ASSIGNMENT 2

1. Chapter 6:
Exercise 6.26:
It is given that that 60 percent of car buyers now use the Internet for research and
price comparisons, so the probabiliti is π=0.6 .
a) In this case, n = 8, and we want to know P(X = 8).
The probability that in a sample of 8 car buyers, all 8 will use the Internet:
n! x
P(X = x) = π ¿
x !(n−x )!
8! 8
⇒ P(X = 8) = 8 !(8−8)! (0.6) ¿ = 0.0168
Therefore, the probability that in a sample of 8 car buyers, all 8 will use the
Internet is 0.0168
b) In this case, n = 8, and we want to know P(x ≥ 5 ).
The probability that in a sample of 8 car buyers, a least 5 will use the Internet:

P(x ≥ 5) = 1 − P(x ≤ 4)=

1 –( C 8 (0.6) ¿+ C 8 (0.6) ¿ +C 8 (0.6) ¿+ C 8 (0.6) ¿ )= 1 – 0.406 = 0.594

0 0 1 1 3 3 4 4

Therefore, the probability that in a sample of 8 car buyers, at least 5 will use the
Internet is 0.594
c) In this case, n = 8, and we want to know P(x > 4 ).
The probability that in a sample of 8 car buyers, more than 4 will use the Internet:

P(x > 4) = P(x ≥ 5)= 0.594

Therefore, the probability that in a sample of 8 car buyers, more than 4 will use
the Internet is 0.594
d) Mean of the probability distribution: μ = nπ = 8x0.6=4.8

Standard deviation of the probabilitydistribution: σ= √ ❑

= √ ❑ =1.385
 e)

⇒ The distribution is skewed left.

Exercise 6.39:
a) In this case, there may be an endless number of orders in a set amount of time. The
ordering appear at random and and the orders are independent of each other. As a result,
the number of add-ons (X) is distributed as a Poisson distribution with a mean of 1.4.
Then, the probability function of the random variable is:
−λ x −1.4 x
e (λ ) e (1.4 )
P(X=x)= x!
= x!

(b) The probability that a randomly selected customer orders at least 2 add-ons:
−1.4 0 −1.4 1
e (1.4 ) e (1.4 )
P(X≥2)= 1 – P(x < 2) = 1 – ( 0!
+ 1!
)

= 1 –(0.246+0.345)= 0.409
⇒ The probability that a randomly selected customer orders at least 2 add-ons is 0.409
(c) The probability that a randomly selected customer orders no add-ons:
−1.4 0
e (1.4 )
P(X=0) = 0!
= 0.246
⇒ The probability that a randomly selected customer orders no add-ons is 0.246
Exercise 6.77:
Let X = 5 number of no shows.
a) ) In this case, n = 10, and π = 0.1, we want to know P(X = 0)
The probability that all those with reservations will show up:
0!
( 0.1) ¿= 0.349
0
P(X = 0) =
0 !(10−0)!

⇒The probability that all those with reservations will show up is 0.349
b) In this case, n = 11, and π = 0.1, we want to know P(X ≥ 1)
The probability that no one will have to be bumped:
0! 0
P(X ≥ 1)= 1 - P(X = 0) = 1 - ( (0.1) (1−0.1 ¿¿¿ 11−0) = 1 – 0.314= 0.686
0 !(11−0)!

⇒The probability that no one will have to be bumped is 0.686

c) If they sell 11 seats, not more than 1 will be bumped.

2. Chapter 7:
Exercise 7.37:

Given that mean μ = 6.9 and standard deviation σ = 1.2

a) The probability a baby weighing 8.0 pounds or more:
x−μ 8−6.9
Z=
σ
= 1.2
= 0.92 , so P(Z < 0.92) = 0.8212
⇒ The probability a baby weighing 8.0 pounds or more is 0.8212

Exercise 7.60:
a) The random variable X follows exponential distribution with parameter λ=0.5
The distribution of the exponential distribution is as follows:

P(X ≤ x)= 1 - e− λx = 1 - e−0.5 x

Therefore, to find the value of x such that,

P(X > x)=0.5

1 - P(X ≤ x)=0.5
1 – (1 - e− λx) = 0.5

e
− λx
=0.5
⇒ x= 1.38
Therefore, the median waiting time until next alarm is 1.38 minutes.
3. Chapter 3:
Exercise 3.31:
A scatter plot, placing high school GPA on the X-axis and colGPA on the Y-axis.

-> the relationship between high school GPA and MSU GPA is weak positive
Exercise 3.33:
A scatter plot, placing libvol on the X-axis and salary on the Y-axis.

