Module 1

Circular Functions and Trigonometry

What this module is about

This module is about the unit circle. From this module you will learn the
trigonometric definition of an angle, angle measurement, converting degree
measure to radian and vice versa. The lessons were presented in a very simple
way so it will be easy for you to understand and be able to solve problems alone
without difficulty. Treat the lesson with fun and take time to go back if you think
you are at a loss.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. define a unit circle, arc length, coterminal and reference angles.

2. convert degree measure to radian and radian to degree.
3. visualize rotations along the unit circle and relate these to angle
measures.
4. illustrate angles in standard position, coterminal angles and reference
angles.

How much do you know

A. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the circumference of a circle in terms of π ?

a. π b. 2π c. 3π d. 4π

2. An acute angle between the terminal side and the x-axis is called ______
a. coterminal b. reference c. quadrantal d. right
 3. 60 ° in radian measure is equal to
π π π π
a. b. c. d.
2 3 4 6

4. 2.5 rad express to the nearest seconds is equal to

a.143° 14′ 24″ b. 143° 14′ 26″ c. 43° 14′ 26″ d. 43° 14′ 27″

5. What is the measure of an angle subtended by an arc that is 7 cm if the

radius of the circle is 5 cm?

a. 1. 4 rad b. 1.5 rad c. 1.6 rad d. 1.7 rad

24
6. Point M ( , y) lie on the unit circle and M is in Q II. What is the value of
25
y?
6 −6 7 −7
a. b. c. d.
25 25 25 25

7. What is the measure of the reference angle of a 315o angle?

a. 45 o b. 15 o c. -45 o d. -15 o

5π
8. In which quadrant does the terminal side of lie?
6

a. I b. II c. III d. IV

9. A unit circle is divided into 10 congruent arcs. What is the length of each
arc?

π π 2π
a. b. c. d. 10π
10 5 5

B. Solve:

10. The minute hand of the clock is 12 cm long. Find the length of the arc traced
by the minute hand as it moved from its position at 3:00 to 3:40.

2
 What you will do

Lesson 1

The Unit Circle

A unit circle is defined as a circle whose radius is equal to one unit and
whose center is at the origin. Every point on the unit circle satisfies the equation
x2 + y2 + 1.

The figure below shows a circle with radius equal to 1 unit. If the
circumference of a circle is defined by
the formula c = 2πr and r = 1, then
c = 2π or 360° or 1 revolution.
r =1
If 2π = 360°, then π = 180° or º
one-half revolution.

Example:

1. Imagine the Quezon Memorial Circle as a venue for morning joggers. The
maintainers have placed stopping points where they could relax.

B
If each jogger starts at
Point A, the distance he would
travel at each terminal point C A
is shown in table below.

Stopping
B C D A
Point
Distance or π 3π
π 2π
Arclength 2 2

This illustrates the circumference of the unit circle 2π when divided by 4:

2π π
will give = , the measure of each arc.
4 2

3
 Similarly, the measure of each arc of a unit circle divided into:

2π π
a. 6 congruent arcs = =
6 3

2π π
b. 8 congruent arcs = =
8 4

π
c. 12 congruent arcs =
6

These measurements are called arclengths.

Let’s go back to the unit circle which we divided into 4 congruent arcs.
From A, the length of each arc in each terminal points is given as:

π B
B:
2 +

2π
C: =π C A
2

3π -
D: D
2

4π
A: = 2π
2

This is true in a counterclockwise rotation. If the rotation goes clockwise,

the arclengths would be negative.

Thus, the arclengths of the terminal points in a clockwise direction would

yield:

π 3π
D=- B=-
2 2

C = -π A = -2π

We call these measurements as directed arclengths.

4
2. Suppose a point is allowed to move around the circle starting from point A,
find the arclength of each terminal point.
C
The unit circle is divided into D B
8 congruent arcs. Therefore,
π
each arc measures . E A
4

F H
G

A counterclockwise move that A clockwise move that

terminates at: terminates at:

Terminal pt. Arclength Terminal pt. Arclength

π π
B H -
4 4
2π π 2π π
C or G − or −
4 2 4 2
3π 3π
D F -
4 4
4π 4π
E orπ E − or − π
4 4
5π 5π
F D -
4 4
6π 3π 6π 3π
G or C − or −
4 2 4 2
7π 7π
H B -
4 4
8π 8π
A or 2π A − or − 2π
4 4

A rotation can be repeated. For example a two complete rotation is equal

to 4π. A one and a half revolution is equal to 3π.

9π
An arclength of will also be at terminal point B. This is also equal to
4
π
2π + .
4

5
 Try this out
A. Find the length of each arc of a unit circle divided into:

1. 10 4. 18
2. 14 5. 20
3. 16 6. 24

B. Given the unit circle: Identify the terminal points of each arclength:

π 5π
1. 6. 11. -2 π
3 6 D
E C
7π − 5π −π F B
2. 7. 12.
6 6 3
G A
11π 3π − 2π
3. 8. 13.
6 2 3 L
H

− 7π π I K
4. 9. π 14. J
6 2

− 11π π
5. 10. - π 15. -
6 2

Lesson 2

Conversion of Degree to Radian and Vice Versa

Before discussing conversion of angle measures, you have to understand

that there are two unit of angle measure that are commonly used:

1. Degree measure
2. Radian measure.

A complete revolution is divided into 360 equal parts. A degree is

subdivided to minutes and seconds.

6
 1 rev = 360° ° is the symbol for degrees
1° = 60′ ′ is the symbol for minutes
1′ = 60″ ″ is the symbol for seconds

For all circles, the radian measure of the circumference is 2π

radians. But the angle has a measure of 360°.

hence, 2π rad = 360°

π rad = 180°

180
1 rad = or 57.296°
π

π
1° = rad or 0.017453 rad
180

Now, you are to convert degrees to radians. To convert from degrees to

π
radians, multiply the number of degrees by . Then simplify.
180

Examples:

Convert the measure of the following angles from degrees to radians.

π 7π
1. 70° = 70° x = rad
180 18

π − 5π
2. -225° = -225° x = rad
180 4

π π
3. 90° = 90° x = rad
180 2

π 3π
4. 135° = 135° x = rad
180 4

π 3π
5. 270° = 270° x = rad
180 2

7
 180
To convert from radians to degree, multiply the number of radians by .
π
Then simplify.

Examples:

Express each radian measure in degrees

2π 2π 180
1. = x = 90°
4 4 π

5π 5π 180
2. = x = 300°
3 3 π

2π 2π 180
3. = x = 120°
3 3 π

− 11π − 11π 180

4. = x = -330°
6 6 π

− 23π − 23π 180

5. = x = 1380°
3 3 π

Try this out

A. Convert the following to radian measure:

1. 60° 6. -366°
2. 150° 7. 22.5°
3. 240° 8. 720°
4. 780° 9. 225°
5. -300° 10. 612°

8
 B. Express each radian measure in degrees:

7π − 7π
1. 6.
2 5

13π − 5π
2. 7.
6 9

20π − 23π
3. 8.
3 3

12π − 4π
4. 9.
5 5

7π − 7π
5. 10.
2 4

Lesson 3

Angles Intercepting an Arc

A radian is defined as the measure of an angle intercepting an arc whose

length is equal to the radius of the circle. An arc length is the distance between
two points along a circle expressed in linear units.

arclength
angle in radian =
radius of the circle r s
θ)
s
or θ =
r

You can now use this knowledge to solve problems.

9
Examples:

1. A wheel of radius 80 cm rolls along the ground without slipping and

rotates through an angle of 45°. How far does the wheel move?
s
Solution: Use the formula θ = to solve for the distance s.
r

Let: radius = 80 cm θ = 45°

Convert 45° to π radians:

π π
45° x rad = rad
180 4

s
θ =
r

π s
rad =
4 80

π
s = rad x 80
4

s = 20π

2. The minute hand of a clock is 5 cm long. How far does the tip of the
hand travel in 35 min?

Solution:
deg ree
Arc length formula = ( 2πr )
180

360
360° in 60 min time or = 6°
60

35 min ⇒ 35 x 6° = 120°

120
L = ( 2 ) ( 3.1416 ) ( 5 cm )
360

= 18.33 cm

10
 Try this out
Solve the following:

1. The pendulum of a clock swings through an angle of 0.15 rad. If it

swings a distance of 30 cm, what is the length of the pendulum?

2. The minute hand of the clock is 10 cm long. How far does the tip of the
hand move after 12 minutes?

3. An arc 15 cm long is measured on the circumference of a circle of radius

10 cm. Find an angle subtended at the center.

Lesson 4

Rotations Along the Unit Circle

An angle can be thought of as the amount of rotation generated when a ray

is rotated about its endpoints. The initial position of the ray is called the initial
side of the angle and the position of the ray at the endpoint is called terminal
side. A clockwise rotation generates a negative angle while a counterclockwise
rotation generates a positive angle.

Imagine the terminal side of an angle whose terminal side is on the

positive x-axis being rotated along the unit circle.

Positive angle Negative angle

Y Y

X
X

11
Example 1:

5π
Illustrate 1. radians 5. 30°
2

9π
2. radians 6. -90°
4

3. 3π radians 7. -500°

− 13π
4. radians 8. 270°
4

The positive side of the x-axis is the initial side

5π 9π
1. radians 2. radians
2 Y 4 Y

X
X

− 13π
3. 3π radians 4. radians
4
Y Y

X X

12
 5. 6.
Y Y

30° X
X
-90°

7. Y 8.
Y

X X
-500° 270°

Example 2:

How many degrees is the angle formed when the rotating ray makes

a. 3 complete counterclockwise turns?

5
b. 2 complete clockwise turns?
6

Solutions:

a. 3 ( 360 )° = 1080°

5
b. 2 ( -360°) = -1020°
6

13
Try this out
A. Draw an arc whose length is:

1. 4π units
5π
2. units
4
3. -3π units
− 3π
4. units
2
7π
5. units
12

B. Draw the following angle measures.

1. 115° 3. -620°
2. -250° 4. 300°

Lesson 5

Angles
An angle whose vertex lies at the origin of the rectangular coordinate
system and whose initial side is positive along the positive x-axis is said to be in
standard position.

Terminal side

X
Vertex initial side

14
Angles in standard position.

Examples:

Y Y
a. b.

S
X X
O

Y
c. Y d.

N
X X
A

Angles not in standard position:

Y Y
a. b.

J A
X X

c. Y d. Y

S
X
X

15
Quadrantal Angles:

A quadrantal angle is an angle in standard position and whose terminal

side lies on the x-axis or y-axis.

Example:

Y Y

F X G
X

∠F is not a quadrantal angle, since the terminal side does not lie on the
x – axis or y - axis.

∠G is a quadrantal angle since its terminal side lie on the x - axis.

Coterminal Angles:

Coterminal angles are angles having the same initial side and the same
terminal side.

Y Y

C
B A D
X X

Examples:

Determine the measure of the smallest positive angle coterminal with:

a. 65° b. 128°

c. -213° d. 654°

16
Solution:
Angles coterminal with a given angle θ may be derived using the
formula θ + 360n for all integers n.

a. 65° + 360° = 425° b. 128° + 360° = 488°

Y
Y
128o
65o
X
X
o
488o
425

c. -213° + 360° = 147° d. 654° - 360° = 294°

Y Y

294o
147o
X X
o
654o
-213

Finding coterminal angle less than 360°

Examples:

a. 750° = 755° - 360°(20) c. 660° = 660° - 360°

= 35° = 300°

b. 380° = 380° - 360° d. 820° = 820° - 360°(2)

= 20° = 100°

17
Reference Angles

A reference angle (A) is a positive acute angle formed between the x-

axis and the terminal side of a given angle.

Examples:

Let: A = reference angle

a. Y b.
Y

A
X A
X

c. Y d. Y

X
X
A A

Examples:

In each of the following determine the quadrant in which the angle lies
and determine the reference angle.

a. 73° b. 135°

c. 300° d. 920°

18
Solution:

The reference angle can be derived using the formula 180°n ± θ.

Y
a. 73°

180°n ± θ 73°

. 73° terminates in Ql, hence X

180°( 0 ) - θ = 73°

θ = 73°, the reference angle itself

b. 135°
Y
135° terminates in Qll, hence
135°
180°( 1 ) - θ = 135° 45°
X
θ = 180° - 135°

θ = 45° is the reference angle

c. 300° Y

300° terminates in Q1V , hence

180°( 2 ) - θ = 300° 300°

X
θ = 360° - 300° 60°

θ = 60° is the reference angle

19
 d. 920°

First find the number of multiples of 180° in 920°

900° has 4 multiples of 180° and a remainder of 200°

The terminal side of 200° is in Qlll.

180°( 1 ) - θ = 200°

θ = 200° - 180°

θ = 20° is the reference angle

Illustration is left for you.

Try this out

A. Determine the smallest positive coterminal angle with the given angle.

1. 57° 6. -349°
2. -250° 7. 100°
3. 94° 8. 207°
4. -175° 9. 185°
5. 116° 10. 409°

B. Determine the quadrant in which the angle lies and find the reference angle.

1. 84° 6. 480°
2. -140° 7. -650°
3. 355° 8. 740°
4. -365° 9. 330°
5. 290° 10. 204

20
 Let’s summarize

The circle of radius one with center at origin is called the unit circle

To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the number of degrees

π
by . Then simplify.
180

To convert from radians to degree, multiply the number of radians

180
by . Then simplify.
π

An angle is the amount of rotation where one side is called the initial
side and the other is the terminal side.

An angle is in standard position if it is constructed in a rectangular

coordinate system with vertex at the origin and the initial side on the
positive side of the x-axis.

Coterminal angle are angles having the same initial side and the
same terminal side.

Reference angle is an acute angle between the terminal side and

the x-axis.

To find the reference angle, write the angle in the form 180n ± θ
where θ is the reference angle.

21
 What have you learned
Answer the following correctly:

1. A circle is divided into 6 congruent arcs. What is the measure of each

arc?

2. Express 120° in radian measure.

3. What is the reference angle of -380°?

4. The coterminal angle less than 360° of 820° is __________.

− 7π
5. Convert rad to degree measure.
6
1
6. On a circle of radius 20cm, the arc intercepts a central angle of rad.
5
What is the arclength?

7. At what quadrant is the terminal side of - 1080° located?

1
8. How many degrees is the angle formed by a ray that makes 3 complete
5
rotations counterclockwise?

2
9. How many degrees is the angle formed by a ray that makes 2 complete
3
rotations clockwise?

