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    Phonology

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    Phonology

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    Phonology

    Uploaded by

    ekanathiqo2024

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 2

    Phonemes: The Phonological Units of Language

    Phonemes are the individual sounds that appear in what we have been calling the “basic”
    form of morphemes. Phonemes are abstract mental units. Allophones are the actual
    pronunciations of those abstract units in different environments.

    Vowel Nasalization in English

    First example of a purely phonological rule determines the contexts in which vowels are
    nasalized in English.

     When nasalized vowels occur – always before nasal consonants, never before oral
    consonants.
     Nasalized vowels occur only before nasal consonants within the same syllable.
     The “nonwords” show us that nasalized vowels do not occur finally or before
    nonnasal consonants.
     If one substitude oral vowels for the nasal vowels in bean and roam, the meanings of
    the two words would remain the same.
     The oral and nasal variants of a given vowel can be substitude for one another
    without changing the meaning of a word.
     The oral and nasalized variants of a vowel are not distinct phonemes.
     There is just one set of vowel phonemes in English. Each member of that set has an
    oral version and a nasalized version.

    Minimal Pairs

    Minimal pairs are used to determine which vowel phones are and are not phonemes of
    English. Minimal pairs illustrate that some speech sounds are contrastive in language, and
    these sounds represent the set of phonemes.
    Example:
     Fine and vine [f] and [v]
     Chunk and junk [č] and [j]

    Complementary Distribution

    When oral vowels occur, nasal vowels do not occur. In this sense the phones are said to
    complement each other or to be in complementary distribution.

    Distribution of Oral and Nasal Vowels in English Syllables

    In Final Position Before Nasal Consonants Before Oral Consonants


    Oral vowels Yes No Yes
    Nasal vowels No Yes No
    Distinctive Features
    When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive features (or a
    phoneic features). When two words are alike phonetically except for one feature, the phonetic
    feature is distinctive since this difference alone accounts for the contrast or difference in
    meaning.

    Feature Values

    One can think of voicing and voicelessness as the presence or absence of a single feature,
    voiced. This single feature may have two values: plus (+), which signifies its presence, and
    minus (-), which signifies its absence. For example, [b] is [+ voiced] and [p] is [- voiced].

    Predictability of Redundant (Nondistinctive) Features

    When a feature value is predictable by rule, it is a redundant or predictable feature. Nasality


    is a distinctive feature of English consonants, but it is also not a distinctive feature for
    English vowels. The nasality feature value of the vowels in bean, mean, comb, and sing is
    predictable since they occur before nasal consonants in the same syllable.

    Another nondistinctive feature in English is aspiration. In this case, the feature aspiration, is
    predictable, redundant, nondistinctive, and nonphonemic (all equivalent terms).

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