Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PANGASINAN II
Canarvacanan, Binalonan, Pangasinan

Understanding Culture,
Society & Politics
Quarter 1 - Week 5
Module 5
The context, content, processes, and
consequences of socialization

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain the context, content, processes, and consequences of
socialization

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Overview 1

1
Competencies 1

Pretest 1

Lesson 1 2

Activity 1 5

Activity 2 7

Activity 3 7

Additional Activities 8

Post Test 9

Answer Key 10

References 11

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 OVERVIEW

For the Learners

Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on How Society Is Organized. This
module deals with activities that could help the learners to explain the context, content,
processes and consequences of Socialization.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

This module provides activities on explaining the context, content, processes,
and consequences of socialization.

WHAT I KNOW? (PRETEST)

This activity will enable you to assess your prior knowledge from the
topic that will be discussed in this lesson.

Direction: Identify each statement by referring to the box below. Write the
answer on the space provided.
Norms National Identity Cultural Identity
Ethnic Identity Religious Identity Socialization
Achieved Status Deviance Enculturation
Role Conformity Values
Gender Ascribed Status Identification Formation

_______________________1. It refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop

their human potential and learn culture.
_______________________2. The process by which people learn the requirements of their
surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that
culture.
_______________________3. The standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good,
and beautiful, and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
_______________________4. The development of an individual’s distinct personality, which is
regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognized or
known.
_______________________5. One’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture.
_______________________6.A rule that guides the behavior of members of a society or group.
_______________________7. The Identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of
a presumed common genealogy or ancestry.
_______________________8. The ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans
divided into groups called nation.
_______________________9. The set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual
involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals

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_______________________10. Social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects
personal identity and effort.
_______________________11. It refers to a behavior expected of someone who holds a
particular status.
_______________________12. It refers to those social, cultural, and psychological traits linked
to males and females through particular social contexts.
_______________________13. A behavior that violates expected rules and norms
_______________________14. Achieving cultural goals through approved means.
_______________________15. A social position receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later
in life.

EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL

Lesson
RELATIVISM IN ATTAINING CULTURAL
1 UNDERSTANDING.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
 Explain the development of one’s self and others as a product of socialization
and enculturation
 Identify the context, content, processes, and consequences of enculturation
and socialization
 Identify the social and the socially acceptable means of achieving these goals

WHAT’S NEW?
What have you noticed on the activity above? These have something to do
with the context, content, processes, and consequences of
socialization. What is Socialization?
Socialization is the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human
potential and learn culture. Unlike other living species, whose behavior is mostly or entirely set
by biology, humans need social experience to learn their culture and to survive. Social
experience is also the foundation of personality, a person’s consistent patterns of acting,
thinking and feeling. Another term for socialization is enculturation the process by which people
learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors
appropriate or necessary in that culture
There are many theories on how the self, as a product of socialization, is formed. We
will examine the work of four researchers: Sigmund Freud, Charles Cooley, George
Herbert Mead, and Jean Piaget.
 Freud’s model of personality. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) combined basic needs
and the influence of society into a model of personality with three parts: id, ego, and
superego. The id represents the human being’s basic drives, or biological and

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 physical needs which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction. In the
human personality, the superego refers to the cultural values and norms internalized
by an individual. Society, through its values and norms, opposes the self-centered id.
The ego is, thus, a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking
drives (id) with the demands of society (superego).
 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. From his studies of human cognition, or
how people think and understand. Jean Piaget (1896–1980) identified four stages of
cognitive development. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage (first two years of life), the
level of human development at which individuals know the world only through the five
senses. Stage two is the preoperational stage (about age two to seven) at which
individuals first use language and other symbols. Stage three is concrete operational
stage (between the ages of seven and eleven) at which individuals first see causal
connections in their surroundings. The last stage is the formal operational stage (about
age twelve) at which individuals think abstractly and critically.
 Mead’s theory of the social self. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) For Mead, the
self is a part of our personality and includes self-awareness and self-image. According to
Mead, the key to developing the selfish learning to take the role of the other. Infants can
do this only through imitation and, without understanding underlying intentions, have no
self. As children learn to use language and other symbols, the self emerges in the form
of play.
 Cooley’s Looking-glass Self. Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929) used the phrase
looking-glass self to mean a self-image based on how we think others see us. As we
interact with others, the people around us become a mirror (an object that people used
to call a “looking glass”) in which we can see ourselves. What we think of ourselves,
then, depends on how we think others see us.
Three Goals of Socialization
 It teaches impulse control and help individuals develop a conscience.
 It teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles.
 It cultivates shared sources of meaning and value.
Agents of Socialization
Several settings have special importance in the socialization process. These include the
family, school, peer group, and the mass media. The family, usually the first setting of
socialization, has the greatest impact on attitudes and behavior. Schools teach knowledge and
skills needed for later life and expose children to greater social diversity. The peer group takes
on great importance during adolescence. The mass media have a huge impact on socialization
in modern societies.
Identity Formation - The development of an individual’s distinct personality, which is regarded
as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognize or known.
Cultural Identity - Is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture.
Ethnic Identity - The Identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a presumed
common genealogy or ancestry.

