Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/results-in-physics

Exact traveling wave solutions to the Klein–Gordon equation using

the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method
M.G. Hafez a,⇑, Md. Nur Alam b, M. Ali Akbar c
a
Department of Mathematics, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh
b
Department of Mathematics, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
c
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The novel (G0 /G)-expansion method is one of the powerful methods that appeared in recent times for
Received 12 August 2014 establishing exact traveling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. Exact traveling
Accepted 8 September 2014 wave solutions in terms of hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational functions to the cubic nonlinear
Available online 16 September 2014
Klein–Gordon equation via this method are obtained in this article. The efficiency of this method for
finding exact solutions and traveling wave solutions has been demonstrated. It is shown that the novel
Keywords: (G0 /G)-expansion method is a simple and valuable mathematical tool for solving nonlinear evolution
Novel (G0 /G)-expansion method
equations (NLEEs) in applied mathematics, mathematical physics and engineering.
Klein–Gordon equations
Nonlinear evolution equations
Ó 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
Traveling wave solutions creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Solitary wave solutions

1. Introduction G00  kG0  lG ¼ 0; k; l 2 R is equivalent to the well known tanh-

method. Recently, Alam et al. [25,26] established extremely valu-
In the recent years, the exact solutions of nonlinear partial dif- able extension of the (G0 /G)- expansion method, called the novel
ferential equations have been investigated by many researchers (G0 /G)-expansion method to obtain exact traveling wave solutions
who are involved in nonlinear phenomena which exist in all fields of NLEEs. According to nonlinear ordinary differential equation
including either the systematic works or engineering fields, such GG00 = kGG0 + l G2 + t(G0 )2, the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method con-
as, plasma physics, fluid mechanics, chemical physics, chemical structs twenty five explicit solutions to the NLEEs and it can be
kinematics, elastic media, optical fibers, solid state physics, biol- shown that the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method is not identical to
ogy, atmospheric and oceanic phenomena and so on. The research the tanh-function method. The methods mention in refs. [4–10]
of traveling wave solutions of some nonlinear evolution equations are only special cases of the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method.
derived from such fields played an important role in the analysis of The Klein–Gordon (KG) equations are an important class of
these phenomena. To obtain traveling wave solutions, many effec- NLEEs that arise in relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum
tive methods have been presented in the literature, such as, the field theory, which is also of great importance for the high energy
exp(u(g))-expansion method [1,2], the (G0 /G,1/G)-expansion particle physics and is used to model many types of phenomena,
method [3], the (G0 /G)-expansion method [4–10], the inverse scat- including the propagation of dislocations in crystals and the behav-
tering transform method [11], the Exp-function method [12,13], ior of elementary particles. There is an amount of paper [27–33],
the Cole–Hopf transformation method [14], the Adomian decom- where the various types of nonlinear KG equations are studied.
position method [15], the homotopy perturbation method [16], Chowdhury and Biswas [32] studied the singular solitons and
the Kudryashov method [17], the new approach of generalized numerical analysis of the Phi-four equation qtt  k2qxx = aq + bq3
(G0 /G)-expansion method [18–20], the improved (G0 /G)-expansion that appears in relativistic quantum mechanics. The Phi-four
method [21], the tanh-function method [22], the tanh-coth method equation is a special case of the Klein–Gordon equations that is
[23] and so on. studied with several forms of nonlinearity that includes quadratic
Kudryashov [24] substantiated that the (G0 /G)-expansion nonlinearity, power law nonlinearity, as well as log law nonlinear-
method together with the linear ordinary differential equation ity. Biswas et al. [33] also studied the solitons and conservation
law of the KG equation with power law and log law nonlinearities.
It is primarily the perturbation theory, numerical simulation, and
⇑ Corresponding author.
integrability issues that have been addressed thus far in such
E-mail address: golam_hafez@yahoo.com (M.G. Hafez).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2014.09.001
2211-3797/Ó 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
178 M.G. Hafez et al. / Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184