10. A minute hand of a clock is 5 cm long. How far does the tip of the hand
travel in 50 min?

22
 Answer Key
How much do you know

1. b 6. c
2. b 7. a
3. d 8. Qll
5π
4. a 9.
20
5. a 10. 20.57 cm

Try this out

Lesson 1

π π
A. 1. 4.
5 9

π π
2. 5.
7 10

π π
3. 6.
8 12

B. 1. C 6. F 11. A
2. H 7. H 12. K
3. L 8. J 13. I
4. F 9. G 14. D
5. B 10. G 15. J

23
Lesson 2

π 61π
A. 1. rad 6. rad
3 30
5π π
2. rad 7. rad
3 8
4π
3. rad 8. 4π
3
13π 5π
4. rad 9.
3 4
− 5π 17π
5. rad 10.
3 5
B. 1. 63° 6. -252°
2. 390° 7. -100°
3. 1200° 8. -1300°
4. 432° 9. -144°
5. 105° 10. -315°

Lesson 3

1. 200 cm
2. 12.57 cm
3. 1.5 rad

Lesson 4
Y
Y
5π
A. 1. 4π 2.
4

X
X

24
 Y − 3π Y
3. 3π 4.
2

X X

7π Y
5.
12

B. 1. 2. Y
Y

115°
X
X
-250o

3. 4.
Y Y

300°
X X

-620°

25
Lesson 5

A. 1. 417° 6. 11°
2. 110° 7. 460°
3. 454° 8. 567°
4. 185° 9. 545°
5. 476° 10. 769°

B. 1. Ql , 84° 6. Q1, 60°

2. Qlll, 35° 7. Qll, 10°
3. Q lV, 5° 8. Q ll, 20°
4. QlV, 5° 9. Q1, 30°
5. Q lll, 70° 10. Q lll, 24°

What have you learned

π
1. 6. s = 4 cm
3
2π
2. rad 7. Q1
3
3. 20° 8. -960°
4. 100° 9. 1152°
5. -21π rad 10. 26.18 cm

26
 Module 2
Circular Functions and Trigonometry

What this module is about

This module is about determining the coordinates of angles in standard position in a
unit circle; the six circular functions and finding the six circular functions of special angles;
As you go over the discussion, examples and exercises, you will understand what circular
functions are all about. Anytime you feel you are at a loss, do not hesitate to go back to the
discussion and examples.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. determine the coordinates of the terminal side of an angle in standard position in a

unit circle

1.1 when one coordinate is given (apply the Pythagorean Theorem and the
properties of special right triangles)

1.2 when the angle is of the form:

• 180ºn ± 30º • 180ºn ± 45º

• 180ºn ± 60º • 90ºn

2. define the six circular functions

• sine • cotangent
• cosine • secant
• tangent • cosecant

3. find the six circular functions of angles with special values

1
 How much do you know
3
1. The x-coordinate of an angle in the along the unit circle is . If the terminal side of
4
the angle is located in the fourth quadrant, what is its y-coordinate?

1 7 7 1
a. b. c. - d. -
4 4 4 4

2. An angle measuring 30o is in standard position along the unit circle. What are its
coordinates?

1 3 1 3   3 1  3 1 
a.  , 
 b.  ,− c.  ,  d.  − , 
 2 2  2 2   2 2  2 2

3. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a 420o
angle and the unit circle?

 3 1 1 3  2 2 1 3 
a.  ,  b.  , 
 c.  , 
 d.  ,−
 2 2 2 2   2 2  2 2 

4. What is the y-coordinate of a 225o angle along the unit circle?

1 3 2 d. -1
a. − b. - c. -
2 2 2

5. It is the relationship between the arc length and the x-coordinate.

a. Circular function c. Cosine function

b. Sine function d. Tangent function

6. What is cos 120o

1 1 3 3
a. b. − c. d. −
2 2 2 2

2
 What you will do

Lesson 1

Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle

In the previous module you have learned about the measures of arcs on a
unit circle. Now, let us find the coordinates of the point where the terminal side of
an angle in standard position lies.

Consider a circle whose center is at (0,0). The circle of radius one with
center at origin is called the unit circle. Every point on the unit circle satisfies the
equation x2 + y2 = 1.
Y
It intersects at the points: B

A: ( 1,0 )
B: ( 0, 1 ) X C A
C: ( -1, 0 )
D: ( 0, -1 )
D
You can determine whether a point is on the unit circle if the equation x2 +
y2 = 1 is satisfied.

Examples:

Determine whether each point lie on the unit circle.

12 − 5 1 1
a. ( , ) c. ( , )
13 13 3 2

 2 2 1 3
b.  − , 
 d. ( , )
 2 2  2 2

Solution:

12 − 5 12 −5
a. ( , ) implies that x = and y =
13 13 13 13

Substitute the values of x and y in x2 + y2 = 1

3
 12 2 −5 2
( ) + ( ) = 1
13 13

144 25
+ = 1
169 169

169
= 1 True
169

12 − 5
The point ( , ) is on the unit circle.
13 13

 2 2 2 2
b.  − ,  implies that x = -
 and y =
 2 2  2 2

Substitute the values of x and y in x2 + y2 = 1

2 2 2 2
(- ) + ( ) =1
2 2

2 2
+ = 1
4 4

4
= 1 True
4

 2 2
The point  − ,  lie on the unit circle.

 2 2 

1 1
c. ( , )
3 2

1 1 1 1
( , ) implies that x = , and y =
3 2 3 2

Substitute the values of x and y in x2 + y2 = 1

1 2 1 2
( ) +( ) = 1
3 2

1 1
+ = 1
9 4

4
 4+9
= 1
36

13
= 1 False
36

1 1
The point ( , ) is not on the unit circle.
3 2

1 3
d. ( , )
2 2

1 3 1 3
( , ) implies that x = and y =
2 2 2 2

Substitute the values of x and y inx2 + y2 = 1

1 2 3 2
( ) + ( ) = 1
2 2

1 3
+ = 1
4 4

4
= 1 True
4

1 3
The point ( , ) is on the unit circle.
2 2

Knowing this equation, the other coordinate of a point of intersection of the

unit circle and the terminal side of an angle in standard position can be obtained
when one of its coordinates is given.

Example 1:
1
If the x-coordinate of an angle in standard position is , what is the y-
2
coordinate?

Solution:

Use the equation of the unit circle, x2 + y2 = 1. Substitute the given value
of x in the equation of the unit circle to obtain the value of y.

5
 2
 1
  + y =1
2
Substitute the given x-coordinate
2
2
1  1 1
+ y2 = 1   =
4 2 4
1
y 2 = 1- Addition property of equality
4
3 1 4 −1 3
y2 = 1− = =
4 4 4 4

3 Take the square root of both numerator and

y=±
4 denominator

3
y=± 4 =2
2

3
∴y = ± .
2

Example 2:
1
The y-coordinate of an angle in standard position is . If the terminal side
7
of the angle lies between 90o and 180o, what is its x-coordinate?

Solution:

Use the equation of the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1. Substitute the given y-

coordinate to find the x-coordinate.

2
 1
x2 +   = 1 Substitute the given y-coordinate
7

2
1  1 1
x +
2
=1   =
49 7 49

1
x 2 = 1− Addition Property of Equality
49

48 1 49 − 1 48
x2 = 1− = =
49 49 49 49

6
 48
x=± Take the square root of both sides
49

16 ⋅ 3
x=±
49

4 3
x=±
7

4 3
∴x = − , since 90o < θ <180o which means that the terminal side of
7
the angle lies in the second quadrant where the x-coordinate is negative.

Try this out

A. Let B be a point on the first quadrant of the unit circle. The x-coordinate of
1
the point of intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side at B is .
2
Y
C B ( 1 , y)
• 2

X A
O F

• •
D E

1. Name the angle in standard position.

2. What special kind of triangle is formed out of points O, B, and F?
3. How will you find the y-coordinate of B?
4. Find the y-coordinate of ∠AOB.
5. What is the sign of the y-coordinate of B?
6. What then are the coordinates of B?
7. What are the coordinates of point C which is a reflection of point B in
the second quadrant?
8. If D is a reflection of C in the third quadrant, what are the coordinates
of the terminal point of ∠AOD?

7
 9. If E is a reflection of B in the fourth quadrant, what are the coordinates
of the terminal point of ∠AOE?
10. In what quadrant is the abscissa or x-coordinate of the terminal point of
an angle positive? Negative?
11. What about the y-coordinate or ordinate? In what quadrant is it
positive? Negative?

B. Determine whether each of the following points lie on the unit circle.

3 4
1. ( , )
5 5
2. ( 0.8, -0.6 )
2 −1
3. ( 2 , )
3 3

4. ( 2 , -1 )
− 8 − 15
5. ( , )
17 17

C. One of the coordinates of the point of intersection of the unit circle and the
terminal side of an angle in standard position is given. Find the other
coordinate.

1 1
1. x = - 6. y = , 0 < θ < 90°
2 2
2 1
2. y = − 7. y = , 90° < θ < 180°
5 7
1 2
3. y = 8. x = − ,180° < θ < 270°
10 3
1 1
4. x = 9. y = − , 270° < θ < 360°
3 5
2 5
5. x = 10. x = , 0 < θ < 90°
2 7

8
 D. Find the missing coordinate of the point of intersection of the unit circle and
the terminal ray of an angle in standard position.

 3   3
1.  , __  θ is in QI 7.  __,−  θ is in QIII
 2   4
 
 
2. ( __, -0.6) θ is in QIII 8.  __,− 3  180 < θ < 270°
 5 
 5  
3.  __,  θ is in QII
 13  2 
9.  , __  0° < θ < 90°
4. ( __, 1) θ = 90° 7 

5. (0, __) θ = 270°  5 

10.  __,  90° < θ < 180°
 12 
 12 
6.  − , __  θ is in QII
 13 

Lesson 2

The Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle in the form 180on ± A

In geometry, you have learned that angles whose measures are 30o, 45o,
and 60o are called special angles. Now, let these special angles be amount of
rotations on the unit circle as you can see in the figures below. Angle measures
π π π
30, 45 and 60 are also the arclengths , and respectively
6 4 3
Y Y Y
π
π π 3
4 1
1 6 1
60o
X 30o
X 45o X

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

What do you think are the coordinates of each of the terminal points?

9
 Consider figure 1. Let P(x, y) be the terminal point of the angle. Drop a
perpendicular from P to the x-axis and call the point of intersection M. Notice that
triangle OPM is a 30o-60o-90o triangle.

Y Recall that in a 30o-60o-90o triangle, the

1
length of the leg opposite the 30o angle is the
2
P(x,y) 1
1 length of the hypotenuse. Hence, y = .
o y 2
X 30
O x M The x-coordinate of P can be obtained
using the equation of the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1.
By substitution,
2
1 3
x2 +   = 1 x2 =
Figure 1  2 4

1 3
x2 + =1 x= ±
4 4

1 3
x2 = 1 - x= ±
4 2

3 π  3 1
Since P is in QI, then x = . Thus, P ( )has coordinates  ,  .
2 6  2 2

Consider this time figure 2. Let P(x, y) be the terminal point of the angle.
Drop a perpendicular from P to the x-axis and call the point of intersection M.
Notice that triangle OPM is a 45o-45o-90o triangle and that a 45o angle in
standard position has its terminal side in the first quadrant.
Y
Recall that in a 45o-45o-90o, the lengths of
P(x, y) the two legs are equal. Thus, in Figure 2, x = y.

1 y The coordinates of P can be obtained

X 45o using the equation of the unit circle, x2 + y2 = 1
O x M
where x = y.

x2 + x2 = 1

Figure 2 1
2x2 = 1 x=±
2
2
1 1 2
x =
2
x=± or ± 2

2 2 2

10
 2 2
But P is in quadrant I. Hence, x = and y = .
2 2

π  2 2
∴P ( ) has coordinates  , .

4  2 2 

Now, consider figure 3. Let P(x, y) be the terminal point of the angle. Drop
a perpendicular from P to the x-axis and call the point of intersection M. Notice
that ∆POM is a right triangle where ∠POM = 60o.
Y
To determine the coordinates of P, use the
P(x,y) same relation as in Figure 1 since ∠OPM = 30o.
1
1
60o
y Knowing that the side opposite 30o is the
X M
2
O x
1
length of the hypotenuse, then in figure 3, x = .
2
To find y, use the equation of the unit
circle, x2 + y2 = 1. Thus,
Figure 3
2
1
  + y =1
2

2

1
y2 = 1 −
4
3
y=
4

3
y=±
4

3
y=±
2
3
Since P is in the first quadrant y = .
2

π 1 3
Hence, P( )has coordinates  , .

3 2 2 

11
 The coordinates of the terminal points of special angles on a unit circle
can now be used to determine the coordinates of points of intersection of angles
in the form 180on ± A where A is a special angle. This can be done by
determining the location of the terminal point of the given angle and the reference
angle, A.

Example:

1. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal

side of a 135o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

3π
The terminal point of 135o or is located in the second quadrant. Its
4
reference angle can be determined using the form 180on – A.
Y
135 = 180o(1) – A
135o = 180o – A
P(x,y) A = 180o – 135o
A = 45o
O
135

X
3π π
or 135o is a reflection of or 45o in QII.
4 4
 2 2 
Thus, the terminal point P of 135o has coordinates  − , .
 2 2 

2. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a

210o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

7π
The terminal point of 210o or is located in QIII. Its reference angle can
6
be determined using the form 180on + A.
Y
180o(1) + A = 210o
180o + A = 210o
A = 210o – 180o
A = 30o
X
Notice that 210o is a reflection of 30o in the
P(x,y) third quadrant. Hence, its coordinates can be
obtained using the coordinates of 30o but following
the signs of the ordered pairs in the third quadrant.

12
 7π  3 1
Hence, the terminal point P of 210o or − 
6
has coordinates  2 ,− 2  .
 

3. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a

660o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

11π
The terminal side of 660o or is in the fourth quadrant. It can be written
3
in the form 180on - A.
Y 180o(4) – A = 660o
– A = 660o – 720o
-A = -60o
A = 60o

X Observe that 660o is a reflection of 60o on

the fourth quadrant. Hence, the coordinates of
the terminal point can be obtained from the
P(x, y) coordinates of 60o but following the signs of
coordinates in the fourth quadrant.
11π 1 3 
Then, P( ) has coordinates  ,− .
3 2 2 
4. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a -
750o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

25π
The direction of rotation of -750o or − is clockwise starting from (1, 0).
6
Its terminal side is located in the fourth quadrant and be expressed in the form
180on ± A where A is a special angle.
Y
180o(-4) – A = -750o
-720o – A = -750o
-A = -750 + 720o
X -A = -30o
P(x, y) A = 30o

Thus, the reference angle of -750o is 30o. The coordinates of the terminal
point can be obtained from the coordinates of the points of intersection of the
terminal side of 30o and the unit circle.

13
 Therefore, the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side
25π  3 1
of -750o or − and the unit circle are  ,−  .
6  2 2

Observe from the examples that the coordinates of the point of

intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side of an angle in standard
position are as follows:
 3 1 
1. If an angle is of the form 180°n ± 30°, the coordinates are  ± ,±  .
 2 2
 1 3 
2. If an angle is of the form 180°n ± 60°, the coordinates are  ± ,± .
 2 2 
3. If an angle is of the form 180°n ± 45°, the coordinates are
 
 ± 2 ,± 2  .
 2 2 


The signs of the coordinates depend upon the position of the terminal side
of the angle.

