JAI SHRIRAM

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

TIRUPUR 638 660

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

EE8511 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

LABORATORY MANUAL

III YEAR ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY
Mr. S.KARTHIKKUMAR AP/EEE

1
 SYLLABUS

EE8511 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY

OBJECTIVES:
To provide knowledge on analysis and design of control system along with basics of
Instrumentation
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
CONTROLSYSTEMS:
1. P, PI and PID controllers
2. Stability Analysis
3. Modelling of Systems – Machines, Sensors and Transducers
4. Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators
5. Position Control Systems
6. Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics
7. Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.
INSTRUMENTATION:
8. Bridge Networks –AC and DC Bridges
9. Dynamics of Sensors/Transducers
(a) Temperature (b) pressure (c) Displacement (d) Optical (e) Strain ( f) Flow
10 Power and Energy Measurement
11 Signal Conditioning
(a) Instrumentation Amplifier
(b) Analog – Digital and Digital –Analog converters (ADC and DACs)
Process Simulation
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
• Ability to understand control theory and apply them to electrical engineering problems.
• Ability to analyze the various types of converters.
• Ability to design compensators
• Ability to understand the basic concepts of bridge networks.
• Ability to the basics of signal conditioning circuits.
2
• Ability to study the simulation packages.

CONTENTS
SI. Date Name Of The Experiment Page Marks Sign
No no
1

10

11

3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

4
EX:NO:

DATE: ENERGY MEASUREMENT

AIM

To calibrate the single phase energy meter by direct loading.

OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the working principle of single phase energy meter.
2. To know the calibration of single phase energy meter.
3. To understand the concept and operation of single phase energy meter .

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Auto transformer 230V/(0-270)V 1Φ 1
2 Energy meter 0-10A 1Φ 1
3 Wattmeter 300V/10A UPF 1
4 Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1
5 Ammeter 0-10A MI 1
6 Resistive load 0-10A Wire wound 1
7 Stopwatch - Digital 1

THEORY

An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical
energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business or machine. The most common
type is a kilowatt hour meter. When used in electricity retailing, the utilities record the
values measured by these meters to generate an invoice for the electricity. They may also
record other variables including the time when the electricity was used.
5
FORMULA

1. Energy reading for ‘n’ revolution = (No: of revolution)/ (energy meter

constant in revolution/Kwh)
2. Value at energy with the help at wattmeter(true value in Kwh) = {(wattmeter
reading x time )/3600*1000 }
3. % error = ( true value – energy reading meter value* 100)/(true value)

TABULAR COLUMN - SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

SI NO Load Load Power in Time for True Em %

current(A) voltage(V) Watts 5 Rev value value Error
Obs Act (sec) in in
Kwh Kwh

6
PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. Standard wattmeter and stopwatch are used to find consumption of energy. Thus
value to compare energy meter reading.
3. Load is included using rheostat in step.
4. Time for five revolutions for energy meter is measured and corresponding values
of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter are noted.
5. This procedure is repeated up to a load of 5A.

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1.We studied the working principle of single phase energy meter.

2.We studied the calibration and characteristics of single phase energy meter.

APPLICATIONS
 For induction test, high voltage probes.
 For transmission lines, transmissions.

REFERENCES
1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &
Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
4. www.google.co.in

7
RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. List the applications of single phase energy meter.

2. Define calibration.
3. State the principle of single phase energy meter.
4. How % error is calculated?
5. How energy is calculated?
6. What is creeping? How it can be avoided?
7. Which torque is absent in energy meter? Why?

8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - THREE PHASE POWER AND POWER
FACTOR

9
EX:NO:

DATE: MEASUREMENT OF POWER

AIM

To measure the three phase power and power factor using rheostatic load.

OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the working operation of three phase power and power factor.
2. To know the essential components of three phase power factor circuit.
3. To study the characteristics of three phase power and power factor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

SI.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V/10A UPF 2
4 3Φ variable (0-10)A - 1
load

THEORY
Reactive power is a quantity that is normally only defined for alternating current (AC)
electrical systems. In case of balanced three phase circuits, it is simple to use a single
wattmeter to read the reactive power. The current coil of the wattmeter is connected in
one line and the pressure coil is connected across the other two lines.

FUSE RATING
125 % of rated current.
10
TABULATION - THREE PHASE POWER AND POWER FACTOR

FORMULA
Power = √3VI CosΦ (watts)

S.NO LOAD LOAD WATT METER READING PF = P/√3 VI

VOLTAGE CURRENT W1 W2
OBS ACT OBS ACT

Power = W1 +W2
Cos Φ = P/( √3VI)

Where,
V – voltmeter reading in volts -
A – ammeter reading in amperes
P – Power in watts
Cos Φ – Power factor
Wattmeter reading = Observed X multiplying factor
Total power = W1 + W2
Power factor = P / sq.root 3 VI

11
PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. TPST switch is closed.
3. The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down at no load
condition.
4. The rheostatic load was applied and by varying the load, the readings are noted.
5. Power and power factor were calculated using the formula.

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle of measurement of iron loss and permeability.

2. We studied the constructional details of iron loss.
3. We learned the connection of the circuit.

APPLICATIONS
 For three phase electric motor.
 DC- DC converter.
 Electrical calibration.
 High speed current limiting.

REFERENCES
1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &
Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
4. www.google.co.in

12
RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is the working principle of wattmeter employed in measuring equipment?
2. Give the advantage sof moving iron meters.
3. What is volt ampere hour and watt hour?
4. What is autoranging?
5. What is the reason for using MI instruments on both A.C and D.C?

13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LVDT

14
EX:NO:

DATE: CHARACTERISTICS OF LVDT

AIM
To study the characteristics of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the
secondary output voltage. And measure the voltage due to the residual magnetism.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. ITB-12CE unit
2. LVDT setup
3. Multi meter (CRO)
4. Power chord

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the working principle of inductive transducer.

2. To study the characteristics of LVDT.
3. To understand the concept of LVDT core position.

THEORY

The linear variable differential transformer has three solenoidal coils placed end-to-end
around a tube. The center coil is the primary, and the two outer coils are the top and
bottom secondaries. A cylindrical ferromagnetic core, attached to the object whose
position is to be measured, slides along the axis of the tube. An alternating current drives
the primary and causes a voltage to be induced in each secondary proportional to the
length of the core linking to the secondary. The frequency is usually in the range 1 to 10
kHz.

15
PROCEDURE

1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D type cable with
ITB-12CE unit.
2. Switch ON the unit.
3. Connect the multi meter or CRO (in AC – mv mode) across the T4 and T7 for
the secondary output voltage measurement.
4. Set the micrometer position at 10mm and calibrate the display at ‘0’mm using
‘zero’ potentiometer.
5. Set the micrometer position at 20mm and calibrate the display at ‘10’mm
using ‘span’ potentiometer.
6. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for
10mm displacement in micrometer and core displacement is 10.00mm for 20..
displacement in micrometer.
7. After completion of the calibration, place the core of the LVDT to 10mm by
adjusting the micrometer.
8. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10mm to 20mm and
note down the forward core displacement from zero mm to 10mm on the
display and secondary output voltage (mv) across T4 and T7.
9. Similarly, decrease the micrometer displacement from 10mm to zero mm and
note down the reverse core displacement of zero mm to -10mm on the display
and secondary output voltage (mv) across T4 and T7.
10. Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, Micrometer displacement and
secondary output voltage (mv).
11. Plot the graph between core displacement (mm) along x axis and secondary
output voltage (mv) across y axis.

16
TABULATION - LVDT

S.NO MICROMETER CORE SECONDARY

DISPLACEMENT (mm) DISPLACEMENT OUTPUT
(mm) VOLTAGE(mV)

MODEL GRAPH

17
INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle and operation of a LVDT.

2. We studied the different core position and its output.
3. We measured the secondary output voltage for different core positions.
APPLICATIONS

Crankshaft Balancer ,Testing Soil Strength, "Brain Probing" Medical Device, Product
Inspection Machine, Automation Assembly Equipmen,t Force Generation System,
Portable Friction Welde,r Robotic Cleaner, Borehole Extensometer, Octane Analyzer,
Scanning Laser Tomography, Automotive Suspension System, Dollar Bill Thickness in
ATM Machines, Robotic Manipulator, Joystick control is enhanced by DC LVDTs used
in 3 axes for heavy equipment robotics,Specific Gravity Sensor, Weighing Systems,
Servo Valve Positioning, HydraulicCylinder Displacement.