models. If we set k = 1, a = a, b = b, then the Phi-four equation can U0 ðnÞ ¼ l þ kUðnÞ þ ðt  1ÞU2 ðnÞ ð7Þ
be reduced to the KG equation with cubic nonlinearity utt  uxx +
Eq. (7) has individual twenty five solutions (see Zhu [36] for details).
au + bu3 = 0 which is found in the literature [34,35]. The cubic non-
The value of the positive integer n can be determined by balanc-
linear Klein–Gordon (KG) equation also appeared in relativistic
ing the higher order linear terms with nonlinear terms of the high-
quantum mechanics, field theory, and particle physics as physical
est order occurring in Eq. (3).
model equation for describing many different phenomena, includ-
Substituting Eq. (4) along with Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (3), we
ing the propagation of dislocations in crystals and the behavior of    1
0 0
elementary particles. The aim of this article is to explore a new study obtain polynomials in d þ GGðnÞ ðnÞ
and d þ GGðnÞ
ðnÞ
, (j = 0, 1, 2,    ,
linking to the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method for solving the famous N). Collecting the coefficients of the resulted polynomials to zero,
cubic nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation to demonstrate the correct- yields an over-determined set of algebraic equations for aj (j = 0,
ness and truthfulness of the method. ±1, ±2,    , ±N), d and V. Solving the resulting algebraic system by
The advantage of the proposed method over the existing using symbolic computation, such as, Maple, we obtained the value
method is that it provides new exact traveling wave solutions of the constants aj (j = 0, ± 1, ±2,    , ±N), d and V. Substituting the
together with additional free parameters. The exact solutions have values of the constants together with the solutions of Eq. (7), we
great values to unveil the inner structure of the physical phenom- obtain new and comprehensive exact traveling wave solutions of
ena. Apart from the physical significance, the close-form solutions the nonlinear evolution Eq. (1).
of nonlinear evolution equations help the numerical solvers to
compare the correctness of their results and help them in the sta- Remark 1. It is worth mentioning to observe that if we replace k
bility analysis. Algebraic manipulation of the proposed scheme by  k and l by l and put t = 0 in Eq. (6), then the novel (G0 /G)-
with the help of Maple is much easier than the other methods. expansion overlaps with the Akbar et al.’s [8] generalized and
The rest of the article is organized as follows: In Section 2, the improved (G0 /G)-expansion method. On the other hand, if we put
description of the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method is given. In Sec- d = 0 in Eq. (5) and m = 0 in Eq. (6) then the method is identical to
tion 3, we apply this method to the nonlinear evolution equation the improved (G0 /G)-expansion method presented by Zhang et al.
pointed out above. The physical explanations and graphical repre- [7]. Again if we set d = 0, m = 0 and negative indices of (G0 /G) are
sentations of the obtained solutions are presented in Section 4. In zero in Eq. (4), then the method rotates into the basic (G0 /G)-
Sections 5, we draw our conclusions. expansion method introduced by Wang et al. [4]. Finally, if we put
m = 0 in Eq. (6) and aj (j = 1, 2,3,    ,N) are functions of x and t
2. Description of the method instead of constants then the method is transformed into the
generalized the (G0 /G)-expansion method developed by Zhang et al.
Consider a general nonlinear partial differential equation of the [9]. Thus the methods presented in the Refs. [4,7–9] are only
form, special cases of the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method.
Pðu; ut ; ux ; utt ; utx ; uxx ;   Þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
where, u = u(x, t) is an unknown function, P is a polynomial in u(x, t)
and its partial derivatives in which the higher order partial deriva- 3. Applications of the novel (G0 /G) -expansion method
tives and the nonlinear terms are involved.
By combining the real variables x and t by a compound variable In this section, we apply the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method to
n, we suppose that obtain some new and more general exact traveling wave solutions
of the cubic nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation.
uðx; tÞ ¼ uðnÞ; n ¼ x  Vt ð2Þ Consider the cubic nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation [34,35]
where V is the speed of the traveling wave. The transformation Eq. utt  uxx þ au þ bu3 ¼ 0: ð8Þ
(2) transforms Eq. (1) into an ordinary differential equation (ODE)
for u = u(n): Here, u(x, t) represents the particle wave profile at any varied
0 00 000 instances and a, b are nonzero real constants. Eq. (8) has appeared
Q ðu; u ; u ; u ;   Þ ¼ 0; ð3Þ
as a model equation for describing the propagation of dislocations
where Q is a function of u(n) and its derivatives. within crystals, the Blochwall motion of magnetic crystals, the
Suppose the solution of Eq. (3) can be expressed by a polyno- propagation of a splay wave along a lied membrane, the unitary
mial in w(n): theory for elementary particles and the propagation of magnetic
flux on a Josephson line, etc.
X
n
uðnÞ ¼ aj ðwðnÞÞj ð4Þ Making use of the traveling wave transformation n = x  Vt, Eq.
j¼n (8) is reducing into the following ODE:

where ðV 2  1Þu00 þ au þ bu3 ¼ 0: ð9Þ

0 00
G ðnÞ Inserting (4) in (9) and balancing the higher order derivative u with
wðnÞ ¼ d þ ð5Þ
GðnÞ the nonlinear term of the highest order u3, we obtain n = 1.
Therefore, the solution of Eq. (9) takes the form,
The unknown constants an or an may be zero, but both of them
could not be zero simultaneously. aj (j = 0, ±1, ±2,    ,±N) and d uðnÞ ¼ a1 ðwðnÞÞ1 þ a0 þ a1 ðwðnÞÞ: ð10Þ
are constants to be determined later and (G0 /G) satisfies the second
Inserting Eq. (10) into Eq. (9), the left hand side is transformed into
order nonlinear ODE:  0
  0
1
2
polynomials of d þ GGðnÞ ðnÞ
and d þ GGðnÞ
ðnÞ
. Equating the coefficients
GG00 ¼ kGG0 þ lG2 þ tðG0 Þ ð6Þ
of like power of these polynomials to zero, we obtain a set of alge-
where prime denotes the derivative with respect n and k, l and t braic equations (for minimalism we leave out to display the equa-
are real parameters. tions) for a0, a1, a 1, d and V. Solving the obtaining set of
0
The Cole–Hopf transformation UðnÞ ¼ GGðnÞ
ðnÞ
reduces Eq. (6) to the algebraic equations by using the symbolic computation software,
following equation: such as, Maple 13, we obtain
 M.G. Hafez et al. / Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184 179

pffiffiffi  
Set 1: ðt  1Þ a k
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u3 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ ðG0 =GÞ
2ðt  1Þ
a 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
a0 ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ ; a1 ¼ 0; qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi að4lðt  1Þ  k2 Þ  k 1
 pffiffiffi þ ðG0 =GÞ ð17Þ
4lðt  1Þ  k2  2a 4ðt  1Þ b 2ðt  1Þ
d ¼ d; V ¼  ; rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lðt  1Þ  k2 8lðt1Þa2k2
pffiffiffi where n ¼ x  8lðt1Þ2k2
t, and a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary
2ðt  1Þ a constants.
a1 ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð11Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b ðt  1Þ 2a k
u4 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ ðG0 =GÞ
2ðt  1Þ
where a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary constants. 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
Set 2:  1
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 k
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ ðG0 =GÞ ð18Þ
a 2ðt  1Þ 4laðt2b 2ðt  1Þ
a0 ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ ; 2 1Þk2 a
4lbðt  1Þ  k b rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi ak2
2
2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a where n ¼ x  4l4ðltð1Þþ
t1Þk2
t, and a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary
a1 ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; constants.
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b Substituting the value of (G0 /G) into Eq. (15) and simplifying, we
d ¼ d; a1 ¼ 0; obtained multiple explicit solutions of the Klein–Gordon as
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi follows:
4lðt  1Þ  k2  2a When X = k2  4lt + 4l > 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0),
V ¼ ð12Þ
4lðt  1Þ  k2 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a
where a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary constants. u11 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
Set 3: pffiffiffi
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ðt  1Þ a
8lðt  1Þ  a  2k2  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V ¼ ; 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
8lðt  1Þ  2k2   pffiffiffiffi 
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffi 1
að4lðt  1Þ  k2 Þ  d k þ X tanh Xn : ð19Þ
a0 ¼ 0; a1 ¼  pffiffiffi ; 2ðt  1Þ 2
4ðt  1Þ b sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi a
k ðt  1Þ a u12 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ
d¼ ; a1 ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; ð13Þ 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
2ðt  1Þ
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b pffiffiffi
2ðt  1Þ a
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary constants.
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
Set 4:
 pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi 
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1
4lðt  1Þ þ a  k2  d k þ X coth Xn : ð20Þ
V ¼ ; a0 ¼ 0; 2ðt  1Þ 2
2 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lðt  1Þ  k
a
1 u13 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ
a1 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
2ðt  1Þ 4laðt2b 1Þk2 a pffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ðt  1Þ a
k ðt  1Þ 2a  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
d¼ a1 ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; ð14Þ 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
2ðt  1Þ
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
1 n pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi o
 d k þ X tanh Xn  i sec h Xn : ð21Þ
where a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary constants. 2ðt  1Þ
Substituting (11)–(14) into solution Eq. (10), we obtain sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u14 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ
a 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
u1 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ pffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 2ðt  1Þ a
pffiffiffi  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ðt  1Þ a   4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d þ ðG0 =GÞ ð15Þ
2 n
4lbðt  1Þ  k b 1 pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi o
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  d k þ X coth Xn  csc h Xn : ð22Þ
4lðt1Þk2 2a 2ðt  1Þ
where n ¼ x  4lðt1Þk2
t, and a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
constants. a
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u15 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ
a 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
u2 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ pffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 2ðt  1Þ a
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi
2
2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a  1 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d þ ðG0 =GÞ ð16Þ
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 1 pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi 
1
 pffiffiffiffi 
1
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  d 2k þ X tanh Xn þ coth Xn :
2 4ðt  1Þ 4 4
where n ¼ x  4l4ðlt1Þk
ðt1Þk2
2a
t, and a, b, d, k, l, and t are arbitrary
constants. ð23Þ
180 M.G. Hafez et al. / Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184

sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi

a a 2ðt  1Þ a
u16 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ u115 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
4lbðt  1Þ  k b 2 4lbðt  1Þ  k b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
pffiffiffi 1 n p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi   p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   p ffi o
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ðt  1Þ a  d k þ X cot Xn  csc Xn : ð33Þ
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ðt  1Þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b a 2ðt  1Þ a
8 u116 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi 93 4lbðt  1Þ  k b 2
> 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
6 1 <  X ðA 2
þ B 2
Þ  A X cosh Xn > =
7   pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
 4d þ k þ pffiffiffiffi  5: ð24Þ 1 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi 1 1
2ðt  1Þ : > >  dþ 2k þ X tan Xn  cot Xn : ð34Þ
Asinh Xn þ B ; 4ðt  1Þ 4 4
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a aðt  1Þ
a u117 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ 2
u17 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 2 8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 93
>
<  XðA2  B2 Þ  A X cos Xn = >
pffiffiffi 6 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  7
2ðt  1Þ a  4d þ k þ 5: ð35Þ
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ðt  1Þ >
: A sin Xn þ B >
;
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a 2ðt  1Þ a
2 8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi 93 u118 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ 2
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
<  X ðA 2
þ B 2
Þ þ A X cosh Xn > = 4lbðt  1Þ  k b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
6 1 7 8
 4d þ k þ pffiffiffiffi  5; ð25Þ 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 93
2ðt  1Þ > > >
<  XðA2  B2 Þ þ A X cos Xn > =
: Asinh Xn þ B ; 6 1 7
 4d þ k þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  5: ð36Þ
2ðt  1Þ >
: A sin Xn þ B >
;
where A and B are real non-zero constants.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi where A and B are arbitrary constants such that A2  B2 > 0.
a 2ðt  1Þ a
u18 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b a 2ðt  1Þ a
u119 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8  pffiffiffiffi  9 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
< 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
2l cosh 12 Xn =
 
 pffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffi  : 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9
 d þ pffiffiffiffi ð26Þ < 2l cos 12 Xn =
: X sinh 12 Xn  k cosh 12 Xn ;  d  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  : ð37Þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi : X sin 12 Xn þ kcos 12 Xn ;
a 2ðt  1Þ a sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u19 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b a 2ðt  1Þ a
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b u120 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8  pffiffiffiffi  9 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
< 2l sinh 12 Xn = 8  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  9
 d þ pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffi  : ð27Þ < 2l sin 12 Xn =
: X cosh 12 Xn  ksinh 12 Xn ;  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  :
 d þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð38Þ
: X cos 12 Xn  ksin 12 Xn ;
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a 2ðt  1Þ a sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
u110 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a 2ðt  1Þ a
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b u121 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
8 pffiffiffiffi  9
< 2l cosh Xn = 8  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  9
 d þ pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi : ð28Þ < 2l cos Xn =
: X sinh Xn  kcosh Xn  i X;  d  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð39Þ
: X sin Xn þ k cos Xn  X;
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a 2ðt  1Þ a sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
u111 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a 2ðt  1Þ a
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b u122 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
  4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
8 pffiffiffiffi 9 8   9
< 2l sinh Xn = pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
< 2l sin 12 Xn =
 d þ pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi : ð29Þ  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi :
:  d þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð40Þ
X cosh Xn  ksinh Xn  X; : X cos 12 Xn  ksin 12 Xn  X;
When X = k2  4lt + 4l < 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0),
When l = 0 and k(t  1) – 0,
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a 2ðt  1Þ a sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
u112 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a 2ðt  1Þ a
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b u123 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
   
