Synthesis Research on Parent Discipline with Punishment

Synthesis Matrix

Source 1 McKee et al. Source 2 Grusec et. al Source 3 Wiggers and

“Harsh Discipline and “Perspectives on parent Paas “Harsh Physical
Child Problem discipline and child Discipline and
Behaviors: The Roles of outcomes” Externalizing Behaviors
Positive Parenting and in Children: A
Gender” Systematic Review”

Studies show that 35% infants, 94% toddlers and over 50% of 12-
Theme 1 year-old children has experience physical harm as a form of
discipline. Furthermore, almost 90% of parents surveyed reported

Interview or case
one or more instances of harsh verbal discipline directed at their
children. Currently, approximately 63% of children are regularly
subjected to harsh physical discipline by parents or caregivers,

studies, highlighting even though The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the
Child has stated that physical punishment is a form of violence that
threatens a child’s security, and several countries have laws against
children challenges and the practice

sentiments
Results show that, positive parenting can counteract
Theme 2 the harmful impacts of harsh verbal and physical
discipline. High levels of warmth from either parent
Counteraction of can reduce the negative effects of harsh discipline on
the children’s emotional and behavioral problems
positive parenting significantly. This goes along previous researches that
focuses on the importance of positive parenting in
discipline to negative child development. And the findings do not justify
the use of harsh discipline because of its
and harsh parenting consequences.

Results show that there is a connection

Theme 3 between harsh verbal and physical discipline
Connection between to children’s emotional and behavioral
issues. Additionally, it proved that even
the positive and though a parent exhibits positive parenting
behavior such as warmth and appropriate
negative behavior to discipline. The smallest amount of harsh
physical discipline has negative
positive and negative consequences and even develops into
internal and external problems.
parent discipline

Results show that, the child’s gender matters to what “discipline”

Theme 4 they receive. It showed that boys received more harsh discipline
than girls on average. Moreover, whether it was a mother or a

Gender and social

father, there was no difference between the amount of harsh
discipline used by mothers and fathers.
However, the interaction between the parent’s gender and their

differences to show a child showed important results for harsh physical discipline but not
verbal. Meaning that the effect of child’s gender on harsh physical
discipline is different based on the parent’s gender. As depicted by
wider population statistics, fathers use more physical discipline than mothers with
boys, but similar levels of discipline occur with girls.

Theme 5 the research emphasizes

Conclude with the importance of
understanding the addressing harsh
effects of parenting discipline as a crucial
factor in child
methods, and areas
development, in addition
that need more to promoting positive
intervention or research parenting.
Source 1: Theme 1

Studies show that 35% infants, 94% toddlers and over 50% of 12-year-old children has experience
physical harm as a form of discipline. Furthermore, almost 90% of parents surveyed reported one or
more instances of harsh verbal discipline directed at their children. Currently, approximately 63% of
children are regularly subjected to harsh physical discipline by parents or caregivers, even though The
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child has stated that physical punishment is a form of
violence that threatens a child’s security, and several countries have laws against the practice

Source 1: Theme 2

Results show that, positive parenting can counteract the harmful impacts of harsh verbal and physical
discipline. High levels of warmth from either parent can reduce the negative effects of harsh discipline
on the children’s emotional and behavioral problems significantly. This goes along previous researches
that focuses on the importance of positive parenting in child development. And the findings do not
justify the use of harsh discipline because of its consequences.

Source 1: Theme 3:

Results show that there is a connection between harsh verbal and physical discipline to children’s
emotional and behavioral issues. Additionally, it proved that even though a parent exhibits positive
parenting behavior such as warmth and appropriate discipline. The smallest amount of harsh physical
discipline has negative consequences and even develops into internal and external problems.

Source 1: Theme 4:

Results show that, the child’s gender matters to what “discipline” they receive. It showed that boys
received more harsh discipline than girls on average. Moreover, whether it was a mother or a father,
there was no difference between the amount of harsh discipline used by mothers and fathers.