REFERENCES
1. E.O. Doebelin, ‘Measurement Systems – Application and Design’.
2. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &
Instrumentation’.
3. D.V.S. Moorthy, ‘Transducers and Instrumentation’.
4. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
5. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
RESULT

.
VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS
1. Describe the construction of LVDT.
2. What is LVDT?
3. List some inductive transducers.
4. What is the role of core in LVDT?
5. List the applications of LVDT.
18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

CONNECTION DIAGRAM – PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

19
EX:NO:
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
DATE:

AIM

To study the characteristics of the pressure cell with respect to bridge voltage.

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the working principle of pressure measuring device.

2. To study the characteristics of pressure measurement.
3. To compare the gauge pressure and module display pressure.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.ITB-16-CE Trainer kit.
2.Multi meter (mV).
3.Pressure cell setup.
4.Power chord.

THEORY

Pressure can be expressed in many different units including in terms of a height of a

column of liquid. Pressure measurements can be divided into three different categories:
absolute pressure, gage pressure and differential pressure. Absolute pressure refers to the
absolute value of the force per-unit-area exerted on a surface by a fluid. Thereforethe
absolute pressure is the difference between the pressureat a given point in a fluid and the
absolute zero of pressure ora perfect vacuum. Gauge pressure is the measurement of
difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure.

20
TABULATION - PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

S.NO GAUGE PRESSURE (psig) BRIDGE VOLTAGE

(mV)

MODEL GRAPH
Bridge Voltage (mv)

Gauge Pressure (psig)

21
PROCEDURE

1. Install the pressure cell setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB-16-CE
kit.
2. Connect the multi meter (in millivolt mode) across T2 and T3 for bridge voltage
measurement.
3. Switch “ON” the module
4. Initially, open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the
bridge voltage by using zero adjustment POT.
5. Now, close the opened air release valve. By pressing the pump piston, the pumps
Sucks the air form atmosphere and supply it to the cylinder and now measure the
bridge voltage (mv) across T2 and T3.
6. Gradually increase the pressure by pressing the pump piston and note down the
bridge voltage (mv) for corresponding gauge pressure.
7. Tabulate the readings and plot a graph between gauge pressure and bridge voltage
(mv).

22
TABULATION - PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

GAUGE SIGNAL DISPLAYED

PRESSURE CONDITIONED PRESSURE % ERROR
(psig) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (psig)
(V)

FORMULA
Gauge pressure – displayed pressure
%e == --------------------------------------------- X 100
Displayed pressure

MODEL GRAPH
% Error

Gauge Pressure (psig) 23

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the principle and operation of a pressure measuring device.

2. We measured the bridge voltage.
3. We determined the error using gauge pressure and displayed pressure.

APPLICATIONS
 Medical, aerospace, transportation, general industry, and test and
instrumentation.
 Pressure sensors can also be delivered as a MEMS silicon pressure die for very
small embedded applications.
 Industrial Measurement & Monitoring, Thermowells.

REFERENCES
1. E.O. Doebelin, ‘Measurement Systems – Application and Design’ .
2. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &
Instrumentation’.
3. D.V.S. Moorthy, ‘Transducers and Instrumentation’ .
4. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
5. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.

RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. List the pressure measuring devices.
2. What is vacuum?
3. How the error is calculated?
4. Define error.
5. What is the purpose of signal conditioning circuit in the module?

24
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

CONNECTION DIAGRAM – WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

25
EX:NO:

DATE: DC BRIDGES
(a) WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

AIM

To find out the unknown value of resistance using a Wheatstone bridge.

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the working principle of bridges.

2. To study the characteristics of bridge circuits.
3. To understand the concept of DC & AC bridges.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Decade Resistance box (or) Unknown Resistances
4. Multi meter

THEORY

A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical

resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the
unknown component. Its operation is similar to the original potentiometer. It was
invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir
Charles Wheatstone in 1843. One of the Wheatstone bridge's initial uses was for the
purpose of soils analysis and comparison.

26
FORMULA USED

RX = R1 RX / R3
Note : Initially short L1 & L2

TABULATION - WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

S.No RX R1 R2 R3 RX
(Theoretical) (ohms) (ohms) (ohms) (Practical)

MODEL GRAPH
Practical)e (mv)
Practical RX

27
Theoretical RX
PROCEDURE

1. Patch the connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Connect the decade resistance box at RX terminals (or) Connect the resistance to
be measured at RX.
3. Now select the resistances at R1 and R3 to get the nearest point of balanced switch
ON the power supply.
4. Now vary R2 to get exact point of balance.
5. Switch off the power supply and remove the patchings at R2.
6. Now measure the resistance R2.
7. Tabulate the readings and find the value of unknown resistance.

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle and operation of a Wheatstone bridge.

2. We calculated theoretical and practical unknown resistances(Rx).
3. We measured the unknown resistance for different R1 and R3.

APPLICATIONS

 Electrical circuits are used throughout aerospace engineering

 Extensively used in telephine companies.
 Flight control systems.
 Cockpit instrumentation.
 Engine control systems.

28
REFERENCES

1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &

Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
4. www.google.co.in.

RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What are the advantagesof bridge circuits?

2. What is a Dc bridge?
3. Write the balancing equation of Wheatstone bridge.
4. What are the main types of bridges?
5. List the applications of Wheatstone bridge .

29
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE

CONNECTION DIAGRAM – KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE

30
EX:NO:

DATE: DC BRIDGES
(b) KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE

AIM
To find the value of unknown resistance using a Kelvin Double bridge.

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the working principle of bridges.

2. To study the characteristics of bridge circuits.
3. To understand the concept of low resistance measuring bridge circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VKB- 02 Trainer Kit
2. Patch cords
3. Decade Resistance box (or) Unknown Resistances
4. Multi meter
Note: Initially short L1 & L2 .Note down the digital voltmeter reading. This reading is
nothing but the final balancing point when you are tuning the bridge.

THEORY
A Kelvin bridge (also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson
bridge) is a measuring instrument invented by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin. It is
used to measure an unknown electrical resistance below 1 Ω. Its operation is similar to
the Wheatstone bridge except for the presence of additional resistors. These additional
low value resistors and the internal configuration of the bridge are arranged to
substantially reduce measurement errors introduced by voltage drops in the high current
(low resistance) arm of the bridge. It consist of two ratio arms. The outer ratio arm
contains the known resistors and the inner ratio arm helps to connect the one terminal of
the galvanometer at the appropriate point (which was the disadvantage of the Kelvin first
bridge).
31
FORMULA USED
RX = PP1 / Q

TABULATION - KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE

S.No P Q P1 RX
( ohms) (ohms) (ohms) (ohms)

MODEL GRAPH
Practical)e (mv)
Practical RX

32

Theoretical RX
PROCEDURE

1. Patch the connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Connect the decade resistance box at RX terminals (or) Connect the resistance to
be measured at RX.
3. Switch ON the unit.
4. Select the range selection switch at the point where the meter reads lest possible
value of voltage.
5. Vary the potentiometer (P1) to obtain the null balance.
6. Switch OFF the unit and find the resistance using multimeter at P 1.
7. Tabulate the readings and find the value of unknown resistance using the above
formula.

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle and operation of a Kelvin’s double bridge.

2. We calculated theoretical and practical unknown resistances(Rx).
3. We measured the unknown resistance for different Pand P 1.

APPLICATIONS
 For induction test
 For high voltage probes.
 For transmission lines, transmissions.

33
REFERENCES

1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &

Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
4. www.google.co.in.

RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. List the advantagesof bridge circuits?
2. Compare AC and DC bridges?
3. Write the balancing equation of Kelvin’s Double bridge bridge.
4. Compare Kelvin’s bridge and Kelvin’s Double bridge bridge.
5. List the applications of Kelvin’s Double bridge bridge .
34
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE BRIDGE

CONNECTION DIAGRAM –MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE BRIDGE

35
EX:NO:

DATE: AC BRIDGES
(a) MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE BRIDGE

AIM
To find the value of unknown inductance using a Maxwell’s inductance bridge.

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the working principle of bridges.

2. To study the characteristics of bridge circuits.
3. To understand the concept of AC bridge circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VMIB – 03 Trainer Kit
2. Unknown inductance
3. Multi meter
4. CRO
5. Patch Cards

THEORY

A Maxwell bridge (in long form, a Maxwell-Wien bridge) is a type of Wheatstone bridge
used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated
resistance and capacitance. It is a real product bridge.