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 dþ k þ X tan Xn : ð30Þ kk
2ðt  1Þ 2
 d : ð41Þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi ðt  1Þfk þ coshðknÞ  sinhðknÞg
a 2ðt  1Þ a sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
u113 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k b 2 a 2ðt  1Þ a
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b u124 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
    4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 d k þ X cot Xn : ð31Þ
2ðt  1Þ 2 kfcoshðknÞ þ sinhðknÞg
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi  d ; ð42Þ
a 2ðt  1Þ a ðt  1Þfk þ coshðknÞ þ sinhðknÞg
u114 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b where k is an arbitrary constant.
n pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi o Again, substituting the value of (G0 /G) into Eq. (16) and simpli-
1
 dþ k þ X tan Xn  sec Xn : ð32Þ fying, we achieve the following multiple explicit solutions:
2ðt  1Þ
When X = k2  4lt + 4l > 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0),
 M.G. Hafez et al. / Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184 181

sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi

a 2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a ðt  1Þ a
u21 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u32 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
4lbðt  1Þ  k b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 pffiffiffiffi  1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffi 
1 1 k 1 pffiffiffiffi 1 að4lðt  1Þ  k2 Þ
 d k þ X tanh Xn : ð43Þ   k þ X coth Xn  pffiffiffi
2ðt  1Þ 2 2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2 4ðt  1Þ b
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffi  1
a 2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a k 1 pffiffiffiffi 1
u22 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   k þ X coth Xn : ð50Þ
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
 pffiffiffiffi    The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for
1 pffiffiffiffi
1
1
 d k þ X coth Xn : ð44Þ convenience.
2ðt  1Þ 2
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffi When X = k2  4lt + 4l < 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0),
a 2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a pffiffiffi
u23 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b ðt  1Þ a
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b u312 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 n pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi o 1 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 d k þ X tanh Xn  i sec h Xn : ð45Þ  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
2ðt  1Þ k 1 1
 þ k þ X tan Xn
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
convenience. að4lðt  1Þ  k2 Þ
When X = k2  4lt + 4l < 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0),  pffiffiffi
4ðt  1Þ b
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
a k 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
1
u212 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ 2  þ k þ X tan Xn : ð51Þ
4lbðt  1Þ  k b 2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2
2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a ðt  1Þ a
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u313 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1 k 1 1
1 1   k þ X cot Xn
 dþ k þ X tan Xn : ð46Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
2ðt  1Þ 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a að4lðt  1Þ  k2 Þ
u213 ðx;tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ  pffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4ðt  1Þ b
p ffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1
2
2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a k 1 1
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   k þ X cot Xn : ð52Þ
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1 The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 convenience.
 d k þ X cot Xn : ð47Þ
2ðt  1Þ 2 When l = 0 and k(t  1) – 0,
pffiffiffi
The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for ðt  1Þ a
convenience. u323 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
When l = 0 and k(t  1) – 0,
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi k kk
a  
2ðt  1Þ ðt  1Þfk þ coshðknÞ  sinhðknÞg
u223 ðx; tÞ ¼ ðk  2dðt  1ÞÞ
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 pffiffiffi að4lðt  1Þ  k2 Þ
2ðd ðt  1Þ þ l  kdÞ a  pffiffiffi
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4ðt  1Þ b
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 1
k kk
1  
kk 2ðt  1Þ ðt  1Þfk þ coshðknÞ  sinhðknÞg
 d : ð48Þ
ðt  1Þfk þ coshðknÞ  sinhðknÞg ð53Þ
where k is an arbitrary constant. where k is an arbitrary constant.
The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for
convenience. convenience
Again, substituting the value of (G0 /G) into Eq. (17) and simpli- Finally, substituting the value of (G0 /G) into Eq. (18) and simpli-
fying, we achieve the following solutions: fying, we achieve the following multiple explicit solutions:
When X = k2  4lt + 4l > 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0), When X = k2  4lt + 4l > 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0),
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðt  1Þ a ðt  1Þ 2a
u31 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u41 ðx; tÞ ¼  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b 4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi    pffiffiffiffi 
k 1 1 k 1 pffiffiffiffi 1
  k þ X tanh Xn   k þ X tanh Xn
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2 2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
að4lðt  1Þ  k2 Þ 1
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 pffiffiffi 2ðt  1Þ 4laðt2b
4ðt  1Þ b 1Þk2 b
 pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi  1   pffiffiffiffi 
k 1 1 k 1 pffiffiffiffi 1
1
  k þ X tanh Xn : ð49Þ   k þ X tanh Xn : ð54Þ
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2 2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
182 M.G. Hafez et al. / Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðt  1Þ 2a
u42 ðx; tÞ ¼  q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi 
k 1 1
  k þ X cot h Xn
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
1
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ðt  1Þ 4laðt2b 1Þk2 a
 pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi  1
k 1 1
  k þ X cot h Xn : ð55Þ
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2