Try this out

Find the reference angle for each of the following angles on a unit circle
and determine the coordinates of its terminal point.

1. 120o 6. 315o 11. 765o 16. -225o

2. 150o 7. 330o 12. -120o 17. -300o
3. 225o 8. 480o 13. -135o 18. -480o
4. 240o 9. 510o 14. -150o 19. -600o
5. 300o 10. 585o 15. -210o 20. -1020o

Lesson 3

The Sine and Cosine Functions

In the previous lesson, you have learned that each terminal point P of special angles
on the unit circle corresponds to coordinates of a point (x, y) that satisfies the equation of
the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1. These coordinates of points have special names. The relation
between the angle and the y-coordinate is called the sine function while the relation
between the angle and the x-coordinate is called the cosine function.

14
 Y
In the figure at the left, the terminal side of
P(x, y) = (cos θ, sin θ) angle θ intersected the unit circle at point P(x, y).
Thus, the x-coordinate of P is called the cosine
X θ
function of θ and can be expressed as cos θ = x,
and the y-coordinate of P is called the sine
function of θ and can be expressed as sin θ = y.

Hence, for each value of θ in the unit circle, the x-coordinate of the terminal point is
the cosine of θ and the y-coordinate is the sine of θ.

In symbols, x = cos θ and y = sin θ

Examples:

1. Evaluate sin 0o and cos 0o.

Solution:
Y
When θ = 0o is set in standard position, it intersects
the unit circle at the point (1, 0). By definition, sin θ = y
and cos θ = x.
P(1, 0)
X
Hence, in P(1,0) where x = 1 and y = 0
sin 0o = 0 and cos 0o = 1.

π
2. Evaluate sin 90o and cos 90o. ( Note: 90o = )
2

Solution:
Y
(0, 1) θ = 90o is set in standard position on the unit circle
as shown in the figure. Its terminal side intersects the unit
circle at the point (0, 1). By definition, sin θ = y and cos θ
90o
X = x.

Hence, sin 90o = 1 and cos 90o = 0 or

π π
sin = 1and cos = 0.
2 2

Note that the sine and cosine functions of angles which are integral multiples of 90o
can be easily evaluated.

15
 The table below shows the sine and cosine functions of the integral multiples of 90o
for 0o ≤ θ ≤ 360o.

π 3π
θ 0 90o or 180o or π 270o or 360o or 2 π
2 2
P(θ) (1, 0) (0, 1) (-1, 0) (0, -1) (1, 0)

sin θ 0 1 0 -1 0

cos θ 1 0 -1 0 1

To evaluate angles that are not multiples of 90o, use the concept of reference angles
as in the previous lesson.

π
3. Evaluate sin 30o and cos 30o. (Note: 30o = )
6

Solution: Y

θ = 30o is set in standard position, as in the

figure at the left, the terminal side of the angle
( )
( )
3
1 P , 21 3 1
intersects the unit circle at the point P 2 , 2 .
2
o
Y 30

By definition,
1 3
sin 30o = and cos 30o = or
2 2
π 1 π 3
sin = and cos =
6 2 6 2

π
Similarly, angles of multiples of 30o or can be found in the other quadrants: 150o
6
5π 7π 11π
or in QII, 210o or in QIII and 330o or in QIV.
6 6 6

16
 π
4. Evaluate sin -60o and cos -60o. ( Note: 60o =
3

Solution: Y π
If θ = -60o or - is in standard position as in the
3
figure, its terminal side intersects the unit circle at the

X
-60o
point ( ,− )
1
2
3
2 .

Hence, by definition,
1
P ( ,− )
1
2 2
3
1 3
sin -60o = and cos -60o = - or
2 2
π 1 3
sin - = and cos -60o = - .
3 2 2

19π
5. Evaluate sin 570o and cos 570o. (Note: 570o = )
6

Solution: Y
The figure at the left shows 570o in standard position.
Its reference angle is 30o and the terminal side intersects the

X
570o
unit circle at the point (− ,− ) 3
2
1
2.

(
P − 2
3
,− 21 ) Hence, by the definition of sine and cosine functions,
1 3
sin 570o = - and cos 570o = - or
2 2

19π 1 19π 3
sin = - and cos =- .
6 2 6 2

17
Try this out
A. The unit circle below is divided into 8 congruent arcs. Complete the table.

C Terminal Degree Coordinates Sin θ Cos θ

D B Point Measure
A
B
X E A C
D
H E
F
F
G G
H

B. Evaluate the following:

1. sin 60o 6. sin 420o

2. cos 120o 7. sin -45o
3. cos 135o 8. cos -90o
4. sin 150o 9. sin -180o
5. cos 270o 10. cos -330o

C. Identify the quadrant/quadrants where the angle is/are located:

1. sin θ > 0 5. sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0

2. cos θ < 0 6. sin θ > 0 and cos θ > 0
3. cos θ > 0 7. sin θ < 0 and cos θ > 0
4. sin θ < 0 8. sin θ < 0 and cos θ < 0

18
 Lesson 4

The Other Circular Functions

In Lesson 3, you learned about two circular functions of an angle θ, sine and cosine.
Aside from these two functions, there are four other circular functions of an angle θ in
standard position. These are the tangent function, cotangent function, secant function and
cosecant function.

The Tangent Function

The third basic function is the tangent function (abbreviated as tan). This function is
defined in terms of sine and cosine functions.
Y
The tangent function is defined as the set of all
P(x, y)
 y
1 ordered pairs  θ,  where x ≠ 0, θ is an angle in
θ  x
X standard position and y and x are the second and first
coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side
of θ with the unit circle, respectively.

sin θ y
Since y = sin θ and x = cos θ, then tan θ = or , where cos θ ≠ 0.
cos θ x

The Cotangent Function

The cotangent function (abbreviated as cot) is defined as the set of all ordered pairs
 x
 θ,  where y ≠ 0, θ is an angle in standard position and x and y are the first and second
 y
coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of θ with the unit circle,
respectively.
cos θ x
Since x = cos θ and y = sin θ, then cot θ = or , where sin θ ≠ 0.
sin θ y

The Secant Function

The secant function(abbreviated as sec) is defined as the set of all ordered pairs
 1
 θ,  where x ≠ 0, θ is an angle in standard position and x = cos θ.
 x
1 1
Since x = cos θ, then sec θ = or , where cos θ ≠ 0.
cos θ x

19
The Cosecant Function

The cosecant function (abbreviated as csc)is defined as the set of all ordered pairs
 1
 θ,  where y ≠ 0, θ is an angle in standard position and y = sin θ.
 y
1 1
Since y = sin θ, then csc θ = or , where sin θ ≠ 0.
sin θ y

Did you notice that tangent and cotangent functions are reciprocal functions? The
same is true for secant and cosecant functions.

The value of the tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant of special angles can be
obtained using their x and y coordinates.

Examples:

π
1. Evaluate tan 30o, cot 30o, sec 30o and csc 30o. (Note: 30o = )
6

Solution:
 3 1 3 1
P(30o) =  ,  . Hence, cos 30o = and sin 30o = .
 2 2 2 2

Therefore, by definition of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant,

1 1 2 2 3 2 3
1 2 1 3 3 sec 30o = = 1• = • =
tan 30o = 2 = • = • = 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 3 3 3 3
2
2
1 2 2
csc 30o = = 1• = = 2
3 1 1 1
3 2 2 3
cot 30o = 2 = • = = 3 2
1 2 1 2
2

π
2. Determine tan 45o, cot 45o, sec 45o and csc 45o. (Note: 45o = )
4

Solution:
 2 2
If P(45o) =  ,  . Hence, cos 45o = 2 and sin 45o = 2 .

 2 2  2 2

20
 Therefore, by definition of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant,

2 sec 45o =
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
tan 45o = 2 = • = =1 = 1• = • = = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2

2 csc 45o =
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
cot 45o = 2 = • = =1 = 1• = • = = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2

Notice that the tan 45o and cot 45o are equal and that sec 45o and csc 45o are also
equal. It is because the right triangle formed by a 45o-45o-90o is an isosceles right triangle.

π
3. Find tan 60o, cot 60o, sec 60o and csc 60o. (Note: 60o = )
3

1 3
If P(60o) =  ,  . Hence, cos 60o = 1 and sin 60o = 3 .

2 2  2 2

Therefore, by the definition of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant,

3 1 2 2
sec 60o = = 1• = = 2
3 2 2 3 1 1 1
tan 60o = 2 = • = = 3
1 2 1 2 2
2
1 2 2 3 2 3
csc 60o = = 1• = • =
1 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 1 3 3
cot 60o = 2 = • = • = 2
3 2 3 3 3 3
2

Observe that tan 60o = cot 30o and sec 60o = csc 30o. Why is it so? It is because 30o
and 60o are complementary angles. Hence, their functions are also complementary.

The tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions of other angles in the form
180on ± 30o, 180on ± 45o and 180on ± 60o can be obtained from the functions of 30o, 45o,
and 60o, respectively.

21
4. Evaluate tan 0o, cot 0o, sec 0o, and csc 0o.

Solution:

P(0o) = (1, 0). Hence cos 0o = 1 and sin 0o = 0.

Therefore, by definition,

0 1
tan 0o = =0 sec 0o = =1
1 1

1 1
cot 0o = = undefined csc 0o = = undefined
0 0

Division by zero is not defined. Hence, cot 0o and csc 0o are not defined.

π
5. Evaluate tan 90o. (Note 90o = )
2

Solution:

If P(90o) = (0, 1). Hence, cos 90o = 0 and sin 90o = 1.

Therefore, by definition,

1 1
tan 90o = = undefined sec 90o = = undefined
0 0

0 0
cot 90o = =0 csc 90o = =0
1 1

Division by zero is not defined. Therefore, tan 90o and sec 90o are not defined.

The Circular Functions of other Angles

The circular functions of angles which are not multiples of the quadrantal angles and
special angles can be obtained using a scientific calculator or a table of trigonometric
functions. In this module, the use of a scientific calculator is encouraged for you to make
use of the technology. Caution is given that before you use a scientific calculator, that is,
you have to familiarize yourself with the model of the scientific calculator you are going to
use. This module will not prescribe a particular scientific calculator.

22
Examples:

Use a scientific calculator to evaluate the following

1. sin 15o 3. cot 100o 5. sec 20o05’

2. cos 34o15’ 4. tan 125o40’ 6. csc 320o

Answers:

1. sin 15o = 0.258819 4. tan 125o40’ = -1.393357

2. cos 34o15’ = 0.826590 5. sec 20o05’= 1.064743
3. cot 100o = -0.176327 6. csc 320o = -1.555724

Note that the symbol ‘ means minutes. Thus, 34o15’ means 34 degrees 15 minutes.
Answers in the examples are given up to six decimal places.

Try this out

A. Find the six circular functions of the following angles using the definition of the functions.

1. 120o 6. 225o
2. 135o 7. 240o
3. 150o 8. 270o
4. 180o 9. 300o
5. 210o 10. 330o

B. Find the value of the following using a scientific calculator or a trigonometric table.

1. sin 23o 6. csc 102o 11. sec 120o30’ 16. cos 37o25’
2. cos 34o 7. tan 44o23’ 12. cot 87o50’ 17. sin 200o52’
3. tan 16o 8. cos 48o16’ 13. cos 95o15’ 18. cot 312o45’
4. cot 43o 9. sin 55o20’ 14. tan 112o47’ 19. tan 300o35’
5. sec 95o 10. cot 29o29’ 15. csc 50o10’ 20. sec 320o28’

C. Identify the quadrant/quadrants where the angle is located given the following
conditions:

1. tan θ > 0 4. cot θ < 0 and cos θ > 0

2. cot θ < 0 5. sec θ > 0 and sin θ > 0
3. tan θ > 0 and sin θ < 0 6. cot θ > 0 and sin θ < 0

23
 Let’s Summarize
1. If OA (1, 0) is the initial side of an angle on the unit circle and P is any point on the
unit circle then, OP is the terminal side of ∠AOP and the coordinates of point P
satisfy the equation of the unit circle, x2 + y2 = 1.

 3 1 
2. The coordinates of an angle in the form 180°n ± 30° are  ± ,±  .
 2 2

 1 3 
3. The coordinates of an angle in the form 180°n ± 60° are  ± ,± .
 2 2 

 2 2 
4. The coordinates of an angle in the form 180°n ± 45° are  ± ,± .
 2 2 

5. Sine function is the relation between an angle and the y-coordinate while cosine
function is the relation between an angle and the x-coordinate.

6. Tangent function is the ratio of y to x while cotangent function is the ratio of x to y,

where x and y are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side
of an angle in standard position and the unit circle.

7. Secant function is the reciprocal of the cosine function while cosecant function is
the reciprocal of the sine function.

24
 What have you learned
4
1. The y-coordinate of an angle in the along the unit circle is - . If the terminal side of
5
the angle is located in the third quadrant, what is its x-coordinate?