FORMULA USED
Lx = R1 x R3 x C
Q = ω Lx / Rx
Rx = R1 x R3 / R2

36
TABULAR COLUMN - MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE BRIDGE

R1 R2 Lx Lx
S.No
(Ohms) (Ohms) (Theoretical) (Practical)
1
2
3
4
5
6

MODEL CALCULATION

37
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown above.
2. Connect the unknown inductance at the Lx (unknown) point.
3. Connect the CRO across P and Q.
4. Switch ON the unit.
5. Choose R3, such that you can obtain a maximum variation of output.
6. Now set R2 to maximum position.
7. Vary the potentiometer R1 such that the amplitude of sine wave is decreased
and that one point it will obtain a minimum of zero amplitude and then it will
start increasing at that point stop the tuning and switch OFF the unit.
8. Remove the patching at R1 and find the resistance using multi meter and note
down the reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of
unknown inductance.

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle and operation of a Maxwell’s inductance

bridge.
2. We calculated theoretical and practical unknown resistances(Rx).
3. We measured the unknown inductance and resistance for different R3.

APPLICATIONS
 Calibration-grade inductors.
 LCR meters.
 Tunnels.
 DC DC Converter.
 High voltage probes.

38
REFERENCES

1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &

Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
4. www.google.co.in.

RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is the main difference between AC and DC bridges?

2. What is Maxwell’s bridge?
3. Write the balancing equation of Maxwell’s Inductance bridge.
4. What are the conditions which must be satisfied for the AC bridge?
5. List the advantages and disadvantages of Maxwell’s Inductance bridge .

39
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – SCHERING BRIDGE

CONNECTION DIAGRAM - SCHERING BRIDGE

40
EX:NO:

DATE: AC BRIDGES
(b) SCHERING BRIDGE

AIM
To find the value of unknown capacitance using a Schering bridge.

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the working principle of AC bridges.

2. To study the characteristics of Schering bridge.
3. To understand the concept of balancing AC bridge circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VSB – 07 Trainer Kit.
2. Decade Capacitance box.
3. Multi meter.
4. CRO.
5. Patch Cards

THEORY

A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical

capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio
of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a four-arm
alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on balancing the
loads on its arms.

FORMULA USED
Cx = C2 (R4/R3)
41
TABULATION - SCHERING BRIDGE

S.No C2 R3(Ω) Cx(μf) Cx(μf)

(μf) R4(Ω)
Theoretical Practical

MODEL CALCULATION

42
PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown above.

2. Connect the unknown capacitance at the Cx (unknown) point.
3. Keep R4,R3 in minimum position.
4. Connect the CRO across P and Q.
5. Switch ON the unit.
6. Vary resistance R3 to some extent. (above 2K is suggested).
7. Choose C2, such that you can obtain a maximum variation of output.
8. Vary the potentiometer R4 such that the amplitude of sine wave will decrease and
at one point it will obtain a minimum of zero amplitude and then it will start
increasing at that point stop the tuning and vary R3. Here also the amplitude of
sine wave will decreasing and at one point it will obtain a minimum of zero
amplitude and then it will start increasing at that point stop the tuning.
9. Repeat the above step such that you will obtain minimum amplitude or zero
amplitude.
10. Remove the patching at R4 and R3, find the resistance using multi meter and note
down the reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of
unknown capacitance.

43
INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle and operation of a Schering bridge.

2. We calculated theoretical and practical unknown capacitances(Cx).
3. We studied the bridge balancing.

APPLICATIONS
 For insulation test.
 Generator maintenance.
 For industrial applications like electrical measurements.
 For radio experimentation.
 To determine condenser property.
 ferroelectric thin film based varactor.
 wireless capacitive sensor.

REFERENCES
1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &
Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.

RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. How the unknown capacitance measured?
2. List the applications of Schereing bridge?
3. Write the balancing equation of Schering bridge.
4. What are the conditions which must be satisfied for the AC bridge?
5. List the advantages and disadvantages of Schering bridge .
44
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

45
EX:NO:

DATE: ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

AIM

To obtain the digital output for the given analog input..

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VSTM – 003 Experiment ?Unit
2. 1K Potentiometer to vary the input signal.
3. Multimeter.

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the working operation of A/D converter.

2. To know the essential functions of ADC.
3. To understand the conversion of analog value to digital value.

FORMULA USED
Output Voltage VO = VREF [b02-1 + b02-2 + b02-3 + b02-4+….. +b02-n]

THEORY
The VSTM-003 experiment unit has 8 LEDS to represent the digital output data and 8
analog input channels. The specified analog input channel can be selected through
channel select switches SW1 to SW3. The start of conversion (SOC) can be done
manually by pressing the switch SW4. In this experiment, analog input voltage of 4.92 V
is given to the analog input channel 2 and the corresponding digital outputs are displayed
on the LEDs.

46
PROCEDURE

1. The power supply is switched ON.

2. The variable terminal of the potentiometer is given to the analog input
channel2.
3. To select the analog input channel 2, the channel select switch position is as
follows.
SW1 SW2 SW3
0 1 0

4. The start of conversion(SOC) button is pressed once to start the conversion

from analog signal to digital form. The LED L9 glows on pressing SOC
button.
5. The Address Latch Enable(ALE) button is also pressed once, so as to enable
the digital data to be sent to the output.
6. The digital output for the corresponding analog input is displayed on the
LEDs D0 through D7. For analog input of 4.92 V, the digital output is given as.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Hex Value
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 EE

7. The end of conversion is indicated by the LED

8. This procedure is repeated for different values of analog voltage.

RESULT

47
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

48
EX:NO:

DATE: DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

AIM

To obtain the corresponding analog output for a given digital input.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VSTM – 003 Experiment ?Unit
2. 1K Potentiometer to vary the input signal.
3. Multimeter.

OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the working operation of A/D converter.
2. To know the essential functions of ADC.
3. To understand the conversion of analog value to digital value.

FORMULA USED
Output Voltage VO = VREF [b02-1 + b02-2 + b02-3 + b02-4+….. +b02-n]

THEORY
In the VSTM -002 unit there are 8 SPDT switches named SW1 – SW8. Each switches
has 2 positions O (OFF) and 1 (ON). When the switch is placed in the ON position, the
digital data is given to the DAC. The jumpers marked J9 through J16 must be placed in
the S/W (right) position so that the digital input is sent to the DAC.
The switch position decides the value of the input data that is to be read from
EPROM. These input data also sent to the DAC 0800 through the SPDT switches and the
output from the DAC is terminated to the pin P2
49
The table shown below gives the analog voltage corresponding to the digital input.

Output Voltage Input data in

Hex
-5.00 00
-4.96 01
-4.92
02
… …

…. ….

0.00 7F
…
…
4.92 FD
FE
4.96
5.00 FF

50
PROCEDURE

1. The power supply is switched ON.

2. The jumpers J9 through J16 should be in the S/W (right) position.
3. The switches SW! through SW* are placed appropriately to represent the desired
input.
4. For example, if the input data is 4.96 volts, then the switch positions are as
follows.

SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6 SW7 SW8 HEX VALUE
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 FE

5. The output voltage can be observed by using a CRO at the terminal pin P2.

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle of A/D and D/A converter.

2. We calculated the output voltage using the formula
VO = VREF [b02-1 + b02-2 + b02-3 + b02-4+….. +b02-n]

APPLICATIONS
 Rotary encoder, electronic devices, data converters.
 RF applications, Digital Signal Processor.
 Micro-processor.

51
REFERENCES
1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &
Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
4. D.V.S. Moorthy, ‘Transducers and Instrumentation’ .
5. www.google.co.in.

RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What are the types of A/D converter ?
2. What are the types of D/A conveter?
3. List the application of A/D converter.
4. What is indirect and indirect type?
5. What is successive approximation type converter?

52
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

53
EX:NO:

DATE: CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTATION

AMPLIFIER

AIM
To study the characteristics of 10 gain and 100 gain instrumentation amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Instrumentation amplifier trainer kit.
2. Multimeter
3. Pat chords

OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the characteristics of Instrumentation amplifier.
2. To know the components of instrumentation amplifier.
3. To understand the gain settings.

THEORY

An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that

has been outfitted with input buffers, which eliminate the need for input impedance
matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and
test equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low
noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high
input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability
of the circuit both short- and long-term are required.