The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for
convenience.
When X = k2  4lt + 4l < 0 and k (t  1) – 0 (or l(t  1) – 0),

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðt  1Þ 2a Fig. 1. Topological kink type solitary wave, Shape of (19) with 10 6 x, t 6 10.
u412 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
k 1 1 4. Physical explanations
 þ k þ X tan Xn
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
1 In this section we will discuss the physical explanations and
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi graphical representation of the above determined four families of
2ðt  1Þ 4laðt2b 1Þk2 a the solutions.
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1 The introduction of dispersion without introducing nonlinearity
k 1 1
 þ k þ X tan Xn : ð56Þ destroys the solitary wave as different Fourier harmonics start
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi propagating at different group velocities. On the other hand, intro-
ðt  1Þ 2a ducing nonlinearity without dispersion also prevents the formation
u413 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b of solitary waves, because the pulse energy is frequently pumped
  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  into higher frequency modes. However, if both dispersion and non-
k 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
  k þ X cot Xn linearity are present, solitary waves can be sustained. Similarly to
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2 dispersion, dissipation can also give rise to solitary waves when
1 combined with nonlinearity. Hence it is more interesting to point
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ðt  1Þ 4laðt2b out that the delicate balance between the nonlinearity effect of u3
1Þk2 a
  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1 and the dissipative effect of uxx gives rise to solitons solitary waves,
k 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 that after a full interaction with others the solitons come back
  k þ X cot Xn : ð57Þ
2ðt  1Þ 2ðt  1Þ 2 retaining their identities with the same speed and shape. The
(1+1)-dimensional Klein–Gordon equation has solitary wave solu-
tions that have exponentially decaying wings. If two solitons of
The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for the Klein–Gordon equation collide, the solitons just pass through
convenience. each other and emerge unchanged. There are various types of trav-
When l = 0 and k(t  1) – 0, eling wave solutions that are of particular interest in solitary wave
theory. The type of traveling waves depends on the variation of the
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi physical parameters. If the exact solutions of the Klein–Gordon
ðt  1Þ 2a
u423 ðx; tÞ ¼  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi equation arise in a complex form according to the variations of
4lbðt  1Þ  k2 b the physical parameters, then the wave propagation for any varied
k kk instance is characterized by juðx; tÞj. For some special values of the
 
2ðt  1Þ ðt  1Þfk þ coshðknÞ  sinhðknÞg
1
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ðt  1Þ 4laðt2b 1Þk2 a
1
k kk
  :
2ðt  1Þ ðt  1Þfk þ coshðknÞ  sinhðknÞg
ð58Þ

where k is an arbitrary constant.

The other families of exact solutions of Eq. (8) are omitted for
convenience.
The above determined solutions are very helpful to understand
the wave propagation in dislocations within crystals, the Blochwall
motion of magnetic crystals, the propagation of a splay wave along
a lied membrane, the particle wave propagation for spinless parti-
cles in phi-theory, the wave propagation of magnetic flux on a
Josephson line, etc. Fig. 2. Singular kink type solitary wave, Shape of (44) with 10 6 x, t 6 10.
 M.G. Hafez et al. / Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184 183

Fig. 3. Topological soliton solitary wave, Shape of (20) with 10 6 x, t 6 10.

Fig. 6. Anti 1-soliton solitary wave, Shape of (26) with 3 6 x, t 6 3.

Fig. 4. Peakon type solitary wave, Shape of (26) with 5 6 x, t 6 5.

Fig. 7. Periodic wave solution, Shape of (30) with 10 6 x, t 6 10.

Fig. 5. 1-soliton solitary wave, Shape of (27) with 3 6 x, t 6 3. Fig. 8. Dark soliton solitary wave, Shape of (54) with 10 6 x, t 6 10.
184 M.G. Hafez et al. / Results in Physics 4 (2014) 177–184