3 1 1 3
a. b. c. - d. -
5 5 5 5

2. An angle measuring 60o is in standard position along the unit circle. What are its
coordinates?
1 3   3 1
a.  , 
c. 
 2 ,2

 2 2   
 
 1 3   3 1 
b.  − ,− d.  − , 
 2 2   2 2

3. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a 600o
angle and the unit circle?
 3 1  2 2
a.  ,  c.  , 

 2 2   2 2 
 1 3 1 3 
b.  − ,−  d.  ,−
 2 2 
2 2 

4. What is the x-coordinate of a 540o angle along the unit circle?

1 3 2 d. -1
a. − b. - c. -
2 2 2

5. It is the reciprocal of the cosine function.

a. Tangent function c. Cosecant function

b. Sine Function d. Secant function

6. What is sec 240o

a. 2 2 3 c. -2 2 3
b. d. −
3 3

25
 Answer Key
How much do you know

1. c 3. b 5. c 7. a 9. a
2. c 4. c 6. b 8. d 10. a

Try this out

Lesson 1

A. 1. ∠BOA  1 3
− , 
2. Right triangle 7.  2 2 
 
3. Pythagorean Theorem
 1 
3 8.  − ,− 3 
4.  2 2 
2 
5. positive 1
 ,− 3 

9. 2
1 3
 2 
6.  , 
2 2 
  10. Pos: QI & QIV; Neg: QII & QIII
11. Pos: QI & QII; Neg: QIII & QIV

B. 1. Lies on the unit circle

2. Lies on the unit circle
3. Does not lie on the unit circle
4. Does not lie on the unit circle
5. Lies on the unit circle

3 2 2 6
C 1. y = ± 5. y = ± 9. x =
2 2 5
21 3 2 6
2. x = ± 6. x = 10. y =
5 2 7
3 11 4 3
3. x = ± 7. x = −
10 7
2 2 7
4. y = ± 8. y = −
3 3

1 5 3 5
D. 1. 6. 9.
2 13 7
2. -0.8 7 119
12 7. − 10. −
3. − 4 12
13 22
4. 0 8. −
5
5. -1

26
Lesson 2

 1 3  1 3  3 1 
1. 60o  − ,  8. 60o  − ,  15. 30o  − ,
 2 2   2 2   2 2 
     
2. 30o − 3 , 1 9. 30o − 3 , 1 16. 45o  −
2 2
,
 2 2  2 2 2 2 
    
    1 3
3. 45o − 2 , - 2  10. 45o − 2 , - 2  17. 60o  , 
 2 2   2 2 
  2 2 
 1   2 2  1 3 
4. 60o − , - 3  11. 45o  ,  18. 60o  − , -
 2 2   2 2  2 
    2
1   1   1 3
5. 60o  ,- 3  12. 60o − , - 3  19. 60o  − , 
2 2   2 2 
   2 2 
 2 2    1 3
6. 45o  ,- 13. 45o − 2 , - 2  20. 60o  , 
 2 2   2 2 
  2 2 
 3 1  
7. 30o  ,-  14. 30o − 3 , - 1
 2 2   2 2 
 

Lesson 3

Terminal Degree Coordinates Sin θ Cos θ

Point Measure of Points
(θ)
A 0o (1, 0) 0 1
B 45o  2 2 2 2
 , 
 2 2  2 2
 
C 90o (0, 1) 1 0
D 135o   2 2
− 2 , 2  -
 2 2  2 2
 

E 180o (-1, 0) 0 -1
F 225o   2 2
− 2 , - 2 - -
 2 2  2 2


G 270o (0, -1) -1 0

H 315o  2 2  2 2
 ,- -
 2 2  2 2


27
 3 3 C. 1. I, II
B. 1. 6. 2. II, III
2 2
1 2 3. I, IV
2. − 7. − 4. III, IV
2 2
2 5. II
3. − 8. 0 6. I
2
1 7. IV
4. 9. 0 8. III
2
3
5. 0 10.
2
Lesson 4
A.

Angle Coordinates sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ csc θ

1. 120o  − 1 , 3  3 − 1
2 − 3 − 3 -2 2 3
 2 2  2 3 3

2. 135o (− 2
2
, 2
2
) 2
2
- 2
2 -1 -1 − 2 2
o
3. 150  − 3
, 21 
1
2 - 3
− 3 − 3 - 2 33 2
 2  2 3

4. 180o (-1, 0) 0 -1 undefined 0 -1 undefined

5. 210o  − 3
, - 21  - 21 - 3 3 3 - 2 33 -2
 2  2 3

6. 225o (− 2
2
,- 2
2
) - 2
2
- 2
2 1 1 − 2 - 2
7. 240o  − 1 , - 3  - 3 − 1
2 3 3 -2 - 2 33
 2 2  2 3

8. 270o (0, -1) -1 0 undefined 0 undefined -1

9. 300o  1 , - 3  - 3 1
2 - 3 - 3 2 - 2 33
2 2  2 3

10. 330o  3
, - 21  - 21 3
- 3 - 3 2 3 -2
 2  2 3 3

B. 1. 0.390731 6. 1.022341 11. -1.979294 16. 0.794238

2. 0.829038 7. 0.978703 12. 0.037834 17. -0.356194
3. 0.286745 8. 0.665665 13. -0.091502 18. -0.924390
4. 1.072369 9. 0.822475 14. -2.380844 19. -1.692031
5. -11.47371 10. 1.768694 15. 1.302234 20. 1.296589
C. 1. I, III 2. II, IV 3. III 4. IV 5. I 6. III
What have you learned
1. d 6. c
2. a 7. c
3. b 8. a
4. d 9. b
5. d

28
 Module 3
Circular Functions and Trigonometry

What this module is about

This module will teach you about how to define and find the values of the
six trigonometric functions of an acute angle which is in standard position.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to :

1. Define the six trigonometric functions of an angle on the unit cirlcle.

2. Define the six trigonometric functions of an angle in standard position

whose terminal point is not on the unit circle

3. Find the values of six trigonometric functions of an angle , given some

conditions.

How much do you know

1 5π
1. What is the value of y = 4sin x, if x = ?
2 3

Given the figure, find the values of the radius and the six trigonometric
functions of ∠ A. Y

12

X A
-5
 2. r

3. Sin A 6. Cot A

4. Cos A 7. Csc A

5. Tan A 8. Sec A

Find the values of the other five trigonometric function for ∠ S if Tan S = -6/8,
Sin S < 0

9. r 12. Cot S

10. Sin S 13. Csc S

11. Cos S 14. Sec S

What you will do

Lesson 1

Six Trigonometric Function of a Point on the Unit Circle

Recall in the previous module, we have defined the six circular functions
of an angle θ whose terminal point (x, y) is on the unit circle as:

1 Y
sin θ = y csc θ =
y P(x, y)
r =1

1 X θ
cos θ = x sec θ =
x

y x
tan θ = cot θ =
x y Unit Circle

Since the reference for the definition of the six trigonometric function is the
unit circle, they are also called circular functions.

2
Examples:

3π
1. Find the six circular function of .
4
3π 2 2 2 2
Since is in QII, its coordinates are ( − , ). x = - and y = .
4 2 2 2 2

Then, the six circular functions are:

3π 2
sin = y=
4 2
Y
3π 2 3π
cos =x=- P( )
4 2 4 r =1

X
2
3π y
tan = = 2 = -1
4 x 2
−
2

3π 1 1 2 2 2 2
csc = = = ⋅ = = 2
4 y 2 2 2 2
2

3π 1 1 2 2 2 2
sec = = =− ⋅ =− =− 2
4 x 2 2 2 2
−
2

2
−
3π x 2 = -1
cot = =
4 y 2
2

2. Find the six circular functions of angle θ whose coordinates is defined

1
by ( , y) and θ is in QIV.
2

3
Using the equation of a unit circle x2 + y2 = 1,

1 2
( ) + y2 = 1
2

1
+ y2 = 1 Y
4

1
y2 = 1-
4 X
θ
3 r =1
y2 = P( 1 , y)
4 2

3
y =
4

3
y =
2

3 1 3
Since θ is in QIV, then y = - and has coordinates ( , - ).
2 2 2

The six circular functions or trigonometric ratios of angle θ are:

3
sin θ = y = -
2

1
cos θ = x =
2

3
−
y 2 =− 3
tan θ = =
x 1
2

1 1 2 2 3 2 3
csc θ = = =− =− ⋅ =−
y 3 3 3 3 3
−
2

4
 1 1
sec θ = = =2
x 1
2

1
x 2 1 1 3 3
cot θ = = = = ⋅ =
y 3 3 3 3 3
−
2

Try this out

Find the six circular functions of the following angles:

3π
1.
2
5π
2.
6
5π
3.
3
12
4. lying on point (- , y) and is in Q III.
13
5. lying on point (x, -0.6) and is in QIV.

Lesson 2

Six Trigonometric Function of an Angle in Standard Position

Where the Terminal Point is Not on the Unit Circle

The six trigonometric functions of ∠ A if the terminal side is not on the unit
circle are defined as:
Y
y r
sin A = csc A =
r y r y
X A
x r x
cos A = sec A =
r x

y x
tan A = cot A =
x y

5
Examples:

1. Find the six trigonometric functions of ∠ A if the coordinates of P(5,12) lies on

its terminal side.

Solution:

x = 5 ; y = 12
Y

r = y = 12

X A
x=5

Solve for r :

Using Pythagorean Theorem

r= x2 + y2

= 52 + 12 2

= 25 + 144

= 169
r = 13

The ratio of the six functions are :

y 12 r
sin A = = csc A = = 12
r 13 y

x 5 r 13
cos A = = sec A = =
r 13 x 5

y 12 x 5
tan A = = cot A = =
x 5 y 12

6
2. If P(-4,5), find the values of radius and six trigonometric functions of ∠ A .

Solution: x = -4 ; y = 3
Y

y=3
r

X A
x = -4

You need to find r:

By Pythagorean Theorem

r= x2 + y2

= − 4 2 + 32

= 16 + 9

= 25

r=5

The ratio of the six functions are:

y 3 r 5
sin A = = csc A = =
r 5 y 3

x 4 r 5
cos A = = − sec A = = −
r 5 x 4

y 3 x 4
tan A = = − cot A = = −
x 4 y 3

7
3. If P(-1,-7), find the values of the radius and six trigonometric function of ∠ A.

Solution: x = -1 ; y = -7 Y

X x =-1
A

y =-7 r

Solve for r:

By Pythagorean Theorem

r= x2 + y2

= (−1) 2 + (−7) 2

= 1 + 49

= 50

= 25 ⋅ 2

r=5 2

The ratios of the six functions are:

y −7 −7 2 −7 2 r 5 2
sin A = = = ⋅⋅ = csc A = = −
r 5 2 5 2 2 10 y 7

x −1 −1 2 − 2 r
cos A = = = ⋅ = sec A = = −5 2
r 5 2 5 2 2 10 x

y −7 x 1
tan A = = =7 cot A = =
x −1 y 7

8
4. If P(8,-10), find the values of the radius and six trigonometric function of ∠ A.

Solution: x = 8 ; y = -10

X x=8
A

r y = -10

Solve for r:

Using Pythagorean Theorem

r= x2 + y2

= 82 + (−10) 2

= 64 + 100

= 164

= 4 ⋅ 41

r = 2 41

The ratios of the six functions are:

y − 10 − 10 41 − 5 41 r 2 41 41
sin A = = = ⋅⋅ = csc A = = − =−
r 2 41 2 41 41 41 y 10 5

x 8 8 41 4 41 r 2 41 41
cos A = = = ⋅ = sec A = = =
r 2 41 2 41 41 41 x 8 4

− 10
y − 10 − 5 x 4
tan A = = 2 41 = = cot A = = −
x 8 8 4 y 5
2 41

9
Try this out
Given the coordinates of the terminal point, sketch the figure and find the
value of r and the six trigonometric functions.

1. (-5, 7)
2. (-8, -15)
3. (24, - 7)
4. (2, 3)
5. (-9, 40)

Lesson 3

Find the Values of Six Trigonometric Functions of ∠ A

Under Some Given Conditions

You can determine the five other trigonometric functions if one of the
trigonometric function is given.

Examples:

4
1. if sin A = , ∠ A is not in QI, find the other functions.
5

Solution: Since the sin function is positive in QI & II and ∠ A is not in QI,
then ∠ A is in QII.
Y
y
Since Sin A = and y = 4, r = 5,
r
solve for x:
5
4

A
X

Find x using Pythagorean theorem

r2 = x2 + y2
r2 - y2 = x2

10
 52 -42 = x2
25 –16 = x
9 = x2
+3 = x

Since A is in QII, consider the value of x = -3.

The five trigonometric functions are:

y 3 r 5
cos A = =- csc A = =
r 5 y 4

y 4 r 5
tan A = = − sec A = = −
x 3 x 3

x 3
cot A = = −
y 4

3
2. Tan A = , cos A < 0 and sin A < 0, find the values of the five other
3
trigonometric functions of ∠ A.

Solution: The terminal point lies in quadrant III since the sine and cosine
functions are both negative. Considering the algebraic sign of the
function in QIII, the tan and cot functions are the only positive
functions while the rest are negative.
Y
3
Since Tan A = ,
3
X x = -3
Then, y = - 3 , x = -3 A
y =- 3

Solve for r:

By Pythagorean theorem

r2 = x2 + y2

11
 r2 = (-3)2 +(- 3 )2
r2 = 9 + 3
r2 = 12
r = 12

r = 4⋅3

r=2 3

The five other trigonometric functions are:

y 1 r
sin A = = − csc A = = -2
r 2 y

x 3 r 2 3
cos A = = − sec A = = −
r 2 x 3

x
cot A = = 3
y

7 π
3. If sin A = , and < A < π. Find the values of the five other
4 2
trigonometric functions of ∠ A.

7 y
Solution: Sin A = . We define sin A = , and y = 7 , r = 4 and ∠ A
4 r
lies in QII. If Sin A and csc A are positive, then the five other
functions are negative.
Y

y= 7 r =4
X A
x

You need to find x:

r2 = x2 + y2
r2 – y2 = x2

12
 42 – ( 7 )2 = x2
16 – 7 = x2
9 = x2
9 = x2
-3 = x

The five other trigonometric functions are:

x 3 r 4 4 7 4 7
cos A = =- csc A = = = ⋅ =
r 4 y 7 7 7 7

y 7 r 4
tan A = =- sec A = = −
x 3 x 3

x 3 3 7 3 7
cot A = = − =− ⋅ =
y 7 7 7 7

8
4. If sec B = and 0 < B < 90, find the other trigonometric functions of ∠ B.
3
3
Solution: Since sec B and cos B are reciprocals, then cos B = .
8
x
We define cos B = , so x = 3 ; r = 8; B lies in QI, all the functions
r
have positive sign. Y

B
X
x =3

You need to solve for y:

r2 = x2 + y2
r2 – x2 = y2
82 – 32 = y2
64 - 9 = y2
55 = y2
55 = y

13
The trigonometric functions are:

y 55
sin B = =
r 8

y 55 3 3 55 3 55
tan B = = = = ⋅ =
x 3 55 55 55 55

x
cot B = = 3
y

r 8 8 55 8 55
csc B = = = ⋅ =
y 55 55 55 55

Try this out

A. Find the value of each of the remaining functions of the acute angle A :

5
1. If cos A = and Sin A < 0.
13

3 π
2. If sin A = and < A < π.
4 2

2
3. If sin A = and cos A > 0
3

2 3
4. If cos A = - and Tan A > 0
3

3
5. If tan A = - , and 270 < A< 360
4

14
 Let’s summarize
The six circular functions of an angle θ whose terminal point (x, y) is on
the unit circle:

1 Y
sin θ = y csc θ =
y P(x, y)
r =1

1 X θ
cos θ = x sec θ =
x

y x
tan θ = cot θ =
x y Unit Circle

The six trigonometric functions of ∠ A if the terminal side is not on the unit
circle:
Y
y r
sin A = csc A =
r y r y
X A
x r x
cos A = sec A =
r x

y x
tan A = cot A =
x y

15
 What have you learned
1 π
1. What is the value of y = cos x if x = .
2 2

Given the figure, find the value of r and the six trigonometric functions of ∠ A.
Y

X -7
A

-24 r

2. r
3. Sin A
4. Cos A
5. Tan A
6. Cot A
7. Csc A
8. Sec A

Sketch the figure and find the values of r and the other five trigonometric
4
functions of ∠ C if tan C = − and sin C > 0.
3
9. r
10. Sin C
11. Cos C
12. Cot C
13. Sec C
14. Csc C

16
 Answer key
How much do you know

1 5π
1. sol: y = 4 sin ( )
2 3
5π
y = 4 sin
6
1
y = 4( )
2
y =2

2. r = 13
12
3. sin A =
13
5
4. cos A = -
13
5
5. cot A = -
12
13
6. csc A =
12
12
7. tan A = -
5
13
8. sec A = -
5
9. r = 10
3
10. sin k = -
5
4
11. cos S =
5
4
12. cot S= -
3
13
13. csc S = -
12