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National Identity - Is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans divided into
groups called nation.
Religious Identity - Is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual involving
adherence to codified beliefs and rituals
Values, norms, status, and roles
Socialization is also defined as the process of preparing members for membership in each
group in society. Through socialization, individuals learn the norms and values of their society.
Values are culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and
beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Norms are the rules and
expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. Socialization prepares
individuals to occupy statuses and roles (Macionis 2012: 127– 128). Status refers a social
position that a person holds. An ascribed status is a social position a person receives at birth
or takes on involuntarily later in life. Examples of ascribed statuses include being a daughter, a
Filipino, a teenager, or a widower. Achieved status refers to a social position a person takes on
voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort. Achieved statuses include honors student,
athlete, nurse, software writer, and thief. Role refers to behavior expected of someone who
holds a particular status.
Gender Role Socialization
Sex refers to the biological characteristics distinguishing male and female (Macionis 2012: 169).
Sex is based on chromosomes, anatomy, hormones, reproductive systems, and other
physiological components.
Gender refers to those social, cultural, and psychological traits linked to males and females
through particular social contexts. Sex makes us male or female; gender makes us masculine or
feminine. All the major agents of socialization—family, peer groups, schools, and the mass
media—reinforce cultural definitions of what is feminine and masculine. (Dionisio 1992: 1-2;
Macionis 2012: 170).

What are Deviance and Conformity?

Every society is a system of social control or attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts
and behavior. Social control encourages conformity to certain norms and discourages deviance
or norm breaking. Deviance range from minor infractions, such as bad manners, to major
infractions, such as serious violence. Norms that become specified and institutionalized are
called laws. Crime refers to the violation of the law. There is a lack of consensus in society
regarding which behaviors or traits are deviant. What is considered as deviance will vary across
time, places, and social groups. How a society defines deviance, who is branded as deviant,
and what people decide to do about deviance all have to do with the way society is organized.
The functions of deviance (Macionis 2012: 197). According to Emile Durkheim (1858–1917),
deviance performs the following functions:
 Affirms cultural norms and values. Deviance is needed to define and support morality.
There can be no good without evil and no justice without crime.
 Clarifies moral boundaries. By defining some individuals as deviant, people draw a
boundary between right and wrong.

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  Brings people together. People typically react to serious deviance with shared outrage,
and in doing so reaffirm the moral ties that bind them.
 Encourages social change. Deviant people suggest alternatives to the status quo and
encouraging change.

Merton’s strain theory (Macionis 2012: 197–198). Robert Merton (1910–2003) argued that the
extent and type of deviance people engage in depend on whether a society provides the means
(such as schooling and job opportunities) to achieve cultural goals (such as financial success).

Conformity means achieving cultural goals through approved means. However, the strain
between the cultural goal and the lack of opportunities to achieve these goals using approved
means may result in deviance. Merton identifies four types of deviance: innovation, ritualism,
retreatism, and rebellion.

Conformist - person who conforms to accepted behavior or established practices.

Ritualist - A person who do not believe in the established cultural goals of society, but they do
believe in and abide by the means for attaining those goals.
Innovator - Are those individuals that accept the cultural goals of society but reject the
conventional methods of attaining those goals.
Retreatism - Who reject both the cultural goals and the accepted means of attaining those
goals.

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1: POSITION PAPER!
Direction “Do you think Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 signed by President
Rodrigo R. Duterte is a human rights disaster in the making which
may endangers Human Rights and suppress freedom of Expression?”
Explain your stand on the issue by providing clear arguments and examples.
____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
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WHAT I CAN DO
Activity 2: FILL IN THE CHART!
Direction: Direction: Fill in the Chart regarding Three Goals of Socialization and
explain it briefly.
THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION

1.____________________ 2.____________________ 3.____________________

_ _ _
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
_ _ _
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
_ _ _
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
_ _ _
Explanation: Explanation: Explanation:

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

_ _ _

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 ______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________ ______________________
_ _ _
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
_ _ _

Activity 3: MY WORLD!
Direction: Looking back on your childhood memory fill in the Graphics with
words and phrases that focuses on how you interacted/socialized with
your families, relative, neighbors, and godparents.

