UNIT – I

Review of Vector Calculus

Vector algebra-addition, subtraction, components of vectors, scalar and vector multiplications, triple
products, three orthogonal coordinate systems (rectangular, cylindrical and spherical). Vector calculus-
differentiation, partial differentiation, integration, vector operator del, gradient, divergence and curl,
integral theorems of vectors. Conversion of a vector from one coordinate system to another.

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Del operator:It is used to analyse the rate of change of a quantity in the direction of
space(x,y,z)

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STOKES THEOREM:It states that “circulation of vector fieldin a closed path is equal to surface
integral of curl of that vector bounded by closed loop”

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 UNIT – II
Static Electric Field: Coulomb’s law, Electric field intensity, Electrical field due to point charges. Line,
Surface and Volume charge distributions. Gauss law and its applications. Absolute Electric potential,
Potential difference, Calculation of potential differences for different configurations. Electric dipole,
Electrostatic Energy and Energy density
Conductors, Dielectrics and Capacitance: Current and current density, Ohms Law in Point form,
Continuity of current, Boundary conditions of perfect dielectric materials. Permittivity of dielectric
materials, Capacitance, Capacitance of a two wire line, Poisson’s equation, Laplace’s equation, Solution
of Laplace and Poisson’s equation, Application of Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations with single variable.

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Continuity equation:The continuity quation principle quation is basd on the principle of
consrvation of charge,it states that
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 UNIT - IV MAGNETIC POTENTIAL Scalar
Time Varying Fields and Maxwell’s Equations: Faraday’s law for Electromagnetic induction,
Displacement current, Point form of Maxwell’s equation, Integral form of Maxwell’s equations, Motional
Electromotive forces. Electrical and Magnetic boundary conditions

Faraday's Law of electromagnetic Induction

Michael Faraday, in 1831 discovered experimentally that a current was induced in a conducting loop
when the magnetic flux linking the loop changed. In terms of fields, we can say that a time varying
magnetic field produces an electromotive force (emf) which causes a current in a closed circuit. The
quantitative relation between the induced emf (the voltage that arises from conductors moving in a
magnetic field or from changing magnetic fields) and the rate of change of flux linkage developed
based on experimental observation is known as Faraday's law. Mathematically, the induced emf can
be written as

Emf = Volts (5.3)

where is the flux linkage over the closed path.

A non zero may result due to any of the following:

(a) time changing flux linkage a stationary closed path.

(b) relative motion between a steady flux a closed path.

(c) a combination of the above two cases.

The negative sign in equation (5.3) was introduced by Lenz in order to comply with the polarity of the
induced emf. The negative sign implies that the induced emf will cause a current flow in the closed
loop in such a direction so as to oppose the change in the linking magnetic flux which produces it. (It
may be noted that as far as the induced emf is concerned, the closed path forming a loop does not
necessarily have to be conductive).

If the closed path is in the form of N tightly wound turns of a coil, the change in the magnetic flux
linking the coil induces an emf in each turn of the coil and total emf is the sum of the induced emfs of
the individual turns, i.e.,

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Emf = Volts (5.4)

By defining the total flux linkage as

(5.5)

The emf can be written as

Emf = (5.6)

Continuing with equation (5.3), over a closed contour 'C' we can write

Emf = (5.7)

where is the induced electric field on the conductor to sustain the current.

Further, total flux enclosed by the contour 'C ' is given by

(5.8)

Where S is the surface for which 'C' is the contour.

From (5.7) and using (5.8) in (5.3) we can write

(5.9)

By applying stokes theorem

(5.10)

Therefore, we can write

(5.11)

which is the Faraday's law in the point form

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 We have said that non zero can be produced in a several ways. One particular case is when a time
varying flux linking a stationary closed path induces an emf. The emf induced in a stationary closed
path by a time varying magnetic field is called a transformer emf .

Motional EMF:

Let us consider a conductor moving in a steady magnetic field as shown in the fig 5.2.

Fig 5.2

If a charge Q moves in a magnetic field , it experiences a force

(5.18)

This force will cause the electrons in the conductor to drift towards one end and leave the other end positively
charged, thus creating a field and charge separation continuous until electric and magnetic forces balance and an
equilibrium is reached very quickly, the net force on the moving conductor is zero.

can be interpreted as an induced electric field which is called the motional electric field

(5.19)

If the moving conductor is a part of the closed circuit C, the generated emf around the circuit is

. This emf is called the motional emf.

A classic example of motional emf is given in Additonal Solved Example No.1

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.

Maxwell's Equation

Equation (5.1) and (5.2) gives the relationship among the field quantities in the static field. For time
varying case, the relationship among the field vectors written as

(5.20a)

(5.20b)

(5.20c)

(5.20d)

In addition, from the principle of conservation of charges we get the equation of continuity

(5.21)
The equation 5.20 (a) - (d) must be consistent with equation (5.21).

We observe that

(5.22)

Since is zero for any vector .

Thus applies only for the static case i.e., for the scenario when .
A classic example for this is given below .

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Suppose we are in the process of charging up a capacitor as shown in fig 5.3.

Fig 5.3

Let us apply the Ampere's Law for the Amperian loop shown in fig 5.3. I enc = I is the total current
passing through the loop. But if we draw a baloon shaped surface as in fig 5.3, no current passes
through this surface and hence Ienc = 0. But for non steady currents such as this one, the concept of
current enclosed by a loop is ill-defined since it depends on what surface you use. In fact Ampere's
Law should also hold true for time varying case as well, then comes the idea of displacement current
which will be introduced in the next few slides.

We can write for time varying case,

(5.23)

(5.24)

The equation (5.24) is valid for static as well as for time varying case.

Equation (5.24) indicates that a time varying electric field will give rise to a magnetic field even in

the absence of . The term has a dimension of current densities and is called the
displacement current density.

Introduction of in equation is one of the major contributions of Jame's Clerk Maxwell.

The modified set of equations

(5.25a)
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 (5.25b)

(5.25c)

(5.25d)

is known as the Maxwell's equation and this set of equations apply in the time varying scenario,

static fields are being a particular case .

In the integral form

(5.26a)

(5.26b)

(5.26c)

(5.26d)

The modification of Ampere's law by Maxwell has led to the development of a unified electromagnetic
field theory. By introducing the displacement current term, Maxwell could predict the propagation of
EM waves. Existence of EM waves was later demonstrated by Hertz experimentally which led to the
new era of radio communication.

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Unit-5 ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

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