17
 5
14. sec S =
4

Try this out

Lesson 1

3π 3π
1. a. sin = -1 d. csc = -1
2 2

3π 3π
b. cos =0 e. sec = undefined
2 2

3π 3π
c. tan = undefined f. cot =0
2 2

5π 1 5π
2. a. sin = d. csc =2
6 2 6

5π 3 5π 2 3
b. cos = − e. sec = −
6 2 6 3

5π 3 5π
c. tan = − f. cot = − 3
6 3 6

5π 3 5π 2 3
3. a. sin = − d. csc = −
3 2 3 3

5π 1 5π
b. cos = e. sec =2
3 2 3

5π 5π 3
c. tan = − 3 f. cot = −
3 3 3

1
4. y=-
13

1
a. sin A = - d. csc A = -13
13

18
 12 13
b. cos A = − e. sec A = −
13 12

1
c. tan A = f. cot A = 12
12

5. x = 0.8
5
a. sin A = -0.6 d. csc A = -
3

5
b. cos A = 0.8 e. sec A =
4

3 4
c. tan A = - f. cot A = -
4 3

Lesson 2

1. (-5, 7)
Y

7 r

X A
-5

Solve for r:
By Pythagorean Theorem

r2 = (x) 2 + (y)2
= (5) 2 + (7) 2
= 25 + 49
r = 74

7 74 7 5
a. Sin A = c. Tan A = - e. Cot A = -
74 5 7

− 5 74 74 74
b. Cos A = d. Sec A = f. Csc A =
74 5 7

19
2. (-8, -15)
Solve for r
Y
By Pythagorean Theorem:
r2 = (x) 2 + (y) 2
-8 = (-8) 2 + (-15) 2
X
A
= 64 + 225
-15 = 289
r = 17

15 17
Sin A = - Csc A = -
17 15
8 17
Cos A = - Sec A = -
17 8
15 8
Tan A = Cot A =
8 15

2. (24, - 7)

Y By Pythagorean Theorem:
r2 = x2 + y2
= (24) 2 + (-7) 2

X 24 = 576 + 49
A
-7 = 625
r = 25

7 25
Sin B = - Csc B = -
25 7
24 25
Cos B = Sec B =
25 24
7 24
Tan B = - Cot B = -
24 7

20
 3. (2, 3)
Y Solve for r:
By Pythagorean theorem:
3 r2 = x2 +y2
X A
2 = 22 + 32
=4+9
= 13
r = 13

3 13 13
Sin A = Csc A =
13 3
2 13 13
Cos A = Sec A =
13 2
3 2
Tan A = Cot A =
2 3

4. (-9, 40)
Solve for r
Y By Pythagorean Theorem
40 r2 = x2 + y2
= (-9) 2 + (40) 2
X A
-9 = 81 + 1600
= 1681
r = 41

40 41
Sin A = Csc A =
41 40
9 41
Cos A = - Sec A = -
41 9
40 91
Tan A = − Cot A = -
9 40

21
Lesson 3
5
1. Cos A = , If A is in Q IV
13

Solution: In Q IV the only positive functions are cos A and sec A .

Y
By Pythagorean Theorem:

X 5 x2 + y2 = r2
A
y2 = (13) 2 – (5) 2
13 y2 = 169 – 25
y2 = 144
y = 12

12 13
a. Sin A = - d. Csc A = -
13 12
12 5
b. Tan A = - e. Cot A = -
5 12
13
c. Sec A =
5

3
2. Sin A = , If A is in Q II
4

Solution: In Q II sin A and csc A are positive and the rest of the functions
are negative.
Y
By Pythagorean Theorem

x2 + y2 = r2 3 4
X A
x2 = r2 – y2
x2 = 42 – ( 3 ) 2
x2 = 16 – 3
x = + 13 , since A is in QII

x = - 13

22
 13 4 13
a. Cos A = - d. Sec A = -
4 13
39 39
b. Tan A = - e. Cot A = -
13 3
4 3
c. Csc A = -
3

2
3. Sin A = , Where A is in Q I
3

Solution: Since A is in Q I, all the functions are positive.

Y

3 2
X A

By Pythagorean Theorem
x2 + y2 = r2
x2 = (3)2 – (2)2
x2 = 9 – 4
x2 = 5
x = + 5 but A is in Q I then x =+ 5

5 3
a. Cos A = d. Csc A =
3 2
2 5 5
b. Tan A = e. Cot A =
5 2
3 5
c. Sec A =
5

23
 2 2
4. Cos A = - , A is in QIII
3

Solution: Since a is in QIII, tan and cot are the only positive and the rest are
negative.
Y

3
X
A
-2 2

By Pythagorean theorem
x2 + y2 = r2
y2 = (3)2 – ( 2 2 )2
=9–8
y=1

1 2 2
a. Sin A = - d. Sec A = -
3 3
2
a. Tan A = e. Cot A = 2 2
4
b. Csc A = -3

3
5. Tan A = - , A is in QIV
4

Solution: Since A is in QIV, cos and sec are the only positive and the rest are
negative.
Y
By Pythagorean Theorem

X 3
A
r2 = x2 + y2
-4 r2 = (4) 2 + (-3)2
= 16 + 9
= 25
r=5

24
 a. Sin A = -3/5 d. Csc A = -5/3

b. Cos A = 4/5 e. Sec A = 5/4

c. Cot A = -4/3

What have you learned

1. y = 0
2. r = 25
24
3. Sin A = -
25
75
4. Cos A = -
25
24
5. Tan A =
7
25
6. Csc A = -
24
25
7. Sec A = -
7
7
8. Cot A =
24
9. r = 5
4
10. Sin C = -
5
4
11. Tan C = -
3
3
12. Cot C = -
4
5
13. Sec C =
3
5
14. Csc C = -
4

25
 Module 4
Circular Functions and Trigonometry

What this module is about

This module is about the properties of the graphs of a circular functions.
You will learn how the graphs of circular function look like and how they behave
in the coordinate plane.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. describe the properties of the graphs of the functions:

• sine
• cosine
• tangent

2. graph the sine, cosine and tangent functions.

3. solve trigonometric equations.

How much do you know

1. What is The period of the sine function y = sin x?

π 3π
a. 2 π b. c. π d.
2 2

2. What is the amplitude of a cosine function y = cos x?

a. -2 b. -1 c. 2 d. 1

1 5π
3. What is the value of y = 4 sin x, if x = ?
2 3
 π
4. What is the value of y = 2 sin x, if x = ?
4

Given the following functions, identify the amplitude of :

5. y = 2 cos x
3
6. y = sin x
4
3
7. y = -2 sin x
2

Given the following functions, determine the period of:

1
8. y = 2 cos x
2
2
9. y = 4 sin x
3
1
10. y = sin x
5
11. Which of the following are zeros of y = tan Ө for the interval 0 ≤ Ө ≤ 2π?

π 3π
a. 0, π and 2π c. and
4 4

π 3π π 5π
b. and d. and
2 2 6 6

12. In which of the following intervals is the cosine function decreasing over the
interval [0, 2π]?

a. [0, π] c. [π, 2π]

 π  3π   π 3π 
b. 0,  and  , 2π  d.  , 
 2  2  2 2 

13. solve for the solution set of sin x – 1 = 0 in the interval 0 < θ < 2π.
 What you will do
Lesson 1

Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent

Circular functions can also be graphed just like the other functions you
have learned before. The difference is that the graphs of circular functions are
periodic. A function is said to be periodic if the dependent variable y takes on the
same values repeatedly as the independent variable x changes.

Observe the changes in the values of y = sin θ and y = cos θ for arc
lengths from -2π to 2π.

3π -π to - π 0 to - 0 to π π to 3π
- to 3π - to π π to 3π to
θ 2 2 2 2
-2π 2 -π 2 2 π 2 2π
sin θ 1 to 0 0 to 1 -1 to 0 0 to -1 0 to 1 1 to 0 0 to -1 -1 to 0

cos θ 0 to 1 -1 to 0 0 to -1 1 to 0 1 to 0 0 to -1 -1 to 0 0 to 1

Using the arc length, θ, as the independent variable and y = sin θ and y =
cos θ as the dependent variables, the graphs of the sine and cosine functions
can be drawn.

Below is the graph of y = sin θ for -2π ≤ θ ≤ 2π. This was done by plotting
the ordinates on the y-axis and the arc lengths on the x-axis.

Observe the properties of this graph.

Y
2
maximum
y = sin θ point
1
amplitude
0
-2π -π π π π 3π 2π
3π −
− 2 2
2 2
-1
period minimum
-2 point
 You can see that the graph is a curve. Call this the sine curve. Observe
that the graph contains a cycle. One complete cycle is the interval from -2π to 0
and another cycle is the interval from 0 to 2π. This is called the period of the
curve. Hence, the period of y = sin θ is 2π.

The amplitude of the graph of y = sin θ is 1. The amplitude is obtained by

getting the average of the maximum value and the minimum value of the
π   3π 
function. The maximum point is  ,1 and the minimum point is  ,−1 for the
2   2 
interval [0, 2π ] . The graph crosses the x-axis at (0, 0 ), (π, 0 ), and (2π, 0 ) for the
π
interval [0, 2π ] . Observe also that the sine graph is increasing from 0 to and
2
3π π 3π
from to 2π, and decreasing from to for the interval [0, 2π].
2 2 2

The Graph of Cosine Function

The graph of y = cos θ can be constructed in the same manner as the

graph of y = sin θ, that is, by plotting the abscissa along the y-axis and the arc
lengths along the x-axis. Observe the properties of the graph of y = cos θ for the
interval -2π ≤ θ ≤ 2π shown below.

Y
2
y = cos θ
1

-2π 3π -π π 0 π
π 3π
−
2 − 2 2 2π
2
-1

-2

You will observe that just like the graph of y = sin θ, it is also a curve. It
also has a period of 2π and amplitude 1. For the interval [0, 2π], the minimum
point is (π, -1), maximum points are (0, 1) and (2π, 1) and the graph crosses the
 π   3π 
x-axis at  , 0  and  , 0  . The graph is decreasing from 0 to π and
2   2 
increasing from π to 2π over the interval [0, 2π].

The Graph of the Tangent Function

The graph of y = tan θ can be drawn in the same manner that the graphs
of the sine and cosine functions. The value of the tangent of an angle is plotted
along the y-axis and the arc lengths on the x-axis. Observe that the tangent of
π
the odd multiples of (90o) are not defined so that the graph is discontinuous at
2
those values. These are denoted by the broken lines (called asymptotes) that
separate one complete cycle from the others. Thus, the domain of these function
π
exclude all odd multiples of while the range is the set of real numbers.
2
Y

− 32π 0 π 3π 2π
- 52π - 2π -π − π2 π
2
2
5π
2

Notice that the period of the graph of the tangent function is π. This is shown
 π π
by a complete curve in the interval − ,  . See that the other curves are
 2 2
repetitions of the curve for the given interval. The graph of the tangent function is
also said to be an odd function and that the graph is symmetrical with respect to
the origin.

You will also see from the graph that it is an increasing function for the
different sets of intervals.

Try this out

A. Refer to the graph of the y = sin θ to answer the following.

1. What is the domain of the sine function?

 2. What is its range?
3. Give the intercepts of y = sin θ for the interval [-2π, 0]
4. Determine the interval where the graph of y = sin θ is (a) increasing, (b)
decreasing for the interval [-2π, 0].

B. Refer to the graph of y = cos θ to answer the following.

1. What is the domain of the cosine function?

2. What is its range?
3. Give the intercepts of y = cos θ for the interval [-2π, 0]
4. Determine the interval where the graph of y = cos θ is (a) increasing, (b)
decreasing for the interval [-2π, 0].

C. Refer to the graph of y = tan θ

1. What is the domain of the graph of y = tan θ?

2. What is its range?
3. At what values of θ in the graph is tangent not defined?
4. Give the vertical asymptotes of the graph?
5. What are the zeros of y = tan θ?

Lesson 2

Properties of Sine and Cosine functions

The two properties of Sine and Cosine functions are amplitude and a
period of a function. This can be determined from a given equations. The
function in the form of y = a sin bx and y a cos bx, the amplitude is /a/ and the
2π
period is .
b

Examples:

Determine the amplitude and the period of the given function:

1. y = 3 sin 2x

Solution:
 a = 3; b=2

a. amplitude is = / a /
=/3/
=3

2π
b. period is P =
b
2π
=
2
=π

1
2. y = cos x
2

Solution:

1
a= ; b=1
2

a. amplitude is = /a/
1
=/ /
2
1
=
2

2π
b. period is P =
b
2π
=
1
= 2π

3. y = -3 sin 4x

Solution:

a = -3; b = 4

a. amplitude is = /a /
 = /-3/
=3

2π
b. period is P =
b
2π
=
4
π
=
2

4. y = cos 4x

Solution:

a = 1; b = 4

a. amplitude is = /a /
= /1/
=1

2π
b. period is P =
b
2π
=
4
π
=
2

2
5. y = - sin x
3

Solution:

2
a=- ; b=1
3

a. amplitude is = /a/
2
= /- /
3
 2
=
3

2π
b. period is P =
b
2π
=
1
= 2π

Try this out

A. Determine the amplitude of the following functions.

1. y = 3 sin x
1
2. y = 2 sin x
2
3
3. y = cos 2x
2
4. y = -2 cos 2x
5. y = cos 4 x
6. y = 2 sin 2x
1
7. y = sin x
2
3 1
8. y = sin x
4 2
9. y = -4 sin 3x
3
10. y = -2 sin x
2

B. Determine the period of the following functions.

2
1. y = 6 sin x
3
2. y = 5 sinx
1
3. y = 4 sin x
2
 1 3
4. y = - cos x
2 4
1
5. y = 3 cos x
2
6. y = cos 3x
2
7. y = -3 sin x
3
8. y = -6 sin 2x
1
9. y = 2 sin x
5
10. y = sin 4x

Lesson 3

Trigonometric Equations

In this section we will solve trigonometric equations using your knowledge

in solving algebraic equations. We will also find values which are true for the
domain of the variables under some given conditions.

Examples:

1. Find θ in 3 cos θ - 2 = 0 in the interval 0 < θ < 2π.

Solution:

2cos θ - 3 =0

2cos θ = 3

3
cos θ =
2

π
θ = the reference angle
6

π 11π
In the interval 0 < θ < 2π, θ = , .
6 6
Since the cosine function has a period of 2π, we can obtain the general solution
by adding multiple of 2π. We have,

π 11π
θ= + 2nπ , + 2nπ , where n is an int eger.
6 6

or θ = 30o + 360on, 330o + 360on wnere n is an integer.

2. sec x = - 2 in the interval 0 < θ < 2π.