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Activity 4: POSTER SLOGAN MAKING!
Direction: Using the blank space below make a Poster Slogan uplifting Human
Rights. The slogan must consist of 7 to 10 word.

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POST TEST: MATCH UP!
A. Direction: Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided.
COLUMN A COLUMN B

______1. He combined basic needs and the influence of A.) Robert Merton
society into a model of personality with three parts: id, ego,
and superego. B.) George Herbert Mead
______2. He identified four stages of cognitive development
C.) Sigmund Freud
which studies of human cognition, or how people think and
understand. D.) Jean Piaget
______3. According to him the self is a part of our
personality and includes self-awareness and self-image. E.) Charles Horton Cooley
______4. He used the phrase looking-glass self to mean a
self-image based on how we think others see us.
______5. He developed the structural strain theory.

B. Direction: Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided.
COLUMN A COLUMN B

______1. A person who conforms to accepted behavior or A.) Retreatism

established practices.
______2. A person who do not believe in the established B.) Innovators
cultural goals of society, but they do believe in and abide by
C.) Rebels
the means for attaining those goals.
______3. Those individuals that accept the cultural goals of D.) Conformist
society but reject the conventional methods of attaining
those goals. E.) Ritualist
______4. Reject both the cultural goals and the accepted
means of attaining those goals.

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______5. They reject both the established cultural goals
and the accepted means of attaining those goals.

ANSWER KEY

PRETEST: CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE!

1. Socialization 6. Norms 11. Role

2. Enculturation 7. Ethic Identity 12. Gender
3. Values 8. National Identity 13. Deviance
4. Identification Formation 9. Religious Identity 14. Conformity
5. Cultural Identity 10. Achieved Status 15. Ascribed Status

POST TEST: MATCH UP!

A B
1. Sigmund Freud 6. Conformist
2. Jean Piaget 7. Ritualist
3. George Herbert Mead 8. Innovators
4. Charles Horton Cooley 9. Retreatist
5. Robert Merton 10. Rebels

ACTIVITY 1: POSITION PAPER

Criteria Excellent (5) Very Good (4) Good (3) Poor (2)
The position Most of the content
Organizatio paper is very are written in the Some of the content The position
n clear, organized position paper are written in the paper is unclear
and well-written clear and position paper is and
organized. clear and organized. disorganized.
The position
Strength All arguments are Most of the Only some

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 paper did not
and strong, convincing arguments are arguments are
provide any
Relevance and relevant. strong, convincing convincing and
convincing
of and relevant. relevant.
argument.
supporting
argument

Use of All arguments are Most of the Only some The position
examples supported with arguments are arguments are paper did not
clear examples. supported with supported with clear provide any
clear examples. examples. factual support
or examples.

ACTIVITY 2: FILL IN THE CHART

THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. It teaches impulse control 2. It teaches individuals how to 3. It cultivates shared

and help individuals develop a prepare for and perform certain sources of meaning and
social roles value
conscience.

ACTIVITY 3: MY WORLD
- Answers may vary

ACTIVITY 4: POSTER SLOGAN MAKING

Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1)

Design/ Graphics are all All graphics are Some graphics are Graphics are
Graphics original and original and relate original but many are not original or
masterfully relate to Cultural borrowed from the do not relate to
to Cultural Relativism. work of friends, other Cultural
Relativism. The posters or relativism.
poster looks advertisements.
professional.

Slogan Slogan on the Slogan on the The poster has a The poster
poster is catchy, poster does a slogan but it does not does not send
and strongly good job of send a very strong a message
conveys a sending a message about about Cultural
message about message about Cultural Relativism. Relativism.
Cultural Cultural
Relativism. Relativism.

References:
A. Book

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 Government of the Philippines, Department of Education, Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics, Teacher’s Guide-First Edition 2016

B. Online Resources
https://www.slideshare.net/janenulial1/enculturation-and socialization?
from_action=save
https://www.slideshare.net/janenulial1/conformity-and-deviance
https://www.slideshare.net/IntienBontog/dignity-of-the-human-person
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/05/philippines-new-anti-terrorism-act-
endangers-rights

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