required to separate nucleons completely.
36. Fission reaction: Breaking of heavy nuclei into two light nuclei of approximately equal masses.
37. Fusion reaction: Two light nuclei combine to form a heavy nuclei w/ release of large amount of energy.
38. Radioactive decay: Process in which a radioactive element emits “α”, “β” and “γ”-radiation randomly
and spontaneously.
39. Spontaneous decay: The process which is not affected by any change in physical conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc.
40. Random decay: the decay in which we can not predict which nuclei of an element will decay.

COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.S


COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.S

41. Activity: Rate of decay of a radioactive nucleus.


42. Decay constant: Probability of decay of nucleons per unit time.
43. Photon: discrete packet energy of EM radiations
44. Work function: minimum energy required to remove electron from surface of a metal.
45. Threshold frequency (Fo): Minimum frequency required to remove electron from surface of metal.
46. Photoelectric effect: When a metal surface is illuminated with EM radiation. Electrons are emitted from
the surface if incident frequency is greater than threshold frequency.
47. Stopping potential: minimum negative potential required to stop the photoelectron w/ the maximum
kinetic energy.
48. DeBrogle Wavelength: Wavelength associated with a moving particle.
49. X-RAY Contrast: Difference in degree of blackening.
50. X-RAY Sharpness: Sharpness associated with well-defined boundaries.

51. Cut off Wavelength: the cut off wavelength corresponds to an electron tht gives all its energy in one
collision.
52. Acoustic Impedance: Product of density of medium and speed of sound in that medium.
53. Radioactive tracer: radioactive substance that can be absorbed by tissue to study the structure and
function of organ in the body.
54. PET (Polytron immersion tomography): a type of nuclear medical procedure that images tissues and
organs by measuring the metabolic activity of the cell of body tissues.
55. ANNIHILATION: When a particle meets its equivalent NT- particle, they are both destroyed and there
mess is converted into energy.
56. Astronomy: Is the science of the positions & movements of the celestial bodies in space.
57. Cosmology: Study of the universe; Its birth, evolution, from the Big bang to today and into the future.
58. Luminosity: It is the total radiant energy emitted per unit time.
59. Radiant flux Intensity: The radian power transmitted normally through a surface per unit of area of
radiation measured on earth.
60. Standard candles: As astronomical object which has a known luminosity due to a characteristic quality
possessed by that class of object.

COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.S


COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.S

61. Cephid variable stars: A type of pulsating star which increase & decreases in brightness over a set time
period. The variation has a well-defined relationship to luminosity.
62. 1A Supernovae: supernovae stars implode rapidly at the end of their lives and scatter matter & energy
out into the space. This implosion can be brighter than the galaxy itself.
63. Black Body Radiation (Wein’s displacement Law): Black body radiation curve for different
temperature will peak at different wavelength that are inversely proportional to temperature.
64. Stefan-Boltzmann law & Stefan Radii: The total energy emitted by a black body per unit area per
second is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temp of the body.
65. Hubble’s law: The recession speed of galaxies moving away from earth is proportional to their distance
from the earth.
66. Dopplers Effect: Apparent change in frequency due to relative motion b/w source & observer.
67. Red shift: The fractional increase in wavelength (or decrease in frequency) due to the source and
observed receding from each other.

COMPILED By: Ahmad – T.I.S

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