Solution:

sec x = - 2

1
Since sec x is , then
cos x

1
cos x = -
2

1 2
= ⋅
2 2

2
cos x = -
2

π
x= the reference angle
4

3π
Since x is in the interval interval 0 < x < 2π and cos x is negative, then x =
4
5π
and .
4

3. Determine the solution set of tan2 θ = tan θ in the interval 0 < θ < 2π.

Solution:

tan2 θ = tan θ

tan2 θ - tan θ = 0
 tan θ ( tan θ - 1) = 0

tan θ = 0 tan θ - 1 = 0

tan θ = 1
π 5π
θ = 0, π θ = ,
4 4

π 5π
The solution of the tan2 θ = tan is {0, , π, }
4 4

4. Determine the solution set of sin 2x = 0 in the interval 0 < x < 2π.

Solution:

cos 2x = 0

Since 0 < x < 2π then 0 < 2x < 4π.

.
π 3π 5π 7π
Then 2x = , , ,
2 2 2 2

π 3π 5π 7π
and x = , , ,
4 4 4 4

π 3π 5π 7π
The solution set of the given equation is { , , , }.
4 4 4 4

Try this out

Determine the solution of the following equation in the interval 0 < x < 2π.

1. tan x sin x = 0

2. 2 cos2x + cos x = 0

3. 2 sin2 x + 5 cos x – 3 = 0

4. tan 2x = 1

5. 4 sin2 x = 3
 6. cot 2 x – 1 = 0

7. 4sinx cos x = - 3

8. 3 cos x = -6

9. cot2 x – 1 = 0

10. (cos x – 1) (cos x + 1) = 0

Let’s Summarize

1. The graph of the sine function is periodic. The period is 2π. Its domain is the
set of real number and range is [-1, 1]. Its amplitude is 1 and the curve
π
crosses the x-axis at the odd multiples of 2 . It has a maximum value 1 and a
 π  3π 
minimum value -1. The graph is increasing in the interval 0,  and  ,2π 
 2  2 
π 3π 
while decreasing in the interval  ,  over the period 2π.
2 2 

2. The graph of the cosine function is periodic with a period 2π. Its domain is the
set of real number and range is [-1, 1]. Its amplitude is 1 and the curve
crosses the x-axis at the multiples of π. It has a maximum value 1 and a
minimum value -1. The graph is increasing in the interval [π, 2π] while
decreasing over the interval [0, π].

3. The graph of the tangent function is periodic with a period π. Its domain is the
π
set of real numbers except the odd multiples of 2 where tangent is undefined.
The range is the set of real numbers. It is an odd function and has vertical
π
asymptotes at odd multiples of 2 .

4. The function in the form of y = a sin bx and y a cos bx, the amplitude is /a/
2π
and the period is .
b
 What have you learned
Given the following function, identify the amplitude of:

1
1. y = cos x
2

2. y = 4 cos x

3. y = sin 4x

Determine the period of the following functions.

4. y = 3 sin x

5. y = cos x

6. y = 4 sin 4x

1 1
7. What is the value of y = cos x if x =
2 2

7π
8. What is the value of y = 3 tan 2x , it x = .
6

9. The period of the tangent function is

a. 2 π c. π

π 3π
b. d.
2 2
.
10. What is the amplitude of the sine function?

a. 1 c. 2

b. -1 d. -2
 11. Which of the following are zeros of y = cos Ө for the interval 0 ≤ Ө ≤ 2π?

π 3π
a. 0, π and 2π c. and
4 4

π 3π π 5π
b. and d. and
2 2 6 6

12. which of the intervals is the sine function increasing over the period of 2π?

a. [0, π] c. [π, 2π]

 π  3π   π 3π 
b. 0,  and  , 2π  d.  , 
 2  2  2 2 

1
13. Determine the solution of sin x = 0 in the interval 0 ≤ Ө ≤ 2π.
3
 Answer Key
How much do you know

1. a
2. d
3. y = 2
4. 2
5. 2
3
6.
4
7. -2
8. 4π
9. 3π
10. 10π

11. a

12. a

π
13.
2

Try this out

Lesson 1

A. 1. Real Numbers
2. [-1, 1]
3. 0, -π, -2π
4. increasing: [− 2π,− 32π ] , [− π2 ,0]

decreasing: [− 3π π
,−
2 2
]
B. 1. Real Numbers
2. [-1, 1]
 3. − 2 , - 2
π 3π

4. increasing: [π, 0]
decreasing: [-2π, -π]

π
C. 1. Real numbers except the odd multiples of
2
2. Real Numbers
π π 3π
3. all odd multiples of ; ± ,±
2 2 2

π π 3π
4. all odd multiples of ; ± ,±
2 2 2
5. -2π, - π, 0, π, 2 π

Lesson 2

A.
1. amplitude : 3
2. amplitude 2
3
3. amplitude:
2
4. amplitude: 2
5 amplitude: 1
6. amplitude: 2
1
7. amplitude:
2
3
8. amplitude:
4
9. amplitude: 4
10. amplitude: 2

B.
1. Period: 3π
2. Period: 2π
3. Period 4π
8π
4. Period:
3
 5. Period : 4π
2π
6. Period :
3
7 Period : 3π
8. Period: π
9. Period: 10π
π
10. Period:
2

Lesson 3

1. tan x sin x = 0

Solution:

tan x sin x = 0

tan x = 0 sin x = 0

x = π, 2π, x = π, 2π

The solution set of tan x sin x = 0 is π and 2π.

2. 2 cos2 x + cos x = 0

Solution:

2 cos2 x + cos x = 0

cos x(2 cos x – 1) = 0

cos x = 0 2 cos x – 1 = 0

π 3π 1
x= , cos x =
2 2 2

π 5π
x= ,
3 3

π π 3π 5π
The solution of 2 cos2 x + cos x = 0 is { , , , }.
2 3 2 3
3. 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0

Solution:

2 sin2 x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0

(2 sin x – 1)( sin x + 3) = 0

2 sin x – 1 = 0 sin x + 3 = 0

2 sin x = 1 sin x = -3
x = no solution
1
sin x =
2

π 5π
x= ,
6 6

4. tan 2x = 1

Solution:

tan 2x = 1

0 < 2x < 4π 0 < x < 2π

π 5π π 5π
2x = , x= ,
4 4 8 8

π 5π
The solution set is , .
8 8

5. 4 sin2 x = 3

Solution:

4 sin2 x = 3

3
sin2 x =
4

3
sin x =
2
 π 2π
x= ,
3 3

π 2π
The solution set is { , }.
3 3

6. cot2 x – 1 = 0

Solution:

cot2 x – 1 = 0

(cot x – 1)(cot x + 1) = 0

cot x – 1 = 0 cot x + 1 = 0

cot x = 1 cot x = -1

π 5π 3π 7π
x= , x= ,
4 4 4 4

π 3π 5π 7π
The solution set is { , , , }
4 4 4 4

7. 2 cos x - 3 =0

Solution:

2 cos x - 3 =0

2 cos x = 3

3
cos x =
2

π 11π
x= ,
6 6

π 11π
The solution is { , }
6 6
8. 3 cos x = -6

Solution:

3 cos x = -6

cos x = -2

No solution, because all values of cos x are between 1 and -1.

9. 4 cos2 x = 1

Solution:

4 cos2 x = 1

1
cos2 x =
4

1
cos x =
2

π 5π
x= ,
3 3

π 5π
The solution set is { , }
3 3

10. (cos x – 1) (cos x + 1) = 0

Solution:

(cos x – 1) (cos x + 1) = 0

cos x – 1 = 0 cos x + 1 = 0

cos x = 1 cos x = -1

x = 0, 2π x=π

The solution set is {0, π, 2π}

What have you learned

1
1.
2
2. 4
3. 1
4. 2π
5. 2π
π
6.
2
7. 0
8. 3 3
9. c
10. 1

11. a

12. b

π 2π
13. { , }
3 3
 Module 4
Circular Functions

What this module is about

This module will teach you about graphical representation of trigonometric
functions how this function behave when plotted in a rectangular coordinate
system and what shape will it be form. You will also learn to define and find
the values of the six trigonometric functions of an acute angle which is in the
standard position.

What are you expected to learn

This module is designed for you to :

1. Describe the properties of sine and cosine function

2. Draw the graph of sine and cosine function
3. Define the six trigonometric functions of an angle in standard position
whose terminal point is not on the unit circle
4. Find the values of six trigonometric functions of an angle , given some
conditions.

How much do you know

Given the following functions, identify the amplitude of :

1. y = 2 cos x
2. y = ¾ sin x
3. y = -2 sin 3/2 x

Given the following functions, determine the period of:

4. y = 2 cos ½ x
5. y = 4 sin 2/3 x
6. y = sin 1/5 x
7. What is the value of y = 4 sin ½ x, if x = 5π/3 ?
Given the figure, find the values of the radius and the six trigonometric functions.

12

-5

8. r =

9. Sin A =

10. Cos A =

11. Tan A =

12. Cot A =

13. Csc A =

14. Sec A=

Find the values of the other five trigonometric function for /S if Tan S = -6/8,
Sin S < 0

15. r =

16. Sin S =

17. Cos S =

18. Cot S =

19. Csc S =

20. Sec S =
What you will do

Lesson 1

Describe the properties of Sine and Cosine functions

Two properties of Sine and Cosine functions are amplitude and a period of
a function. The function in the form of y = a sin bx, the amplitude is a of the
function which is the maximum point of the graph and the period is 2π/b where
the graph repeat the cycle.

Example : Determine the amplitude and the period of the given function:

1. y = 3 sin 2x
Solution:
a = 3; b = 2
a. amplitude is a = / a / = /3/ = 3
b. period is P = 2π/b
= 2π /2 = π

2. y = ½ cos x
Solution:
a = ½; b = 1
a. amplitude is a = /a/ = /1/2 / = ½
b. period is P = 2π /b
= 2π/1 = 2π

3. y = -3 sin 4x
Solution:
a = -3; b = 4
a. amplitude is a = /a / = /-3/ = 3
b. period is P = 2π/ b
= 2π/ 4 = π/2

4. y = cos 4x
Solution:
a = 1; b = 4
a. amplitude is a = /a / = /1/ = 1
b. period is P = 2π/b
= 2π/4 = π/2

5. y = -2/3 sin x
Solution:
 a = -2/3; b = 1
a. amplitude is a = /a/ = /-2/3/ = 2/3
b. period is P = 2π/b
= 2π/1 = 2π

Try this out

A. Determine the amplitude of the following functions.

1. y = 3 sin x
2. y = 2 sin 1/2x
3. y = 3/2 cos 2x
4. y = -2 c0s 2x
5. y = cos 4 x
6. y = 2 sin 2x
7. y = ½ sin x
8. y = ¾ sin ½ x
9. y = -4 sin 3x
10. y = -2 sin 3/2 x

B. Determine the period of the following functions.

1. y = 6 sin 2/3x
2. y = 5 sinx
3. y = 4 sin 1/2x
4. y = -1/2 cos 3/4x
5. y = 3 cos 1/2x
6. y = cos 3x
7. y = -3 sin 2/3x
8. y = -6 sin 2x
9. y = 2 sin 1/5x
10. y = sin 4x

Lesson 2

Draw the graph of Sine and Cosine functions where 0< A <2π

To graph the sine or cosine function as y = sin x, where x represents the

abscissa or the x-coordinate of a point while y represents the ordinate or the y-
coordinate of a point. Start by constructing table of values assigning values of x
a set of real numbers or angles in degrees and then solve for y. Then mark
these points on the rectangular coordinate system following the table of values
and connect forming a smooth curve.

Example 1: Construct table of values and draw the graph of y = sin x ,

0 < x < 2π.
(note: use your scientific calculator to lessen difficulty in computation.)
 Solution:
a = 1; b = 1
a. amplitude is a = /a/ = /1/ = 1
b. period is P = 2π/b = 2π/1 = 2π

Table of values

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

Y 0 √2/2 1 √2/2 0 -√2/2 -1 -√2/2 0

The graph of Y = sin x

0 π π 3π 2π
2 2

Example 2: Construct table of values and draw the graph of y = cos x ,

0 < x < 2π.

Table of values

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

Y 1 √2/2 0 √2/2 -1 -√2/2 0 √2/2 1

Graph of y = cos x

0 π π 3π 2π
3 2
Example 3: Construct table of values and draw the graph of y = 3 sin x , where
o < x < 2π
Solution: a = 3; b = 1
a. amplitude is a = /a/ = /3/ = 3
b. period is P = 2π/b = 2π/1 = 2π

Table of values

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

Y = 3sin x 0 2.12 3 2.12 0 -2.12 -3 -2.12 0

Solutions in finding values of y:

a. If x = 0 b. If x = π/4 c. If x = π/2 d. If x =3π/4
y = 3 sin 0 y = 3 sin π/4 y = 3 sin π/2 y = 3 sin 3π/4
y = 3 (0) y = 3 (√2/2) y = 3 (1) y = 3 sin (√2/2)
y=0 y = 2.12 y=3 y = 2.12

e.if x =π f. x = 5π/4 g. if x = 3π/2 h. if x = 7π/4

y = 3 sin π y = 3 sin 5π/4 y = 3 sin 3π/2 y = 3 sin 7π/4
y = 3 (0) y = 3 (-√2/2) y = 3 (-1) y = 3 (-√2/2)
y= 0 y = -2.12 y = -3 y = -2.12

i.If x = 2π
y = 3 sin 2π
y = 3 (0)
y=0

Graph of y = 3 sin x

0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

Notice that the height of the graph shifted 3 units

 compared to the graph of y = sin x in example 1 but their period
remain the same.

Example 4: y = 3 cos x , 0< x < 2π

Solution:
A = 3 ; b= 1
a. amplitude is a = /a/ = /3/ = 3
b. period is P = 2π/b = 2π/1 = 2π

Table of values

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

Y =3 cosx 3 2.12 0 -2.12 -3 -2.12 0 2.12 3

Solutions in finding values of y :

a. If x = 0 b. If x = π/4 c. If x = π/2 d. If x = 3π/4
Y =3 cos0 y = 3 cos π/4 y = 3 cos π/2 y = 3 cos 3π/4
Y = 3 (1) y = 3(√3/2) y = 3 (0) y = 3 (-√2/2)
Y=3 y = 3 √2/2 y =0 y = -2.12
e. If x = π f. If x = 5π/4 g. If x = 3π/2 h. If x = 7π/4
y = 3 cos π y = 3 cos 5π/4 y = 3 cos 3π/2 y = 3 cos 7π/4
y = 3 (-1) y = 3 (-√2/2) y = 3 (0) y = 3 (√3/2)
y = -3 y = -2.12 y=0 y = 2.12

i. If x = 2π
y = 3 cos 2π
y = 3 (1)
y=3
Graph of y = 3 cos x

0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1

-2
 -3

Looking at the graph the amplitude shifted 3 units as compared

to the graph of y = cos x but their period remained
unchanged.