However, the interaction between the parent’s gender and their child showed important results for
harsh physical discipline but not verbal. Meaning that the effect of child’s gender on harsh physical
discipline is different based on the parent’s gender. As depicted by statistics, fathers use more physical
discipline than mothers with boys, but similar levels of discipline occur with girls.

Source 1: Theme 5:

In conclusion, the research emphasizes the importance of addressing harsh discipline as a crucial factor
in child development, in addition to promoting positive parenting.
Source 2: Theme 1:

Results show that the effectiveness of discipline methods no matter how harsh it is depending largely on
how the child interprets it based on their culture. If the child views the discipline as positive and
meaningful, it can have beneficial effects on their behavior and development

However, physical punishments work in a different way if viewed as an well-intended action by the
parents, because it teaches children that to resolve conflicts and problems violence is an easy solution.
This can go against the universal principle of not hurting others and can lead to harmful effects on the
children’s values.

Source 2: Theme 2:

The results follow other studies that show positive discipline methods are effective in a sense that they
provide internalization for the children. While negative parenting through the use of control and guilt
leads to internalizing and externalizing problems which leads to children asserting for independence.
This does not diminish the thought of using harsh punishment as effective parenting involves revolving
around these two types of authority. Setting rules and clear guidelines should be provided while
respecting the children’s needs for independence is necessary as it provides autonomy to children, and
this can only be achieve by both positive and “negative” parenting.

Source 2: Theme 3:

Results show that in order for effective discipline to happen despite harshness and severity, it requires
clear expectation and consistent enforcement. As studies show that inconsistent discipline methods
early in life can lead to behavioral problems later on. Additionally, children may interpret this
inconsistency as unclear expectation and may justify their own misbehavior as it is difficult to distinguish
what is right from wrong.

Source 2: Theme 4:

Results show that even though strict parenting leads to negative consequences. The meaning of
discipline extends beyond if the child even feels cared for or rejected. This leads to the comparison of
Israeli and Soviet immigrant parents where cultural priorities can affect the perception of strict learning.
For instance, strict parenting in cultures such as high value achievements (Soviet immigrants), discipline
may be less likely lead to negative outcomes

Source 2: Theme 5:

The relation between the use of these socialization strategies and the use of discipline is an important
topic for future investigation
Source 3: Theme 1:

Firstly, the use of physical punishment as a disciplinary tactic is associated with children’s increased
instances of aggression, antisocial behaviors, and other behavioral problems. The findings of the review
can be summarized as follows: overall, strong associations between parental corporal punishment and a
range of child behaviors were indicated, including aggressive behaviors, antisocial attitudes, destructive
habits, and the endorsement of the use of physical violence to solve problems [17,18,21]. These results
can be explained by the social learning perspective, which hypothesizes that physical punishment
predicts child aggression as children observe these behaviors from their parents and imitate them [1].

Source 3: Theme 2:

Secondly, the findings showed that the exact role of parental warmth as a moderator of the effects of
physical discipline on externalizing behaviors is not yet clear. While some studies confirmed that
supportive and warm parenting can buffer the impact of CP

Source 3: Theme 3:

Physical punishment and parental warmth have been found to be able to co-occur in families, and thus
warmth has been hypothesized to act as a buffer against the negative effects of physical discipline as it
promotes a positive parent-child relationship [16]; hence, in a setting where a child misbehaves and
receives physical discipline from a mother or father who is generally warm and supportive, a child may
be less inclined to perceive the parenting environment to be rejecting, protecting them from acting out
[12].

Source 3: Theme 4:

Nonetheless, further research is necessary to examine the exact role of parental warmth in moderating
the effects of physical discipline on the development of externalizing behaviors and whether these
associations are specific to certain contexts or racial/ethnic groups.

Secondly, cultural normativeness and the overall context in which CP occurs play a role in the way that
physical discipline is related to child adjustment. Finally, a child who is exposed to physical discipline in
the home is likely to be adversely affected in an educational context as well. Overall, the results provide
a firm, overarching conclusion: physical discipline is harmful, ineffective across age groups and cultural
contexts, and an unnecessary means to correcting unwanted behavior.