54
TABULATION

GAIN Vin Vout G = Vout/Vin

SETTING (mv) (v)

MODEL GRAPH
Output voltage (V),

Input signal (mV) 55

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the trainer kit.
2. Short the terminal T2 t3 and note the voltage across the terminal output
(a) If zero indicates, continues next step.
(b) If not, calibrate to get ‘zero voltage’ using zero adjustment
potentiometer.
3. Connect the terminals T1 to T2 and GND to T3.
4. Select the switch in different gain mode.
5. Set the voltage in MV source.
6. By varying the MV source note down the output reading and tabulate it.

INFERENCE & DISCUSSION

1. We studied the working principle of A/D and D/A converter.

2. We calculated the output voltage using the formula
a. VO = VREF [b02-1 + b02-2 + b02-3 + b02-4+….. +b02-n]

APPLICATIONS

 For bio-medical,electronics engineering, high voltage probes.

 For space travel and exploration, robotics.
 Audio signal generator.

REFERENCES
1. A.K. Sawhney, ‘A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements &
Instrumentation’.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic Instrumentation’.
3. J. B. Gupta, ‘A Course in Electronic and Electrical Measurements’.
4. www.google.co.in.

56
RESULT

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What are the types of A/D converter ?

2. What are the types of D/A conveter?
3. List the application of A/D converter.
4. What is indirect and indirect type?
5. What is successive approximation type converter?

57
Ex. No.: Date:
1,. STUDY OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS
AIM: To studytheP,PI,PID controller responsefor thefirst order and secondorder transfer functionusing
MATLAB software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
System with Matlab 7.0.1
THEORY:
The transient response of a practical control system often exhibits damped oscillation before
reaching steady state value. In specifying the transient response characteristics of control
systems to unit step input, it is common to specify the following:
i)DelayTime(Td)
ii) Rise time
(Tr)
iii) Pealtime( Tp)
iv) Max. Overshoot (M p
) v) Settling time
(Ts)
Proportional control:
The output of the controller is proportional to input U(t)p = K *e(t) ,where e(t) = error
signal; U(t) controller output; Kp = proportional constant.
•It amplifies the error signal and increases loop gain. Hence steady state tracking
accuracy, disturbance signal rejection and relative stability are improved.
•Its drawbacks are low sensitivity to parameter variation and it produces constant steady
state error. Proportional + Integral Control:
The output of the PI controller is given by U (t)p= K [e(t) i+ (1/τ)∫ e(t) dt ],where Kp is the
proportionality constant and Ti is called the integral time.
•This controller is also called RESET controller.
•It introduces a zero inthesystemand increases theorder
by1.
•The type number of open loop system is increased by
162 •It eliminates steady state error. Damping ratio
remains same. •Increase in order decreases the stability
of system. Proportional + Integral Control +
Differential Control: The output of a PID controller is
given by

The PID controller introduces a zero in the system and increases the damping. This
reduces peak overshoot and reduces rise time. Due to increase in damping, ultimately peak
overshoot reduces. The stability of the system improves. In PID controller, all effects are
combined. Proportional control stabilizes gain but produces steady state error. Integral
control eliminates error. Derivative controller reduces rate of change of error.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

P SCOPE

STEP I/P
TRANSFER
FUNCTION
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Mat lab program
2. In command window, from the file tab, select New Simulink file.
3. Create a new model project file.
4. From tool bar, Drag and drop the step input, summer, P controller & transfer function
blocks into the model file.
5. Create a complete model as per the given block diagram using the above
blocks. 6. Simulate the model & observe the response in the scope of the
model file.
7. Verify the same for PI & PID controller.
8. Repeat the above procedure for second order transfer
function.

RESULT:

INFERENCE:

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Define delay time (Td).
2. Define rise time (Tr).
3. Why is integral action (only I) recommended for zero or low order process?
4. What will be the controller response, if the error is constant?
5. What is reset windup?
Ex. No: Date :
2.a STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
AIM:
To analyze the stability of linear system using Bode plot / Root locus / Nyquist plot.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Personal Computer and MATLAB 7.10
THEORY:
ROOT LOCUS:
In control theory, the root locus is the locus of the poles and zeros of a transfer function as the open
loop gain K is varied from 0 to ∞. The root locus is a useful tool for analyzing single input single output
(SISO) linear dynamic systems. A system is stable if all of its poles are in the left-hand side of the s-plane
(for continuous systems) or inside the unit circle of the z-plane (for discrete systems).
In addition to determining the stability of the system, the root locus can be used to identify the
damping ratio and natural frequency of a system. Where lines of constant damping ratio can be drawn
radially from the origin and lines of constant natural frequency can be drawn as arcs whose center points
coincide with the origin. By selecting a point along the root locus that coincides with a desired damping ratio
and natural frequency a gain can be calculated and implemented in the controller.
NYQUIST PLOT:
A Nyquist plot is used in automatic control and signal processing for assessing the stability of a
system with feedback. It is represented by a graph in polar coordinates in which the gain and phase of a
frequency response are plotted. The plot of these phasor quantities shows the phase as the angle and the
magnitude as the distance from the origin. This plot combines magnitude and phase plots on a single graph,
with frequency as a parameter along the curve. The Nyquist plot is named after Harry Nyquist, a former
engineer at Bell Laboratories.
Assessment of the stability of a closed-loop negative feedback system is done by applying the
Nyquist stability criterion to the Nyquist plot of the open-loop system (i.e. the same system without its
feedback loop). This method is easily applicable even for systems with delays which may appear difficult to
analyze by means of other methods.
Nyquist and related plots are classic methods of assessing stability, but have been supplemented or
supplanted by computer-based mathematical tools in recent years. Such plots remain a convenient method
for an engineer to get an intuitive feel for a circuit.
BODE PLOT:
A Bode magnitude plot is a graph of log magnitude versus frequency, plotted with a log-frequency
axis, to show the transfer function or frequency response of a linear, time-invariant system. It is usually a
combination of a Bode magnitude plot and Bode phase plot
The magnitude axis of the Bode plot is usually expressed as decibels, that is 20 times the common
logarithm of the amplitude gain. With the magnitude gain being logarithmic, Bode plots make multiplication
of magnitudes a simple matter of adding distances on the graph (in decibels), since
log( a .b )  log(a)  log(b)
A Bode phase plot is a graph of phase versus frequency, also plotted on a log-frequency axis, usually
used in conjunction with the magnitude plot, to evaluate how much a frequency will be phase-shifted. For
example a signal described by: A sin(ωt) may be attenuated but also phase-shifted. If the system attenuates it
by a factor x and phase shifts it by −Φ the signal out of the system will be (A/x) sin(ωt − Φ). The phase shift
Φ is generally a function of frequency. Phase can also be added directly from the graphical values, a fact that
is mathematically clear when phase is seen as the imaginary part of the complex logarithm of a complex
gain.
PROCEDURE:
(A) USING BODE AND NYQUIST PLOTS:
1. Double click the MATLAB icon in the desktop.
2. In command window, from the file tab, select New, M file.
Type the following, A = tf ([coefficients of numerator], [coefficients of denominator]);
ltiview;
Eg: {If transfer function is 10s+1 / S3 + 3S2 + 4s + 5 then A = tf ([10, 1], [1, 3, 4, 5]}
3. Select ‘RUN’ from ‘Debug’ tab.
4. LTI viewer will open.
5. In file tab, select ‘import’
6. Select ‘A’ state space model.
7. Step response will appear.
8. From edit tab select plot configuration and select plot type as bode. In characteristics observe all
margins.
9. Open another LTI viewer select plot type as Nyquist and observe all margins.
 (B) USING ROOT LOCUS:
1. Double click the MATLAB icon in the desktop.
2. Select New, M file. Type the following,
A = tf ([coefficients of numerator], [coefficients of denominator]); rlocus (A);
3. Select ‘RUN’ from ‘Debug’ tab.
4. Find the value of K for which the locus crosses the imaginary axis.