Try this out

1. Construct the table of values and draw the graph of y = ½ cos x, where
0 < x < 2π

Table of values

Graph of y = ½ cos x

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

y = ½ cos x

π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

2. Construct the table of values and draw the graph of y = 4 sin ½ x,

where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
Table of values

x 0 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

y = 4 sin 1/2x
 Graph of y = 4 sin ½ x

π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

3. Construct the table of values and draw the graph of y = 2/3 cos x,
where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

Table of values

x 0 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

y = 2 cos 1/2x
Graphs of y = 2 cos 1/2 x

.5

.5 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

4. Construct the table of values and draw the graph of y = 2 cos 1/2x,
where 0 < x < 2π.
 Table of values

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

y = 2/3 cos x

Graph of y = 2 cos ½ x

0 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

5. Construct the table of values and draw the graph of y = 3/4 sin 1/2x,
where 0 < x < 2π

Table of values

x 0 π/3 π/2 3π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

y = ¾ sin 1/2x

Graph of y = ¾ sin ½ x

0 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

 Lesson 3

Define the six trigonometric function of an angle in standard position where the
terminal point is not on the unit circle.

Recall trigonometric functions of unit circle as:

Sin A = y
Cos A = x
Tan A = y/x
The three other functions are:
Secant of A : Sec A = 1/x
Cosecant of A : Csc A = 1/y
Cotangent of A : Csc A = x/y Unit circle

The trigonometric functions of /A if the terminal side of A is not within the

unit circle , the function are defined as:
Sin A = y/r
Cos A = x/r
Tan A = y/x
Sec A = r/x
Csc A = r/y
Cot A = x/y

Example !: Find the ratios of the functions of /A in standard position if

coordinates of P(5,12) lies on its terminal side.

Solution:
x = 5 ; y = 12

r = y = 12

A
x=5

You need to find r :

Using Pythagorean Theorem

r = √ x2 + y2
= √ 52 + 122
= √ 25 + 144
 = √ 169
r = 13

The ratio of the functions are :

Sin A = y/r = 12/13
Cos A = x/r = 5/13
Tan A = y/x = 12/5
Sec A = r/x = 13/5
Csc A = r/y = 13/12
Cot A = x/y = 5/12

Example 2: If P(-4,5) find the values of radius and six trigonometric function for
angle A .

Solution: x = -4 ; y = 3
Figure

y=3 r

x = -4

You need to find r:

By Pythagorean Theorem

r = √ x2 + y2
= √ -42 + 32
= √ 16 + 9
= √ 25
r = 5

The ratio of six functions are:

Sin A =y/r = 3/5
Cos A = x/r = -4/5
Tan A = y/x = 5/-4
Cot A = x/y = -4/5
Csc A = r/y = 5/3
Sec A = r/x = 5/-4

Example 3: If P(-1,-7) find the values of radius and six trigonometric function for
angle A .
 Solution: x = -1 ; y = -7
Figure:

x =-1

y = -7 r

Solve for r:
By Pythagorean Theorem

r = √ x2 + y2
= √ -12 + -72
= √ 1 + 49
= √ 50
= √ (25)(2)
r = 5√ 2
The ratios of the six functions are:
Sin A = y/r = -7
5√ 2
= -7 (5√ 2)
(5√ 2) (5√ 2)
= -7√ 2
10
Cos A = y/r = -1
5√ 2
= -1 ((5√ 2)
(5√ 2) (5√ 2)

= -√ 2
10
Tan A = y/x = -7
 -1
= 7

Sec A = r/x = 5√ 2
-1
= -5√ 2
Csc A = r /y = 5√ 2
-7
Coy A = x/y = -1
-7
=1
7

Example 4: If P(8,-10) find the values of radius and six trigonometric function for
angle A .
.
Solution: x = 8 ; y = -10

Figure:

X=8

r y = -10

Solve for r:
Using Pythagorean Theorem
r = √ x2 + y2
= √ 82 +( -10) 2
= √ 64 + 100
= √ 164
= √ (4)(41)
r = 2√ 41
The ratios of six functions are:
Sin A = y/r = -10
2√ 41
 = -10 (2√ 41) rationalize
(2√ 41) (2√ 41)
= 10 (2√ 41)
4(41)
= - 5√ 41
4
Cos A = x/r = 8
2√ 41
= 8 (2√ 41)
( 2√ 41)(2√ 41) rationalize
= 8(2√ 41)
4(41)
= 4√ 41
41
Tan A = y/x = 8
-10
= -4/5
Sec A = r/x = 2√ 41
8
= √ 41
4
Csc A = r/y = 2√ 41
-10

= -√ 41
5

Try this out:

Sketch the figure then find the value of r and six trigonometric functions
given are the coordinates of the terminal point:

1. (-5, 7) Draw the figure

Find:
r=

a. Sin A = d. Csc A =
 b. Cos A = e. Sec A =

c. Tan A = f. Cot A =

2. (-8, -15) Draw the figure.

Find :
r=

a. Sin A = d. Csc A =

b. Cos A = e. Sec A =

c. Tan A = f. Cot A =

3. (24, - 7) Draw the figure

Find:
r=

a. Sin B = d. Csc B =

b. Cos B = e. Sec B =

c. Tan B = d. Cot B =

4. (2, 3)
Find:
r= Draw the figure

a. Sin A = d. Csc A =

b. Cos A = e. Sec A =

c. Tan A = f. Cot A =

5. (-9, 40)
Find: Draw the figure
r=

a. Sin A = d. Csc A =

b. Cos A = e. Sec A =

c. Tan A = f. Cot A =
 Lesson 4

Find the values of six trigonometric functions for /A given some conditions

You can determine five other trigonometric functions if one function is

given.

Example 1. if sin A = 4/5, A is not in QI find the other function values for A.

Solution: Since sin function is positive in QI & II and /A is not in QI as

stated in the given , so /A is in QII. Consider the
algebraic sign of five other functions in QII.
Since Sin A = y/r and y = 4; r = 5
Solve for x

Figure

4 5

Find x using Pythagorean theorem

r2 = x2 + y2
r2 - y2 = x2
52 -42 = x2
25 –16 = x
9 = x2
+3 = x
since A is in QII the value of x =-3

Now the ratios are:

Cos A = -3/5 Csc A = 5/4

Tan A = -4/3 Sec A = -5/3
Cot A = -3/4

Example 2. Tan A = √3/3, cos A < 0 and sin A <0 , find values of five other
trigonometric function for / A.
 Solution: Terminal point lies in quadrant III. Let us consider the algebraic sign
of the function in QIII. Tan and Cot are the only positive function
while the rest are negative .
Tan A = y/x
y = -√3 ; x = -3

Figure

X = -3

-√3 = y

Solve for r:
By Pythagorean theorem
r2 = x2 + y2
r2 = - 32 +(-√3)2
r2 = 9 + 3
r2 = 12
r = 2√3

The function ratios are:

1. Sin A = - ½ 4. Sec A = -2√3/3
2. Cos A = - √3/2 5. Cot A = √3
3.Csc A = -2

Example 3: If sin A = √7/4 , and π/2 < A < π. Find the values of five other
trigonometric functions for A.
Solution: Sin A = √7/4 and we define sin A = y/r
y = √7; r = 4 and A lies in QII , sin A and csc A are positive while
five other function are negative.
.
Figure

r=4

y =√7

You need to find x

r2 = x2 + y2
r2 –y2 = x2
42 - √72 = x2
42- √72 = x2
16 – 7 = x2
9 = x2
-3 = x

Trigonometric ratios are:

cos A = x /r = -3/ 4

Tan A = y/x =- √7/3

Csc A = r/y = 4 = 4√7 rationalize

√7 (√7)(√7)

= 4√7
7
Sec A = r/x = 4/-3

Cot A = x/ y = -3
√7

Example 4: If Sec B = 8/3 and 0 < B < 90, find the other function values for B.

Solution: Since sec B and cos B are reciprocals cos B = 3/8

We define cos B = x/r, so x = 3 ; r = 8; B lies in QI, all the functions
have positive sign.

Figure

X =3

You need to solve for y

r2 = x2 + y2
r2 – x2 = y2
82 – 32 = y2
64 - 9 = y2
55 = y2
 √55 = y
Trigonometric ratios are:

Sin B = y/r = √55/8

Tan B = y/x = √55/3

Csc B = r/y = 8 = 8√55 rationalize

√55 (√55)(√55)

= 8√55
55

Cot B = x/y = 3 = 3√55 rationalize

√55 (√55)(√55)

= 3√55
55

Try this out

A. Find the value of each of the remaining functions of the acute angle A :

1.If Cos A = 5/13 and Sin A < 0

Find: Figure
y =
a. Sin A = d. Csc A =

b. Tan A = e. Cot A =

c. Sec A =

2. IF Sin A = √3/4 and π/2 < A <π Figure

Find:
x=

a Cos A = d. Sec A =

b. Tan A = e. Cot A =

c. Csc A =

3. If Sin A = 2/3 and cos A > 0 Figure

Find: .
x =
 a. Cos A = d. Csc A =

b. Tan A = e. CoT A =

c. Sec A =

4. If Cos A = -2√2/3 and Tan A > 0 Figure

Find:
y=

a. Sin A = d. Sec A =

b. Tan A = e. Cot A =

c. Csc A =

5. If Tan A = -3/4 ,270 < A< 360 Figure

Find:
r=

a. Sin A = d. Csc A =

b. Cos A = e. Sec A =

c. Cot A =

What have you learned

Given the following function, identify the amplitude of:

1. y = ½ cos x
2. y = 4 cos x
3. y = sin 4x

Determine the period of the following functions.

4. y = 3 sin x

5. y = cos x

6. y = 4 sin 4x

7. What is the value of y = ½ cos x if x = π/2

Given the figure, find the value of r and the six trigonometric functions.

-7
A

-24 r

8.r =

9. sin A =

10. Cos A =

11. Tan A =

12. Cot A =

13 .Csc A =

14.sec A =

Sketch the figure, find the values of r and 5 other trigonometric functions for /C if
Tan C = -4/3 and Sin C > 0.

15. r =
16. sin C =
17. Cos C =
18. Cot C=
19. Sec C =
20. Csc C =
Answer key

How much do you know

1. y =2
2. y = ¾
3. y = -2
4. 4π
5. 3π
6. 10π
7. sol: y = 4 sin ½(5π/3)
y = 4 sin 5π/6
y = 4(½)
y =2
8. r = 13
9. sin A = 12/13
10. Cos A = -5/13
11. Cot A = -5/12
12. Csc A = 13/12
13. Tan A = -12/5
14. Sec A = -13/5
15. r = 10
16. Sin k = -3/5
17. Cos S = 4/5
18. Cot S= -4/3
19. Csc S = -13/12
20. Sec S = 5/4
Try this out

Lesson 1
A.
1. amplitude : 3
2. amplitude 2
3. amplitude: 3/2
4. amplitude: 2
5 amplitude: 1
6. amplitude: 2
7. amplitude: ½
8. amplitude: ¾
9. amplitude: 4
10. amplitude: 2

B.
1. Period: 3π
2. Period: 2π
3. Period 4π
 4. Period: 8π/3
5. Period : 4π
6. Period : 2π/3
7 Period : 3π
8. Period: π
9. Period: 10π
10. Period: π/2

Lesson 2.
1. Table of values

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

Y =1/2 cos x .5 .4 0 -.4 -.5 -.4 0 .4 .5

Solution:
a. If x = 0 b. If x = π/4 c. If x = π/2 d. If x = 3π/4
y = ½ cos 0 y = ½ cos π/4 y = ½ cos π/2 y = ½ cos 3π/4
y = ½ (1) y = ½ (√2/2) y = ½ (0) y = ½ (-√2/2)
y = .5 y = .4 y=0 y = -.4

e. If x = π f. If x = 5π/4 g. If x = 3π/2 h. If x = 7π/4

y = ½ cos π y = ½ cos 5π/4 y = ½ cos 3π/2 y = ½ cos 7π/4
y = ½ (-1) y = ½ (-√2/2) y = ½ ( 0) y = ½ (√2/2)
y = -.5 y = -.4 y=0 y = .4
i. If x = 2π
y = ½ cos 2π
y = ½ (1)
y = .5

Graph of y = ½ cos x

π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

4. y = 4 sin ½ x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
 Table of Values:

x 0 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

y = 4 sin 1/2x 0 2 2.83 3.46 4 3.46 2.83 2 0

Solution:
a. If x = 0 b. If x = π/3 c. If x = π/2
y = 4 sin ½(0) y = 4 sin ½ (π/3) y = 4 sin ½ (π/2)
y = 4 sin 0 y = 4 sin (π/6) y = 4 sin (π/4)
y = 4 (0) y = 4 (1/2) y = 4 (√2/2)
y=0 y=2 y = 2.83

a. If x = 2π/3 e. If x = π f. If x = 4π/3
y = 4 sin ½(2π/3) y = 4sin ½(π) y = 4 sin ½(4π/3)
y = 4 sin π/3 y = 4(1) y = 4 sin 4π/6
y = 4(√3/2) y=4 y = 4 sin 2π/3
y = 2√3 = 3.46 y = 3.46
g. If x = 3π/2 h. If x = 5π/3 i. If x = 2π
y = 4 sin ½ (3π/2) y = 4 sin ½ (5π/3) y = 4 sin ½(2π)
y = 4 sin 3π/4 y = 4(5π/6) y = 4 sin π
y = 4 (-√2/2) y = 4(½) y = 4(0)
y = 2.83 y=2 y=0

Graph of y = 4 sin ½ x

π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

3. y = 2/3 cos x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

Table of values:
 x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

y = 2/3 cos x .7 .47 0 -.47 -.7 -.47 0 .47 .7

Solution:
a. If x = 0 b. If x = π/4 c. If x = π/2 d. If x = 3π/4
y = 2/3 cos 0 y = 2/3 cos π/4 y = 2/3 cos π/2 y = 2/3 cos 3π/4
y = 2/3 (1) y = 2/3 (√2/2) y = 2/3 (0) y = 2/3 (-√2/2)
y = .7 y = .47 y=0 y = -.47

f.) If x = π g. If x = 5π/4 h. If x = 3π/2 i. If x = 7π/4

y = 2/3 cos π y = 2/3 cos 5π/4 y = 2/3 cos 3π/2 y = 2/3 cos 7π/4
y = 2/3 (-1) y = 2/3 (-√2/2) y = 2/3 (0) y = 2/3 (√2/2)
y = -.7 y = -.47 y=0 y = .47

j. If x = 2π
y = 2/3 cos 2π
y = 2/3 (1)
y = .7

Graphs of y = 2/3 cos x

.5

.5 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/2 2π

4.y = 2 cos 1/2x where 0 < x < 2π

Table of values:

x 0 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

y = 2 cos1/2 x 2 √3 √2 1 0 1 -√2 -√3 -2

Solution:
a. x = 0 b. x = π/3 c. x = π/2 d. x = 2π/3
y = 2 cos ½(0) y = 2 cos ½(π/3) y = 2 cos ½(π/2) y = 2 cos ½(2π/3)
y = 2 Cos 0 y = 2 cos π/6 y = 2 cos π/4 y = 2 cos 2π/6
y = 2(1) y = 2(√3/2) y = 2(√2/2) y = 2 cos π/3
y=2 y = √3 y = √2 y = 2(½)
y=1
e. x = π f. x = 4π/3 g. x = 3π/2 h. x = 5π/3
y = 2 cos ½(π) y = 2 cos ½(4π/3) y = 2 cos ½(3π/2) y = 2 cos ½(5π/3)
y = 2 cos π/2 y = 2 cos 4π/6 y = 2 cos 3π/4 y = 2 cos 5π/6
y = 2(0) y = 2 cos 2π/3 y = 2(√2/2) y = 2(√3/2)
y=0 y = 2(½) y = -√2 y = -√3
y=1
i. x = 2π
y = 2 cos ½(2π)
y = 2 cos π
y = 2(-1)
y = -2
5. y = ¾ sin ½ x