Source 3: Theme 5:
 Perspectives on Parent Discipline and Child Outcomes

Early research on parent discipline focused heavily on how it affects children. Strauss and
Stweart (1999) found that almost over half of 12-year-old children has experience physical harm as a
form of discipline. Supported other researchers, several common effects that emerged are aggressive
behaviors (MacKenzie, 2013), antisocial manner (Simons and Wurtel, 2010) and the use of physical
violence to solve problems (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2015). However, recent findings by Grusec et al.,
(2017) reasoned that the effectiveness of discipline method depends largely on the children. If viewed as
positive and meaningful, it can have beneficial effects on their behavior and development. These studies
show how prevalent child punishment is and it changes the viewpoints of children and their future, there
should be an immediate need on diminishing negative parenting.

Several scholars have pointed out the importance of positive parenting. Chaparro and Grusec
(2016) revealed, positive parenting can counteract the harmful impacts of harsh verbal and physical
discipline. Following that theory results follow other studies that show positive discipline methods are
effective in a sense that they provide internalization for the children (Stevens et al.,2017). While
negative parenting through the use of control and guilt leads to problems which develops to children
asserting for independence (Masten and Wolfe, 2017). This proves that positive parenting can act as a
buffer for negative parenting, which then leads to fostering good behavior and development.

However, research has addressed the problem but, some studies indicated flaws that limit their
effectivity. Such as results from Mulvaney and Mebert (2015) showed, that in order for effective
discipline to happen despite harshness and severity, it requires clear expectation and consistent
enforcement. As studies show that inconsistent discipline methods can lead to behavioral problems later
on (Afifi et al., 2008). Additionally, children may interpret this inconsistency as unclear expectation and
may justify their own misbehavior as it is difficult to distinguish what is right from wrong (Gerfore, 2002).
Furthermore, it proved that even though a parent exhibits positive parenting behavior, the smallest
amount of harsh physical discipline has negative consequences and even develops into problems
(Lansford et al., 2004). These show that positive parenting is not the only thing needed by a child but
also consistent effort by parents.

Nonetheless, other researches in the field of culture are not opposed to negative parenting.
Findings show that even though strict parenting leads to negative consequences. The meaning of
discipline extends beyond if the child even feels cared for or rejected (Eisenberg, 2006). For instance,
strict parenting in cultures such as high value achievements (Soviet immigrants), discipline may be less
likely lead to negative outcomes (Fabes and Spinard, 2008). Other than that Darling and Steinberg
(2013) showed that the child’s gender matters to what “discipline” they receive. It showed that boys
received more harsh discipline than girls on average. Moreover, whether it was a mother or a father,
there was no difference between the amount of harsh discipline used by mothers and fathers (Wiggers
and Paas, 2022). These prove that different demographics and social groups have different perception
on negative and positive parenting.

In current literature reviews, researches found a common answer of how bad the effects of
negative parenting is to children and how it affects the way they think and feel. However, as more
studies are conducted it showed that positivity are not the only driving factors for discipline such as
consistency. Finally, it shows that different children based on where they live and their gender have
different treatment from their parents.

Ang maagang pananaliksik sa pagdidisiplina ng mga magulang ay nakatuon kung paano

nakakaapekto ito sa kabataan. Natuklasan nina Strauss at Stweart (1999) na halos higit sa kalahati ng 12
taong gulang na mga bata ang nakaranas ng pisikal na parusa bilang isang uri ng disiplina. Ilang mga
karaniwang epekto ay agresibong pag-uugali (MacKenzie, 2013), pagiging antisosyal (Simons at Wurtel,
2010), at ang paggamit ng karahasan upang malutas ang mga problema (Achenbach and Rescorla,
2015). Gayunpaman, nangangatwiran si Grusec et al. (2017) na ang epektibong pagdidisiplina ay
nakasalalay sa kabataan. Kung ang disiplina ay maituturing na positibo at makabuluhan sa kanila, maaari
itong makinabang sa kanilang pag-uugali at pag-unlad. Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral na ito kung gaano
kalaganap ang parusa sa kabataaan at kung paano nito binabago ang pananaw ng mga bata at ang
kanilang kinabukasan.