physical parameters, the traveling wave solutions originated from [3] Yang YJ. New application of the (G0 /G, 1/G)-expansion method to KP equation.
Appl Math Sci 2013;7(20):959–67.
the obtained exact explicit solutions as follows:
[4] Wang ML, Li XZ, Zhang J. The (G0 /G)-expansion method and traveling wave
Solutions (19) and (43) corresponding to fixed values a = 1, solutions of nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics. Phys Lett
b = 1, l = 1, k = 1, m = 1, d = 1 with 10 6 x, t 6 10 represented A 2008;372:417–23.
the exact solitary wave solutions of kink type. Again, according [5] Kim H, Sakthivel R. Travelling wave solutions for time-delayed nonlinear
evolution equations. Appl Math Lett 2010:23; 527–532.
to the values a = 1, b = 1, l = 0, k = 1, m = 1, d = 1 and 10 6 x, [6] Kim H, Sakthivel R. New exact traveling wave solutions of some nonlinear
t 6 10, solutions (41), (42), (48), (53) and (58) are also given the higher dimensional physical models. Rep Math Phys 2012;70(1):; 39–50.
exact solitary wave solutions of kink type. The exact kink type sol- [7] Zhang J, Jiang F, Zhao X. An improved (G0 /G)-expansion method for solving
nonlinear evolution equations. Int J Comput Math 2010;87(8):1716–25.
itary wave solution is shown in Fig. 1. For the fixed values a = 0.1, b [8] Akbar MA, Ali NHM, Zayed EME. A generalized and improved (G0 /G)-expansion
= 0.2, l = 0.1, k = 0.5, m = 2, d = 0 and 3 6 x, t 6 3, the solution (44) method for nonlinear evolution equations. Math Prob Eng 2012:22. http://
represents the solitary wave solution of singular kink type. The dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/459879 (2012).
[9] Zhang J, Wei X, Lu Y. A generalized (G0 /G)-expansion method and its
solitary wave solution of singular kink type is shown in Fig. 2. applications. Phys Lett A 2008;372:3653–8.
Solutions (20), (22)–(25), (44), (49), (50), (54), (55) and (58) rep- [10] Bekir A. Application of the (G0 /G)-expansion method for nonlinear evolution
resent exact solitary wave solutions of topological soliton type cor- equations. Phys Lett A 2008;372:3400–6.
[11] Ablowitz MJ, Clarkson PA. Soliton, nonlinear evolution equations and inverse
responding to the fixed values of the physical parameters a = 1, scattering. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1991.
b = 1, l = 1, k = 1, m = 1, d = 1. The soliton solution is a specially [12] He JH, Wu XH. Exp-function method for nonlinear wave equations. Chaos
localized solution, hence u0 (n), u00 (n), u000 (n) ? 0 as n ? ±1, n = x  c Solitons Fract 2006;30:700–8.
[13] Sakthivel R, Chun C, Lee J. New travelling wave solutions of Burgers equation
t. The graphical representation of topological soliton type solitary
with finite transport memory. Z Naturforsch A (J Phys Sci) 2010;65:633–40.
wave is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows the shape of exact solitary [14] Salas AH, Gomez CA. Application of the Cole–Hopf transformation for finding
wave solution of peakon type; obtained from the solution (26) cor- exact solutions to several forms of the seventh-order KdV equation. Math Prob
responding to the fixed values a = 0.5, b = 0.4, l = 0.1, k = 0.5, Eng 2010;2010:14. Art. ID 194329.
[15] Wazwaz AM. Partial differential equations: method and applications. Taylor
m = 0.5, d = 0.5, 10 6 x, t 6 10. and Francis; 2002.
Solutions (26)–(29) have the exact anti 1-soliton and 1-soliton [16] Chun C, Sakthivel R. Homotopy perturbation technique for solving two point
type solitary wave solutions corresponding to a = 1, b = 1, l = 1, boundary value problems-comparison with other methods. Comput Phys
Commun 2010;181:1021–4.
k = 1, m = 1, d = 1. The exact solutions of anti 1-soliton and [17] Kim H, Bae JH, Sakthivel R. Exact Travelling wave solutions of two important
1-soliton type solitary wave solutions are shown graphically in nonlinear partial differential equations. Z Naturforsch A 2014;69a:155–62.
Fig. 5 and 6 respectively. [18] Naher H, Abdullah FA. New approach of (G0 /G)-expansion method and new
approach of generalized (G0 /G)-expansion method for nonlinear evolution
For the fixed values a = 1, b = 1, l = 3, k = 2, m = 2, d = 1, 10 6 x, equation. AIP Adv 2013;3:032116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794947.
t 6 10, solutions (30), (21), (32), (33), (35)–(38), (39), (45), (46), [19] Alam MN, Akbar MA, Khan K. Some new exact traveling wave solutions to the
(51), (56) and (57) represent periodic wave solutions. Periodic (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equation. World Appl Sci J
2013;25(3):500–23.