RESULT:
Thus the stability margins of given linear system are observed using different plots.
Bode Plot:
Phase Margin =
Gain margin =
Nyquist plot:
Phase Margin =
Gain margin =
Root Locus
Range of value of K for stability =

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define gain margin.
2. Define phase margin.
3. How stability can be determined for nonlinear systems?
4. What are the conditions for stable systems?
5. What is absolute stability?
Ex. No: Date :
2.b STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

AIM
To Write a program to (or using SIMULINK) to analyse the stability of linear system using
Bode plot, Root locus and Nyquist plot.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
A PC with MATLAB package

THEORY
A linear time inconvenient systems is stable if the following two notations of system
stability are satisfied.
 When the system is excited by bounded input, the output is also a bounded output.
 In the absence of the input, the output tends towards zero, irrespective of the initial
conditions.
The following are the general considerations regarding system stability and are
 If all the roots of the characteristics equation have negative real parts, then the impulse
response is bounded and eventually decreases to zero, then the system is stable.
 If any root of the characteristics equation has a positive real part, then system is unstable.
 If the characteristics equation has repeated roots on the jω- axis, then system is unstable.
 If one are more non-repeated roots of the characteristics equation on the jω- axis, then
system is unstable.
PROCEDURE
1. BODE PLOT
Consider a single-Input system with transfer function
C(S) / R(S) = (b0 sm + b1 sm-1 + …….. +bm) / (a0sn + a1 sn-1+ ……+ an)
1. Write a program to (or using SIMULINK) obtain the Bode plot for the given system.
2. Access the stability of the given system using the plots obtained.
3. Compare the usage of various plots in assessing stability.
TRANSFER FUNCTION
G(S) = 25 / (S2 + 4S + 25)
Source Code
% Bode Plot
% Enter the Numerator and Denominator
num = [0 25]
den = [1 4 25]
ω = logspace(-2,3,100)
sys = tf(num,den)
 [mag,phase,ω] = bode(sys, ω)
bode(sys, ω)
margin(mag,phase,ω)
xlabel(‘frequency’)
ylabel(‘phase(deg);magnitude(db)’)
title(‘bode plot’)
2. ROOT LOCUS
1. Write a program to (or using SIMULINK) obtain the Root locus for the given
system.
2. Access the stability of the given system using the plots obtained.
3. Compare the usage of various plots in assessing stability.
TRANSFER FUNCTION
G(S) H(S) = k(S + 1) / S(S + 2)(S + 3)
This transfer function can be rewritten as
G(S) H(S) = kS + k / (S3 + 5S2 + 6S + 10)
Assuming k = 1
Source Code
% Root locus
num = [0 0 1 1]
den = [1 5 6 0]
subplot(2,1,1)
title(‘Root locus’)
rlocus(num,den)
xlabel(‘Real axis’)
ylabel(‘Imaginary axis’)
subplot(2,1,2)
title(‘Root locus’)
r = rlocus(num,den)
plot(r,’o’)
v = [-6 6 -6 6]
axis (v)
xlabel(‘Real axis’)
ylabel(‘Imaginary axis’)
3. NYQUIST PLOT
1. Write a program to (or using SIMULINK) obtain the Nyquist plot for the given system.
2. Access the stability of the given system using the plots obtained.
3. Compare the usage of various plots in assessing stability.
TRANSFER FUNCTION
G(S) = 25 / (S2 + 4S + 25)
Source Code
% Nyquist plot
% Enter the transfer function
num = [0 0 25]
den = [1 4 25]
sys= tf(num,den)
nyquist(sys)
SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM
BODE PLOT

ROOT LOCUS
 NYQUIST PLOT

RESULT
Thus the stability of linear systems using bode plot, root locus and nyquist plot were
analysed.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is control system?
2. What is feedback? What type of feedback is employed in control system?
3. Define transfer function.
4. State whether transfer function technique is applicable to non-linear system and
whether the transfer function is independent of the input of a system
Ex. No: Date :
3. Modeling of Systems – Machines, Sensors and Transducers

3.aTRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM
To find the transfer function of separately excited dc generator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1) Voltmeter- (0 -300V)MC, (0 – 75V)MC, (0 – 300V)MI
2) Ammeter- (0 – 20A)MC, (0 -10A)MC,(0 -2A) MI
3)Rheostat - (500Ω , 0.8A), (210Ω ,2A)
4) Tachometer
5)Connecting wires
DERIVATION
E g (t )  K g
* I f (t )  1

 d ( I f (t )  -------------(2)
E f (t )  R f * I f (t )  L f  
dt
 

Taking Laplace Transform:

From eqn.(2)
E f ( s )  R f
 L f S I f ( S )

I f (S )
 1
E f (s) R f
 LfS 
 1 
I f (S )  E ( s )  (3)
 R  L f S  f
 f 

From eqn.(1)
E g (s)  K g
* I f (s)

 E f (s) 
E g (s)  K g
*

R f
 LfS  
Subs If(s) value
E g (s) K g

E f (s) R f
 LfS 
Apply the final value theorem
Limit Limit  S * E f (s) 
s  0
E g (s) =
s  0
K g
*

R f
 LfS  

THEORY
A DC Generator is commonly used in control systems for power applications. The field of
DC generator is separately excited by a constant voltage source & generator is run by a constant
speed prime mover. Let the inductance & resistance of the field winding be L f & Rf respectively
and that of the armature be La & Ra. The generator supplies a load ZL under no load condition Ia =0
and the generator induced voltage Eg is equal to the terminal voltage VT & under conditions. The
transfer function is Eg / Ef . For the field circuit loop equation is written & the transfer functions as
derived above.

Circuit Diagram for finding Kg

PROCEDURE FOR FINDING Kg

 It is same as o.c.c of separately excited generator ,Measure Field current and Generated
voltage and note down in table -1
 plot graph and find ΔKg= ΔEg/Δif

PROCEDURE FOR FINDING ZF

1) The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2) The rated speed is setup by adjusting the field rheostat.
3) The field current is varied by adjusting the field rheostat & notes the E f & E g. For
different field current upto rated voltage.
4) To plot the O.C.C curve for Eg Vs If & Find out the Kg by taking the slope.

TABLE-1
Tabular Column for finding Kg
S.No Eg If
 Circuit Diagram for finding RF

Circuit Diagram for Zf

TABLE-2
Tabular Column for finding RF
S.No Vf If Rf = Vf / If
TABLE-3
Tabular Column for finding ZF

S.No Vf If Zf = Vf / If

Block Diagram

RESULT
Thus the transfer function of separately excited DC generator was found as E g(s)/ Ef(s)
= Kg /( Rf + Lf *s)

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) Define transfer function.
2) State whether transfer function technique is applicable to non-linear system and whether the
transfer fuction is independent of the input of a system.
3) What are advantages and dis advantages of transfer function .
4) What is the need for developing the transfer function of separately excited DC generator?
5) Write the transfer function equation for separately excited DC generator?
6) What you have understood from the transfer function of separately excited DC generator?
EX NO: 3.b TRANSFER FUNCTION OF FIELD CONTROLLED DC MOTOR
DATE:
AIM
To find the transfer function of the field controlled dc motor
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1) Voltmeter- (0 -300V)MC, (0 – 75V)MC, (0 – 300V)MI
2) Ammeter- (0 – 20A)MC, (0 -2A)MC, (0 -2A) MI
3)Rheostat - ( 500Ω , 0.8A), (210Ω ,2A)
4) Tachometer
5)Connecting wires
FORMULA USED
T
1) Kt f

IF

V 1  V2  I1  I2 
2) Pi  * Watt
2 2

Pi
Jm 
2
3) Kg / m
0 . 0109 N [ dN / dt 2  dN / dt 1 ]

230 * K ft
fm 
2
4) Kg / m
R fac
* 2 N
60

Vf
5) z f

I f

2 2
6) X f
 Z f
 R f

X f
7) L f

2 f

K ft

 (s) R f*
fm
8). 
E f (s)
S (1  sT f
)( 1  sT m )

Where Tf = Lf / Rf -------- Electrical time constant

Tm = Jm / fm ---------Mechanical time constant

1. PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING RETARDATION TEST

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The motor is connected to switch
1-1’ and adjust the field rheostat to run at rated speed. At that moment the 1-1’ is opened. Note
down the corresponding time T1 for the motor rises its speed from 1500 RPM to 1700 RPM.
Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings(V 1 and I1). Now Change the switch position to
 2-2’ and note down the corresponding time T 2 for speed to fall from 1700RPM to 1300RPM.
Note down Voltmeter and ammeter readings(V2 and I1).
2. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING Rf
The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The rheostat
position is adjusted current & voltage is measured.
3. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING La

The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The auto transformer is varied.
The current & voltage readings are measured.The impedance value was calculated.
4. MEASUREMENT OF K FT
The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
The DPSTS is closed the motor run at 1500rpm. The field is also separately excited. The
armature current is kept constant .By adjusting the field rheostat ,The load is applied; motor is
stopped from running .The reading S1 & S2 were noted. The load is released & the field rheostat is
adjusted to another field current keeping the armature current constant. Again the motor is stopped
& the experiment was repeated for different values of field current & finally the torque is
calculated.