Ilang iskolar ang nagturo sa kahalagahan ng positibong pag-aalaga. Inihayag nina Chaparro at
Grusec (2016), na ang positibong pag-aalaga ay maaaring humadlang sa mga epekto ng berbal at pisikal
na parusa. Sumunod ang iba pang mga pag-aaral na nagpapakita ng mga positibong pamamaraan ng
disiplina ay epektibo dahil nagbibigay ito ng internalisasyon para sa mga bata (Stevens et
al.,2017). Habang ang negatibong pagiging magulang gaya ng pagkontrol at pagkakasala ay humahantong
sa mga problema na bumubuo sa mga bata na nagpipilit para ng kalayaan (Masten at Wolfe,
2017). Pinatutunayan nito na ang positibong pag-aalaga ay maaaring gumanap bilang pampahina ng
negatibong pagdidisiplina, upang maitaguyod ang mabuting pag uugali at pag unlad.

Subalit, ang ilang mga pag aaral ay nagpahiwatig ng mga kapintasan na naglilimita kung paano
magiging epektibo ang pagdidisiplina. Tulad ng mga resulta mula kina Mulvaney at Mebert (2015) ang
epektibong disiplina ay mangyayari kung ito ay binigay kasama ng malinaw na pag-asa at patuloy na
pagpapatupad. Tulad ng ibang pag-aaral, ang paiba-ibang pagdidisiplina ay maaaring humantong sa mga
problema sa pag-uugali (Afifi et al., 2008). Dagdag pa rito, maaaring ipakahulugan ng kabataan ang
pabago-bagong pagdidisiplina na ito bilang katwiran sa kanilang sariling maling pag-uugali dahil mahirap
sa kanila makilala kung ano ang tama mula sa mali (Gerfore, 2002). Bukod dito, pinatunayan nito na kahit
na ang isang magulang ay nagpapakita ng positibong pag-aalaga, ang pinakamaliit na negatibong
pagdidisiplina ay may kahihinatnan (Lansford et al., 2004). Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral ang positibong
pag-aalaga ay hindi lamang ang kailangan ng isang bata kundi pati na rin ang pagsisikap ng mga
magulang.

Gayunpaman, ang iba pang mga pananaliksik ay hindi sumasalungat sa negatibong

pagdidisiplina. Ipinakikita na. ang kahulugan ng disiplina ay hindi aabot sa bata kahit na sila ay inaalagaan
o tinanggihan (Eisenberg, 2006). Halimbawa, ang mahigpit na pagdidisiplina sa mga kulturang ang halaga
ay pagiging matalino, ang pagdidisiplina ay maaaring hindi kinikilala bilang negatibo (Fabes and Spinard,
2008). Maliban doon ipinakita nina Darling and Steinberg (2013) na ang kasarian ay sanhi kung anong
"disiplina" ang matatanggap nila. Ipinakita nito na karaniwang ang mga lalaki ay nakatanggap ng mas
malupit na disiplina kaysa sa mga babae. Ang mga pag-aaral dito ay nagpapatunay na ang iba't ibang
demograpiko at mga grupo ng lipunan ay may iba't ibang persepsyon sa negatibo at positibong pag-
aalaga.

Sa kasalukuyang literature reviews, natagpuan ng mga pananaliksik kung gaano kasama ang
epekto ng negatibong pagdidisiblina sa mga bata at kung paano ito nakakaapekto ito sa paraan ng
kanilang pag-iisip at damdamin. Pero habang mas maraming pag-aaral ang isinasagawa ipinapakita nito
na ang hindi lamang positibong pag-aalaga ang nagdudulot ng disiplina dahil kinakailangan nito ng
malinaw na pag-asa at iba pa. Sa huli, napapaliwanag nito na ang iba't ibang mga bata batay sa kung
saan sila nakatira at ang kanilang kasarian ay nakakatanggap ng ibang “disiplina” mula sa kanilang mga
magulang.

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