-> the relationship between no. volumes in lib., 1000s and median starting
salary is strong positive

4. Chapter 4: no. volumes in lib., 1000s

Exercise 4.65:
Re- arrange this data from smallest to largest, we have:
0 0 3 3 4 7 7 8 9 9 11 11 14 14 15 15 16 17 18 20 20 21 28 29 52 71 77 249
n

a) Mean: x = ∑
i=1
xi
=26.71.
❑
 14+15
Median= 2
=14.5

Mode: 0,3,7,9,11,14,15,20
X max + X min 249+0
Midrange= = = 124.5
2 2

b) Position of Q1 : (28+1) x 25% = 7.25 → → between two numbers with the 7th
and 8th positions
→ The value of Q1 = 7 + 0.25x(8-7) = 7.25
Position of Q2: (28+1) x 50% = 14.5 → → between two numbers with the 14th and
15th positions
→ The value of Q2 = 14 + 0.5x(15-14) = 14,5
Position of Q3: (28+1) x 75% = 21.75 → → between two numbers with the 21th
and 22th positions
→ The value of Q3 = 20 + 0.75x(21-20) = 20,75
Q3+Q 1 7.25+20.75
Midhinge = 2
=
2
=14

c) The geometric mean is only valid for data greater than zero, and the data set
has number zero, so we can’t use the geometric mean for this data set.
Exercise 4.73:
Sort Data:
8 12 15 16 17 19 22 25 29 37
8 12 15 16 17 20 22 25 29 49
9 13 15 16 18 20 23 25 31
10 13 16 17 18 20 23 26 31
11 13 16 17 18 20 24 27 32
11 13 16 17 19 21 24 27 34
11 14 16 17 19 21 24 28 34
12 14 16 17 19 21 25 28 36
a) Histogram for daily sales of Rice Krispies in the month of June in 74
Noodles & Company restaurants.

b) The distribution is skewed right

n

c) Mean : x = ∑ xi = 20.12
i=1
❑
Standard deviation: s= √❑=7.64
d) Position of Q1: (74+1)x25%= 18.75 → between two numbers with the 18th and
19th positions
Q1= 15 + 0.75x(15-15)= 15
Position of Q3: (74+1)x75%= 56.25 → between two numbers with the 56th and
57th positions
Q3= 25 + 0.75x(25-25)= 25
 Inner fences Outer fences
Lower fence Q1 – 1.5 (Q3-Q1) = 15-1.5x10 = 0 Q1-3(Q3-Q1) = 15-3x10 = -15
Upper fence Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1) = 25+1.5x10 = 40 Q3+3(Q3-Q1) = 25+3x10 = 55
→ There is one outlier at 49 (store 22).
5. Chapter 5:
Exercise 5.77:
a) Number of different plates can be issued: 263 x 103 = 17 576 000 plates
b) Number of unique plates are possible: 366 = 2 176 782 336 plates
Some conbinations of digits and letters be disallowed because they look similar to
each other
c) Some conbinations of digits and letters be disallowed because they look
similar to each other such as : digit 0 and letter O; digit 1 and letter I
d) More than 2 billion unique plates could be enough for every car in the US
(the current population of the United States is 329.5 million people) but not be
enough for every car in the world (the current population of the world is 7.8
billion people)
e) Number of different plates can be issued if the letters O and I are not used:
346= 1 544 804 416 plates

Some conbinations of digits and

c)

letters be disallowed because they

look similar to each other
digit 0 and letter O
digit 1 and letter I
→ e, 346= 1 544 804 41
Some conbinations of digits and
letters be disallowed because they
look similar to each other
digit 0 and letter O
digit 1 and letter I
→ e, 346= 1 544 804 41
Some conbinations of digits and
letters be disallowed because they
look similar to each other
digit 0 and letter O
digit 1 and letter I
Some conbinations of digits and
letters be disallowed because they
look similar to each other
Exercise 5.94:
a)
Consider S is the event that represents the selected person is smoker.
Consider N is the event that represents the selected person is Non-Smoker.
Consider W is the event that represents the selected person is white.
Consider B is the event that represents the selected person is Black.
Number of smoked persons 320
i) P(S) = Total number of person
= 1000 = 0.32
Number of White persons 850
ii) P(W) = Total number of person = 1000 = 0.85
P ( S ∩W ) 290
(iii) P(S | W) = P ( W ) = 850 = 0.341
P ( S ∩ B) 30
(iv) P(S | B) =
P ( B)
= 150
= 0.2
Number of White∧smoked person 290
(v) P (S and W) = Total number of person
= 1000
= 0.29
Number of non−smokers∧Black person 120
(vi) P(N and B) = Total number of person
= 1000
= 0.12

b)

Smoking and race are not independent. Since, the probability of White pepople,
given that they are smokers is:

P ( W ∩ S ) 290
P(W|S) =
P(S)
= 320 = 0.906
The marginal probability of S is:
Number of smoked person 320
P(S)= Total number of person = 1000
= 0.32

From the conditional and marginal probabilities, observe that the conditional
probability is not equal to the marginal probability. Therefore, the events race
and smoking are not independent.

c) No. The smoking rates shown here are not corresponding to my experience
because usually the smoking is independent of race, but in part (b) explains the
race is not independent of smoking.
d) The public health officials are interested in this type of date because they
might target or design special programs based on race.

Exercise 5.98:
Consider A is the event that represents the selected person is authorized
person.
Consider A’ is the event that represents the selected person is unauthorized
person .
Consider R is the event that represents refused .
Consider R’ is the event that represents admitted
Tree diagram:

1
P(R) :
1000
P(A): 0.95
999
P(R’): 1000

999999
P(R): 1000000
P(A’): 0.05
1
P(R’): 1000000
So, the is the probability of the person was really authorized given that a person
is refused admission is:

P(A|R)=
P(R∨ A)P ( A )
=
(
( 0.95 )
1000 )
1

= 0.0186
P (R∨ A) P ( A ) + P(R∨A ' )P ( A )
( 0.95 ) (
1000 ) ( 1000000 )
'
1 999999
+ ( 0.05 )