Circuit Diagram for Retardation test

 Circuit Diagram for finding Rf

Circuit Diagram for finding Zf

Circuit Diagram for finding K ft

 Tabular Column for Retardation test
Type Time for 400 V1 I1 V2 I2
rpm fall
No load
On load

Tabular Column for measuring Rf

S.NO Vf If Rf

Tabular Column for measuring Zf

S.NO Vf If Zf

Tabular Column for measuring Kft & Rf

S.NO Vf If Balance reading T=(T1-T2)*r* 9.81 Rf=Vf / If
S1 S2
RESULT
Thus the transfer function of field controlled Dc motor was determined
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) Define transfer function.
2) State whether transfer function technique is applicable to non-linear system and whether the
transfer function is independent of the input of a system.
3) What are advantages and disadvantages of transfer function.
4) What is the need for developing the transfer function of field controlled DC motor?
5) Write the transfer function equation for field controlled DC motor?
EX NO:5.c TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE CONTROLLED DC MOTOR
DATE:
AIM
To find the transfer function of the armature controlled dc motor
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1) Voltmeter- (0 -300V)MC, (0 – 150V)MC, (0 – 300V)MI
2) Ammeter- (0 – 20A)MC, (0 -10A)MC, (0 -2A) MC,(0-20A)MI
3)Rheostat - (500Ω , 0.8A),(210Ω ,2A)
4) Tachometer
5)Connecting wires
FORMULA USED
T Eb
1) K ft
 Kb  [From graph]
Ia W

(V 1  V 2 )
2) p  * (I1  I 2 ) / 2 Watt
2

Pi
3) J m 
0 . 0109 N [ dN / dt 2
 dN / dt 1 ]

230 * K ft
fm 
2
4) Kg / m
R fac
* 2 N
60

Va
5) z a 
Ia

2 2
6) X a
 Za  Ra

X
La 
a
7)
2 f

K at

 (s) Ra * fm
8) 
E a(s) KbK
S (1  sT a )( 1  sT m )  at
Ra fm

Where Ta = La / Ra-------- Electrical time constant

Tm = Jm / fm ---------
1. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING RETARDATION TEST

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The motor is connected to switch
1-1’ and adjust the field rheostat to run at rated speed. At that moment the 1-1’ is opened. Note
down the corresponding time T1 for the motor rises its speed from 1500 RPM to 1700 RPM.
Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings(V 1 and I1). Now Change the switch position to
2-2’ and note down the corresponding time T 2 for speed to fall from 1700RPM to 1300RPM.
Note down Voltmeter and ammeter readings(V2 and I1).

2. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING RF

 The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram .
 The rheostat position is adjusted current & voltage is measured

3. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING La

 The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
 The auto transformer is varied & the current & voltage readings are measured. The
impedance value is calculated.
4. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING K at
 The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
 The DPSTS is closed The motor run at 1500rpm.
 The field is also separately excited. The armature current is kept constant .
 By adjusting the field rheostat .The load is applied; motor is stopped from running
 The reading W1 & W2 were noted.
 The load is released & the field rheostat is adjusted to another field current
 keeping the armature current constant.
 Again the motor is stopped & the experiment was repeated for different values of field
current & finally the torque is calculated.

Circuit Diagram for Retardation Test

 Circuit Diagram for Rf

Circuit Diagram for La

Circuit Diagram for K at

 Tabular Column for Retardation test
Type Time for V1 I1 V2 I2
600rpm fall
No load
On load

Tabular Column for measuring Ra

S.NO Va Ia Ra

Tabular Column for measuring Za & La

S.NO Va Ia Za
Tabular Column for measuring K at & Ra
s.no Va Ia Balance reading T=(T1-T2)*r* 9.81 Ra=Va / Ia
S1 S2

Tabular Column for measuring W & Eb

S.NO Va Ia N W=2πN / 60 Eb =V-Ia Ra
RESULT
Thus the transfer function of armature controlled Dc motor was determined.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) Define transfer function.
2) State whether transfer function technique is applicable to non-linear system and whether the
transfer function is independent of the input of a system.
3) What are advantages and disadvantages of transfer function.
4) What is the need for developing the transfer function of armature controlled DC motor?
5) Write the transfer function equation for armature controlled DC motor?
6) What you have understood from the transfer function of armature controlled DC motor?
Ex. No: Date:
4.a DESIGN OF LEAD,LAG AND LAG-LEAD COMPENSATORS

i.Lead-Lag Compensator
AIM:
To study the compensation of the second order process by using Lead – Lag
compensator
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Lead – Lag network system kit
2. Capacitors – 0.1μF
3. Decade Resistance Box
4. DSO
5. Resistor – 1KΩ.
DESIGN:
Lead – Lag network using operational amplifier:
An electronic lead –lag compensator using operational amplifier is shown below.

The transfer function for this circuit can be obtained as

follows: Let
Z1 = R1 ||
C1 Z2 = R2 ||
C2
The second op-amp acts as a sign inverter with a variable gain to compensate
for the magnitude. The transfer function of the entire system is given by G(j).
R R (1 R1C1 s)
G(s)  4 2
R3 R1 (1 R 2 C 2 s)

We have
R2 R4 (1 T 2  2 )
G( j ) 
R1 R3 (1 T 2 2
2
Where
T 1 = R1C1 ;
T 2 = R2C2 and
Thus the steady state output is
R R (1  T12  2
Yss (t)  2 4 ) Sin(t  tan 1 T1tan 1 T2 ) for an input Esint.
R1 R3 (1 T2  )
2 2

From this expression, we find that if T 1>T2, then tan11 T  tan 1 T2>0. Thus if T1>T 2,
then the network is a lead network. If T1 <T2, the network is a lag network.
Determination of values for angle
compensation: Frequency of sine wave (f)=
20Hz.
Phase angle to be compensated =14.50
 tan 1 (2fT1 ) tan 1 (2fT2 )
Let T1 0.1sec
14.5 tan 1 (2* 20 * 0.1) tan 1 (2* 20 *T2 )
T2 0.023sec
Hence the values of T1 and T2 are chosen from which the values of R1, R2, C1, and C2
can be determined.
For Example,
T 1 = R1C1 =
0.1; If C1 = 0.1μF, R1=1MΩ
T 2 = 0.023sec
If C2 = 0.1 μF, R2 =230KΩ.
These values produce a phase lead of 14.5o, which is the desired compensation angle.
Connection Diagram:

------------ without compensation Withcompensatin

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Connect the individual blocks using patch chords bypassing the compensating
network and gain.
3. Give a sinusoidal input as the set value to the error detector.
4. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the input signal using DSO.
5. Measure the amplitude and phase difference of the output signal with respect to
the input signal using DSO.
6. Connect the designed values of R1, R2, C2, and C1 to the points provided in the kit.
7. Now include the compensation block in the forward path before the process
using patch chords.
8. Observe the compensated wave form through DSO.
TABULATION:
SI 1 C1 R2 C2 AMPLITUD FREQUENC PHAS
NO (OHMS (F) (OHMS (F) E (V) Y (HZ) E
) ) SHIFT
()

CALCULATION: (frequency = Hz)

CALCULATION: (frequency = Hz)

RESULT:

INFERENCE:

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is compensation?
2. What is compensator?
3. When lag/lead/lag-lead compensators are employed?
4. What are the types of compensator?
5. Differentiate lag and lead compensators?
 ii.Lag Compensator
AIM:
To design a lag compensator in Bode plot (frequency domain) for the system whose transfer function

G(s) = K

s(s+4)(s+80)

FACILITIES REQUIRED

Matlab software

PROGRAM:

%BODE PLOT OF THE SYSTEM UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPENSATED(LAG)%

%Enter the numerator and denominator of the transfer function

num=[0 0 0 9600];

den=[1 84 320 0];

sys=tf(num,den)

bode(sys)

[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=margin (sys)

margin (sys)

hold

%Enter the numerator and denominator of the transfer function

num=[0 0 0 63.9 30]

den=[0.042 3.52 13.68 1 0];

sys=tf(num,den)

bode(sys)

[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=margin(sys)

margin(sys)

MANUAL CALCULATIONS

i)Calculation of gain

Given Kv = 30 sec -1

Kv = Lt sG(s)H(s)
 s 0

Since the system is unity feedback system H(s) = 1

Therefore Kv = Lt sG(s) = Lt K = K

s 0 s 0 s(s+4)(s+80) 4*80

K = 9600

ii)Bode plot of uncompensated system

Let s= jω

G(jω) = 9600 = 30

s(s+4)(s+80) jω(1+0.25 jω)(1+0.0125 jω)

Magnitude plot

The corner frequencies are ωc1=4rad/sec and ωc2= 80 rad/sec

Choose a low frequency ωl such that ωl< ωc1 and choose a high frequency ωh> ωc3.