solutions are traveling wave solutions that are periodic such as [20] Alam MN, Akbar MA. Exact traveling wave solutions of the KP-BBM equation
cos(x  t). The exact periodic traveling wave solution is presented by using the new generalized (G0 /G)-expansion method. SpringerPlus
graphically in Fig. 7. Solutions (31), (34), (44), (47), (52), (53), 2013;2(1):617.
[21] Zhang J, Jiang F, Zhao X. An improved (G0 /G)-expansion method for solving
(56) and (57) represent dark soliton type solitary wave solutions
nonlinear evolution equations. Int J Comput Math 2010;87(8):1716–25.
according to the same fixed values. The solutions (54), (55) and [22] Wazwaz AM. The tanh method for generalized forms of nonlinear heat
(58) also represent dark soliton type solitary wave solutions corre- conduction and Burgers–Fisher equations. Appl Math Comput
sponding to a = 1, b = 1, l = 1, k = 1, m = 1, d = 1. The dark soliton 2005;169:321–38.
[23] Wazwaz AM. Traveling wave solutions to (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear
type solitary wave solution is shown in Fig. 8. evolution equations. J Nat Sci Math 2007;1:1–13.
[24] Kudryashov NA. A note on the (G0 /G)-expansion method. Appl Math Comput
2010;217(4):1755–8.
5. Conclusions [25] Alam MN, Akbar MA, Mohyud-Din ST. A novel (G0 /G)-expansion method and its
application to the Boussinesq equation. Chin Phys B 2014;23(2):020203–10.
The novel (G0 /G)-expansion method is successfully applied to [26] Alam MN, Akbar MA. Traveling wave solutions of the nonlinear (1+1)-
dimensional modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation by using novel (G0 /
establish traveling wave solutions to the famous Klein–Gordon
G)-expansion method. Phys Rev Res Int 2014;4(1):147–65.
equation. The performance of this method is reliable, convincing [27] Biswas A, Zony C, Zerrad E. Soliton perturbation theory for the quadratic
and can be used to other NLEEs in finding exact solutions. The nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation. Appl Math Comput 2008;203(1):153–6.
[28] Sassaman R, Biswas A. Soliton perturbation theory for phi-four model and
method gives more general solutions which contain further arbi-
nonlinear Klein–Gordon equations. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul
trary constants and the arbitrary constants imply that these solu- 2009;14(8):3239–49.
tions have rich local structures. It is important to notice that the [29] Khalique CM, Biswas A. Analysis of nonlinear Klein–Gordon equations by lie
basic (G0 /G)-expansion method, the improved (G0 /G)-expansion symmetry. Appl Math Lett 2010;23(11):1397–400.
[30] Sassaman R, Heidari A, Biswas A. Topological and non-topological solitons of
and the generalized and improved (G0 /G)-expansion method are nonlinear Klein–Gordon equations by He’s semi-inverse variation principle. J
only special case of the novel (G0 /G)-expansion method. By means Franklin Inst 2010;347(7):1148–57.
of this scheme, we found some fresh traveling wave solutions of [31] Biswas A, Song M, Zerrad E. Bifurcation analysis and implicit solutions of
Klein–Gordon equation with dual-power law nonlinearity in relativistic
the above mentioned equation. Although the method is applied quantum mechanics. Int J Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2013;14(5):317–22.
to the celebrated Klein–Gordon equation it can be applied to many [32] Chowdhury A, Biswas A. Singular soliton and numerical analysis of phi-four
other NLEEs, and this is our task in the future. The obtained solu- equation. Math Sci 2012;6:42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2251-7456-6-42.
[33] Biswas A, Kara AH, Bokhari AH, Zaman FD. Solitons and conservation law of KG
tions can be utilized to further analyze by the physicists on varied equation with power law and log law nonlinearities. Nonlinear Dyn
instance. 2013;73(4):2191–6.
[34] Sousaraie A, Bagheri Z. Travelling wave solution for non-linear Klein–Gordon
equation. World Appl Sci J 2010;11(3):367–70.
References
[35] Zhang Z. New exact travelling wave solution for the non-linear Klein–Gordon
equation. Turk J Phys 2008;32:235–40.
[1] Hafez MG, Kauser M, Akter MT. Some new exact travelling wave solutions for [36] Zhu S. The generalized Riccati equation mapping method in non-linear
the Zhiber–Shabat equation. Br J Math Comput Sci 2014;4(18):2582–93 evolution equation. Application to (2+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelle
(2014). equation. Chaos Soliton Fract 2008;37:1335–42.
[2] Akbar MA, Ali NHM. Solitary wave solutions of the fourth order Boussinesq
equation through the exp(U(g))-expansion method. SpringerPlus
2014;3:344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-344.