Let ωl=1 rad/sec and ωh=100 rad/sec

Term Corner Slope db/dec Change in slope

Frequency db/dec
rad/sec

30 __ -20 __

jω

1 4 -20 -20-20= - 40

(1+0.25jω)

1 80 -20 -40-20 = -60

( 1+0.0125 jω)

Calculate A at ωl, ωc1, ωc2, and ωh

Let A= | G(jω)| in db

At ω= ωl A= 20 log(30/1)=29.5db

ω= ωc1 , A=20log(30/4)=18db
 ω= ωc2 A= -40log(80/4)+18= -34 db

ω= ωh A = -60log(100/80)+(-34) = - 40 db

These values are plotted in the semilog graph sheet taking frequency along the logarithmic scale and magnitude
in db along the linear scale

The phase angle of G(jω) as a function of ω is given by

Φ = ‹G(jω) = - tan-1 0.25ω -90 – tan-1 0.0125ω

ω 1 4 10 50 80 100

Rad/sec

Φ -104 -138 -164 -208 -222 -230

degrees

These values are plotted in the semi log graph sheet taking the same frequency as before along the logarithmic
scale and phase angle in degrees along the linear scale.

iii) Determination of phase margin of compensated system

Let, Φgc = Phase margin of G(jω) at gain cross over frequency (ωgc)

And γ = Phase margin of compensated system.

From the bode plot of uncompensated system we found that Φgc = -168deg

Now γ = 180 + Φgc = 180-168=12 deg

The system requires a phse marginof atleast 33 degrees but the available phase margin is 12 degrees and so lag
compensation should be employed to improve the phase margin.

iv) Choose a suitable value for the phase margin of compensated system.

The desired phase margin, γo = 33 deg

Phase margin of compensated system, γo = γd + €

Let initial choice of €= 5 deg

γo = γd + € = 33 + 5 =38 degrees
v) Determine the new gain crossover frequency

Let ωgc = New gain cross over frequency and Φ gc = phase of G(jω) at ωgc

Now γo = 180 + Φgcn

Φgcn = γo – 180 = 38 – 180 = -142 deg

From the bode plot the frequency corresponding to a phase of -142deg is 4.7 rad/sec

New gain crossover frequency ωgcn = 4.7 rad/sec

vi) Determine the parameter β

From the bode plot, the db magnitude at ωgcn is 16 db

Therefore Mag of G(jω) = 16 db

Also Agcn = 20 log β

β = 10 Agcn

β=6.3

vii) Determine the transfer function of lag compensator.

The zero of the compensator is placed at a frequency one-tenth of ωgcn

Zero of the lag compensator, zc = 1/T

T = 10/ ωgcn = 2.13

Pole of the lag compensator pc = 1/ βT

pc = (6.3*2.13) = 1/13.419

Transfer function of lag compensator Gc(s) = (s+1/T)/(s+1/ βT)

= 6.3(1+2.13s)/(1+13.419s)

viii) Determine the open loop transfer function of the compensated system

1/6.3 6.3(1+2.13s) 30_____

(1+13.419s) s(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)
The gain of the compensator is nullified by introducing an attenuator in series with the compensator, as shown
in the diagram

Open loop transfer function of compensated system

Gc(s) = 1 * 6.3(1+2.13s) * 30_____

6.3 (1+13.419s) s(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)

= ________30(1+2.13s)____________

s(1+13.419s)(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)

ix) Determine the actual phase margin of compensated system.

Gc(s) = ___30(1+2.13jω)____________________

jω (1+13.419 jω)(1+0.25 jω)(1+0.0125 jω)

Let Φ0 = Phase of G(jω) and Φgc0 = phase of Gc(jω) at ω = ωgcn

Φgc0 = tan-1 (2.13 * 4.7) - 90 – tan-1(13.419*4.7) –

tan-1(0.25 * 4.7) - tan-1(0.0125 * 4.7) = -147degrees

Actual phase margin of compensated system γo = 180 + Φgcn = 180 – 147 =33 degree

OUTPUT:
Transfer function:

9600
--------------------
s^3 + 84 s^2 + 320 s

Gm = 2.8000

Pm = 13.2591

Wcp = 17.8885

Wcg = 10.5470

Current plot heldnum = 0 0 0 63.9000 30.0000

Transfer function:
 63.9 s + 30
------------------------------------
0.042 s^4 + 3.52 s^3 + 13.68 s^2 + s

Gm =15.7613

Pm = 39.3844

Wcp = 16.9235
Wcg = 3.5782

e)PLOT

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1.Write the step by step procedure for plotting the magnitude plot and phase plot of a open loop system
represented by the transfer function G(s).
 Find croner frequency
 Calculate gain & phase for various Values of w
 _Sketch the plot
2.Obtain the resonant peak, resonant frequency, band width,gain margin, phase margin of the system
represented by the open loop transfer function G(jω)=10/ jω(1+0.1 jω)(1+0.05 jω).
 Solve by using Nicholas chart .
 _resonant peak =5 db
 _resonant frequency =8 rad/sec
 _band width=12 rad/sec
 _gain margin=8.5 db
_phase margin=30o
3. Given the open loop transfer function a system with unity feedback, G(s)H(s)=K/s(s+2)(s+10).Determine the
range of K for which closed loop system is stable.
 Nyquist stability criterion.0<K<240.
4. Write the procedure for designing the lead compensator._
 Find the value of K
 Find the phase margin of uncompensated
system
 Find the new phase margin
 _Find new gain cross over frequency
 _Calculate B & T  Find
Gc(S)
 Find Go(s)
 _Verify Phase margin
5. Write the procedure for designing the
lag compensator.  Find the
value of K
 _Find the phase margin of
uncompensated system
 Find the new phase
margin & gain cross over
frequency
 Calculate _ &
 _Find Gc(S)_
 _Find Go(s) Verify Phase margin

6. Write the procedure for designing the lag-lead

compensator.  _Find the value of K
 Find the phase margin of
uncompensated system  Find the
new phase margin
 Find new gain cross over
frequency Calculate B, _ ,
T1 & T
 Find
Gc(S)
_Find
Go(s)
 Verify Phase margin

RESULT:

Thus the lag and lead compensator are designed.

Ex. No: Date :
4.b DESIGN OF LEAD,LAG AND LAG-LEAD OMPENSATORS

AIM:

To plot phase angle Vs frequency and gain Vs Frequency for lag, lead and lag – lead
networks
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A PC with MATLAB package
THEORY:
The nature of compensation depends upon the given plant, the compensator may be an
electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or other type of devices are network usually an
electric network serves as compensator in many control systems. The compensator transfer
function may be placed in cascade with the plant transfer function (cascade or series
compensation) or in the feed back path (feed back or parallel compensation).
The compensators are of three types
a) Lead compensator
The compensator having transfer function of the form given below is known as lead
compensator.
GC (s)= (s+zc)/(s+pc) = (s+ 1/)/(s+1/); = zc/pc<1,  >0
< 1 ensures that the pole is located to the left of the zero.
Lead compensator speeds up the transient response and increases the margin of stability of a
system. It also helps to increase the system error constant though to limited extent.
b) Lag Compensator
The Compensator having transfer function of the form given below is known as lag
compensator.
GC (s)= (s+zc)/(s+pc) = (s+ 1/)/(s+1/);  = zc/pc>1, >0
>1 ensures that pole is to the right of Zero, that is nearer the origin than Zero.
Lag compensator improves the steady state behaving a system, while nearly preserving its
transient response.
c) Lag – Lead Compensator
When both the transient and steady state response require improvement a Lag –Lead
compensator is required. This is basically a Lag and Lead compensator connected in
series.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software and create a blank Model file.
2. Develop the block diagrams for lag, lead and lead-lag compensator using the simulink
function
3. Simulate the MATLAB model and obtain the phase angle Vs frequency and gain Vs
Frequency for lag, lead and lag – lead networks
. Lead compensator

Lag Compensator

Lag – Lead Compensator

MODEL GRAPH:

Lead compensator

Lag compensator

Lag-Lead compensator
RESULT:

Thus the phase angle Vs frequency and gain Vs Frequency for the given lag, lead and lag –
lead networks was plotted.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Why derivative controller is not used in control systems?
2. Draw the initial slope of first order system.
3. What are the standard test signals employed for time domain studies?
4. Define peak time of II order system?
Ex. No. 4.POSITION CONTROL SYSTEMS Date:

(a)DC POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM

AIM:
To control the position of loading system using DC servo motor.
SPECIFICATION
Range : 0-360 for one rotation & 0-999 for more than one rotation
DC power supply & Amplifier : +5V @ 1A regulated.
DC servo motor : +5V operating voltage.
Gearing : 30 Rotation, 1 pulse
Pulley & Angle Rotation : Mounted on Ball Bearing
Feed back : Digital by pulse feed back.
Accuracy : ±5% of angle
THEORY
The unit consists of DC servo motor coupled with gearing and loading system is connected to
position indicator (angle) through a belt and pulley drive. DC power supply is fed to the motor through
the DC amplifier. The servo motor, which generates pulses with respect to angle or position are fed
back to the comparator which compares with set signal. The error is amplified which will be actuated.
TERMINOLOGY:
1. SET SIGNAL: The unit consists of set signal bit generator and produces digital pulses of required set
number or angle of which is converted.
2. COMPARATOR: A comparator which accepts input from set signal and measuring signal which
produces the error signal, which is proportionally controls the input to the DC servo motor.
3. MEASURING SIGNAL: The DC servo motor fitted with encoder produces pulses per resolution
which is taken as feed back signal.
4. DC POWER SUPPLY: The DC power supply to the DC servo motor is derived from power transistor
with switching.
5. CONTROL CIRCUIT: The control circuit employs relay and power transistor and power supply.
6. ENCODER: The DC servo motor fitted with optical encoder and TTL pulse pickup optical type. The
pickup produces pulses with respect to rotation and which are compared by digital comparator.
7. ERROR AMPLIFIER: The Error Amplifier which amplifies the error signal and which actuates the
control circuit. The control circuit employs proportional control which actuates as per proportional
gain.
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the instrument.
2. Set the required angle by pressing thumb wheel or press switch (+) side or (-) side.
3. For example 30 degree movement, set 030 on the panel.
4. Depress the set/reset button.
5. The position or angle is set on the panel by position control system.
6. Note down the readings, calculate the % error and plot the curve.
TABULATION
S. Set Angle Measured Error in Error in %
No in angle in degrees [(Өs – Өm) /
. degrees degrees Өs – Өm Өs] x 100
(set Өs) (Өm)
1. 30
2. 60
3. 90
4. 120
5. 150
6. 180
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the position of the loading system has been controlled using DC servomotor.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Which motor is used for position control?
2. Differentiate DC servo motor and DC shunt motor.
3. How the mechanical rotation is converted to electrical signals?
4. What are the time domain specifications?
5. What are the advantages of dc servo motor?
Ex. No: Date:
(b) AC POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM
AIM:
To control the position of loading system using AC servo motor.

THEORY:
A synchro is an electromagnetic transducer commonly used in AC position control which converts an
angular position of a shaft into an electric signal.
The basic synchro is usually called a synchro transmitter. Its construction is similar to that of a 3-
phase alternator. The stator is of laminated silicon steel and is slotted to accommodate a balanced three phase
winding which is usually of concentric coil type and is star connected. The rotor is a dumb bell construction
and would with a concentric coil. AC voltage is applied to the rotor winding through slip rings. Let an ac
voltage Vr(t) = V r sin  c t be applied to the rotor of the synchro transmitter. This voltage causes a flow of
magnetizing current in the rotor coil which produces sinusoidally varying flux directly along its axis and
distributed nearly sinusoidal in the air gap along stator periphery. Because of transformer action, voltages are
induced in each of the stator coils. As the air gap flux is sinusoidally distributed, the flux linking with any
stator coil axis and so is the voltage induced in each stator coil. The stator coil voltages are of course in time
phase with each other.
Let Vs1N, Vs2N, Vs3N respectively be the voltages induced in the stator coils S 1, S2, S3 with respect to
the neural. Then for the rotor position of the synchro transmitter shown in fig, where the rotor axis makes an
angle zero with the axis of the stator coil S 2.
Let, V s 1 N  kV r sin  c t cos(   120 ), V s 2 N  kV r sin  c t cos  , V s 3 N  kV r sin  c t cos(   240 )
The three terminal voltages of the stator are
V s 1 s 2  V s 1 N  V s 2 N  3 kV r sin(   240 ) sin(  c t ), V s 2 s 3  V s 2 N  V s 3 N  3 kV r sin(   120 ) sin(  c t ),

V s 3 s 1  V s 3 N  V s 1 N  3 kV r sin(  ) sin(  c t )
When   0 , it is seen that maximum voltage is induced in the stator coil S 2 while it follows the
terminal voltage Vs3s1 is zero. This position of rotor is defined as the electrical zero of the transmitter and is
used as a reference for specifying the angular position of the rotor. When the rotor of the transmitter is
moved to a new position, the voltage balance is disturbed. This balance is restored only if the receiver turns
through the sane angle as the transmitter and also the direction of the rotation is same as that of the
transmitter.
PRECAUTIONS: (not to be included in the record)
1) Handle the pointers for both the rotors in the gentle manner.
2) Do not attempt to pull out the pointers and do not short rotor or stator terminals.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the main supply to the system with the help of cable provided.
2) Connect S1, S2, S3 to S1’, S2’, S3’ of synchro receiver by patch chords
3) Switch ON main supply for the unit and transmitter rotor supply and move the pointer i.e. rotor position
of synchro transmitter insteps of 30° and observe the new receiver rotor position. Observe that whenever
transmitter rotor is rotated the receiver rotor follows it for both the direction of rotation and their
positions are in good agreement.
4) Enter the input angular position and output angular position in the tabular column and plot the graph
between input angular position and percentage error.
 DIAGRAM: SYNCHRO

TABULATION:
S. Set angle Measured Error Error in %
N in degrees Angle in MODEL GRAPH:
O (θs) degrees
(θm) Set angle in degrees (θs)
% Error
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the position of the loading system has been controlled using AC servomotor.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by Synchro?
2. How the rotor position is controlled in AC position controller?
3. What are the different types of rotor that are used in ac servomotor?
4. What is electrical zero of synchro?
5. What are the applications of synchro?
 DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM

DATE:
AIM:
1. To digitally simulate in time response characteristics of higher order multi input ,
multi output , linear system using stable variable information .
2. To WAP or to build block diagram model using MATLAB
3. To obtain the impulse, step response characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A PC with MATLAB software

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the MATLAB software and create a blank model in the stimulant.
2. Simulate the step response for the block diagram model of an armature controlled DC
motor
3. Obtain the step response for the block diagram model and impulse response by writing
the code in M-file for an armature controlled DC motor
4. Obtain the step and impulse response for a first order and a second order linear system

Source coding for Step Response of a first order system:

num=[1];
den=[1 0.1];
t=tf(num,den);
step(t);

Source coding for Impulse Response of a first order system:

num=[1];
den=[1 0.1];
t=tf(num,den);
impulse(t);
Source coding for Step Response of a second order system:

num1=[0.1];
 den1=[1 0.1];
t1=tf(num1,den1);
num2=[0.2];
den2=[1 0.2];
t2=tf(num2,den2);
step(t1,t2);

Source coding for Impulse Response of a Second order system:

num1=[0.1];
den1=[1 0.1];
t1=tf(num1,den1);
num2=[0.2];
den2=[1 0.2];
t2=tf(num2,den2);
impulse(t1,t2);

MODEL GRAPH:

Step Response of a first order system

Step Response
10

6
Amplitude

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec)

Impulse Response of a first order system

Impulse Response
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec)
Step Response of a second order system

Step Response
1

0.8

0.6

Amplitude
0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec)

Impulse Response of a Second order system

Impulse Response
0.2

0.15
Amplitude

0.1

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec)
RESULT:
Thus the block diagram is build using MATLAB and Step response and impulse response
characteristics are obtained.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define transfer function.
2. State whether transfer function technique is applicable to non-linear system and whether the
transfer function is independent of the input of a system.
3. What is time response?
4. What is transient and steady state response?
5. Name the test signals used in control system?
6. What is the order of a system?