Table of values

x 0 π/3 π/2 2π/3 π 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 2π

y = ¾ sin ½ x 0 3/8 3√2/8 3√3/8 ¾ 3√3/8 3√2/8 3/8 0

Solution:
a. x = 0 b. x = π/3 c. x = π/2 d. x = 2π/3
y = ¾ sin ½(0) y = ¾ sin ½(π/3) y = ¾ sin ½(π/2) y = ¾ sin ½(2π/3)
y = ¾ sin 0 y = ¾ sin π/6 y = ¾ sin π/4 y = ¾ sin π/3
y = ¾(0) y = ¾(½) y = ¾(√2/2) y = ¾(√3/2)
y=0 y = 3/8 y = 3√2/8 y = 3√3/8

e. x = π f. x = 4π/3 g. x = 3π/2 h. x = 5π/3

y = ¾ sin ½(π) y = ¾ sin ½(4π/3) y = ¾ sin ½(3π/2) y = ¾ sin ½(5π/3)
y = ¾ sin π/2 y = ¾ sin 2π/3 y = ¾ sin 3π/4 y = ¾ sin 5π/6
y = ¾(1) y = ¾(√3/2) y = ¾(√2/2) y = ¾(½)
y=¾ y = 3√3/8 y = 3√2/8 y = 3/8
i. x = 2π
y = ¾ sin ½(2π)
y = ¾ sin π
y = ¾(0)
y=0
Lesson 3
Try this out:
1. (-5, 7)

Figure

7 r

-5
Solve for r
By Pythagorean Theorem

r2 = (x) 2 + (y)2
= (5) 2 + (7) 2
= 25 + 49
r = √74
a. Sin A = 7√74 c. Tan A = -7/5 e. Cot A = -5/7
74
b. Cos A = 5√74 d. Sec A = √74 f. Csc A = √74
74 5 7
2. (-8, -15)
Solve for r
By Pythagorean Theorem:
-8 r2 = (x) 2 + (y) 2
= (-8) 2 + (-15) 2
= 64 + 225
-15 = 289
r = 17
Sin A = -15/17 Csc A = -17/15
Cos A = -8/17 Sec A = -17/8
Tan A = 15/8 Cot A = 8/15
2. (24, - 7)
figure

By Pythagorean Theorem:
24 r2 = x2 + y2
= (24) 2 + (-7) 2
-7 = 576 + 49
= 625
 r = 25

Sin B = -7/25 Csc B = -25/7

Cos B = 24/25 Sec B = 25/24
Tan B = -7/24 Cot B = -24/7

3. (2, 3)

Figure Solve for r

By Pythagorean theorem:
r2 = x2 +y2
3 = 22 + 32
=4+9
2 = 13
r = √13

Sin A = 3√13/13 Csc A = √13/

Cos A = 2√13/13 Sec A = √13/2
Tan A = 3/2 Cot A = 2/3

4. (-9, 40)
Figure
Solve for r
By Pythagorean Theorem
40 r2 = x2 + y2
= (-9) 2 + (40) 2
= 81 + 1600
-9 = 1681
r = 41

Sin A = 40/41 Csc A = 41/40

Cos A = -9/41 Sec A = -41/9
Tan A = 40/-9 Cot A = -9/40

Lesson 3
1. Cos A = 5/13, If A is in Q IV
Sol: In Q IV the only positive functions are cos A and sec A .

Sketch: By Pythagorean Theorem

x2 + y2 = r2
5 y2 = (13) 2 – (5) 2
y2 = 169 – 25
y2= 144
13 y = 12
 a. Sin = -12/13 d. Csc A = -13/12
b. Tan A = -12/5 e. Cot A = - 5/12
c. Sec A = 13/5

2. Sin A = √3/4, If A is in Q II
Sol: In Q II sin A and CSC A are positive and the rest of the functions
are negative.
By Pythagorean Theorem

x2 + y2 = r2 √3 4
x2 = r2 – y2
x2 = 42 – (√3) 2
x2 = 16 – 3
x = + √ 13 , since A is in QII
x = -√13
a. Cos A = - √13/4 d. Sec A = -4√13/13
b. Tan A = - √39/13 e. Cot A = -√39/3
c. CsC A = - 4√3/3
3. Sin A = 2/3, Where A is in Q I

Sol: Since A is in Q I, all the functions are positive.

3 2

By Pythagorean Theorem
x2 + y2 = r2
x2 = (3)2 – (2)2
2
x =9–4
x2 = 5
x = +√5 but A is in Q I then x =+√5

a. Cos A = √5/3 d. Csc A = 3/2

b. Tan A = 2√5/5 e. CoT A = √5/2
c. Sec A = 3√5/5

4. Cos A = -2√2/3, A is in QIII

 Sol: since a is in QIII, tan and cot are the only positive and the rest are
negative.

-2√2

By Pythagorean theorem
x2 + y2 = r2
y2 = (3) 2 – (2√2) 2
=9–8
y=1
a. Sin A = -1/3 d. Sec A = 2√2/3
a. Tan A = √2/4 e. Cot A = 2√2
b. Csc A = -3

5. Tan A = -3/4, A is in QIV

Sol: Since A is in QIV, cos and sec are the only positive and the rest are
negative.

By Pythagorean Theorem
3
r2 = x2 + y2
-4 r2 = (4) 2 + (-3)2
= 16 + 9
= 25
r=5

a. Sin A = -3/5 d. Csc A = -5/3

b. Cos A = 4/5 e. Sec A = -5/4

c. Cot A = -4/3

Post Test

1. y = 1/2
2. y = 1
3. 4
4. 2π
5. π4.
6. π/2
 7. y = 0

8. r = 25
9. Sin A = -24/25
10. Cos A = -7/25
11. Tan A = 24/7
12. Csc A = -25/24
13. Sec A = -25/7
14. Cot A = 7/24
15. r = 5
16. sin C = -4/5
17. Tan C = -4/3
18. Cot C = -3/4
19. Sec C = 5/3
20. Csc C = -5/4
 Module 5
Circular Functions and Trigonometry

What this module is about

This module is about trigonometric equations and proving fundamental
identities. The lessons in this module were presented in a very simple way so it
will be easy for you to understand solve problems without difficulty. Your
knowledge in previous lessons would be of help in the process

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. state the fundamental identities

2. prove trigonometric identities
3. state and illustrate the sum and cosine formulas of cosine and sine
4. determine the sine and cosine of an angle using the sum and difference
formulas.
5. solve simple trigonometric equations

How much do you know

A. Answer the following:

1. Which of the following does not equal to 1 for all A in each domain?

a. sin2 A + cos2 A b. sec2 A - cos2 A

c.
sin A sec A d. tan A cot A

2. Simplify cos2 A sec A csc A

 12 4
3. If sin ∝ = and cos β = , where ∝ and β are both in the first
13 5
quadrant, find the values of cos (∝ + β ).

4. Sec A is equal to
1 1
a. cos A b. sin A c. d. .
cos A sin A

1 − csc B
5. Express in terms of cos B and Sin A.
cot B
1 − sin B sin B − 1
a. cos B – sinB b. c. sin B – cos B d.
cos B cos B

cos φ
6. Simplify .
sin φ cot φ

a. 1 b. tanφ c. –csc φ d. -1

7. Multiply and simplify ( 1 – cos2 t ) ( 1 + tan2 t ).

8. Express tan B ( sin B + cot B + cos B ) in terms of sec B.

5π π π
9. Compute sin from the function of and .
12 4 6

10. Solve the equation cos A – 2sin A cos A = 0.

2
 What you will do
Lesson 1

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

To be able to simplify trigonometric expressions and solve trigonometric
equations, you must be able to know the fundamental trigonometric identities.

The Eight Fundamental Identities:

A. Reciprocal Relations

1
1. sec θ =
cosθ

1
2. csc θ =
sin θ

1
3. cot θ =
tan θ

B. Quotient Relations

sin θ
4. tan θ =
cosθ

cosθ
5. cot θ =
sin θ

C. Pythagorean Relations

6. cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1

7. 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ

8. cot2 θ + 1 = csc2 θ

3
 With the aid of this identities, you may now simplify trigonometric
expressions.

Examples:

Perform the indicated operation.

a. ( 1 – sin x ) ( 1 + sin x )

= 1 - sin2 x Product of sum & difference of 2 terms

= cos2 x Since, cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1,

then 1 - sin2 x = cos2 x

b. ( sec A – 1 ) ( sec A + 1 )

= sec2 A - 1
= tan2 A Pythagorean Relation no. 2

c. tan θ ( cot θ + tan θ )

= tan θ cot θ + tan2 θ

= 1 + tan
= sec2 θ

tan θ cot θ = 1, because

sin θ sin θ
tan θ = cot θ =
cosθ cosθ
sin θ sin θ
tan θ cot θ = ( )( ) = 1
cosθ cosθ

d. cos x ( sec x - cos x )

= cos x sec x - cos2 x

= 1 - cos2 x
= sin2 x
1
cos x sec x = 1, because sec x =
cos x
1
therefore, cos x sec x = cos x ( ) = 1
cos x

4
 sin 2 B
e. cos B +
cos B

cos 2 B + sin 2 B
= cos B, Least common denominator
cos B

1
= Identity C. 6
cos B

= sec B Identity A. 1

Simplify the following expressions to a single function.

a. cos 2 A tan2 A = sin2 A

sin 2 A
cos 2 A ( 2
) = sin2 A
cos A

b. ( sin x + cos x )2 + ( sin x - cos x )2

= sin2 x + 2sinx cos x + cos2x + sin2x - 2 sin x cos x + cos2x

= sin2 x + cos2x + sin2x + cos2x

= 2

since, cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1

c. cot B sec B sin B = 1

cosθ 1
since, cot θ = and sec θ =
sin θ cosθ

cosθ 1
then, ( )( ) sin θ = 1
sin θ cosθ

5
 d. csc A - csc A cos2 A = sin A

= csc A ( 1 - cos2 A ) Factor csc A

= csc A ( sin2 A ) Identity C. 6

1
= ( sin2 A) Identity A. 2
sin θ

= sin A Cancellation

e. cos3 B + cos B sin2 B

= cos B ( cos2 B + sin2 B ) Factor cos B

= cos B ( 1 ) Identity C. 6

= cos B

You are now ready to prove identities. In this lesson, you will prove that
one side of the equation is equal to the other side. You can work on either of the
two sides to verify the expressions are equal or you can work on both equations
to arrive at an equal statement.

Suggested Steps in Proving Identities

1. Start with the more complicated side and transform it into the
simpler side.

2. Try algebraic operations such as multiplying, factorings, splitting

single fractions and so on.

3. If other steps fail, express each function in terms of sine and cosine
functions and then perform appropriate algebraic operations.

4. At each step, keep the other side of the identity in mind. This often
reveals what one should do in order to get there.

6
Examples:

a. Prove: cos B + tan B sin B = sec B

Solution:

Generally, we start with the more complicated side and transform it into
the other side using fundamental identities, algebra or other establish
identities.

sin B sin B
cos B + ( sin B ) substituting to tan B
cos B cos B

cos B + sin 2 B
addition of fractions
cos B

1
= sec B identity A. 1
cos B

b. Prove that sec A - tan A sin A = cos A

Solution:

sec A - tan A sin A = cos A

sec A - tan A sin A =
1 sin A sin A
- sin A = Substitute to tan A
cos A cos A cos A

1 sin 2 A
- = Subtraction of fraction
cos A cos A

1 − sin 2 A
= Identity C. 6
cos A

cos 2 A
= Division of fraction
cos A

cos A = cos A

7
 1 1
c Prove: + = 2 sec2 θ
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ

Solution:

In this problem, let us concentrate on the left side because the left
side looks more complicated than the right side. By adding the two
fractions, we get:

1 1 1 + sin θ + 1 − sin θ
+ =
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 − sinϖ )(1 + sin θ )
2
=
1 − sin 2 θ

2
=
cos 2 θ

2 sec2 θ = 2 sec2 θ

d. Prove: sec4 A - sec2 A = tan2 A + tan4 A

Solution:

sec4 A - sec2 A = sec2 A ( sec2 A - 1 )

= sec2 A tan2 A

= 1 + tan2 A ( tan2 A )

= tan2 A + tan4 A

sin θ cosθ
e. Prove: sin θ + cos θ + = sec θ + csc θ -
cot θ tan θ

For this example, we will work on both sides of the equation.

8
Let us first work on the left-hand side of the equation:

sin θ sin θ
sin θ + cos θ + = sin θ + cos θ +
cot θ cosθ
sin θ
sin 2 θ
= sin θ + cos θ +
cosθ

1 − cos 2 θ
= sin θ + cos θ +
cosθ

1 cos 2 θ
= sin θ + cos θ + -
cosθ cosθ

= sin θ + cos θ + sec θ - cos θ

= sin θ + sec θ

Now, work on the right-hand side of the eqution:

cosθ cosθ
sec θ + csc θ - = sec θ + csc θ -
tan θ sin θ
cosθ

cos 2 θ
= sec θ + csc θ -
sin θ

1 − sin 2 θ
= sec θ + csc θ -
sin θ

1 sin 2 θ
= sec θ + csc θ - -
sin θ sin θ

= sec θ + csc θ - csc θ - sin θ

= sec θ - sin θ

Therefore:
sec θ - sin θ = sec θ - sin θ

9
f. Prove the identity

1 + cos B 1 + sin B 2 cos B − csc B

+ =
1 − cos B 1 − sin B cot B − cos B − csc B + 1

Begin working with the left side,

1 + cos B
+
1 + sin B
=
(1 + cos B )(1 − sin B ) + (1 + sin B )(1 − cos B )
1 − cos B 1 − sin B (1 − cos B )(1 − sin B )

=
(1 + cos B ) − sin B − cos B sin B + 1 + sin B − cos B − sin B cos B
(1 − cos B )(1 − sin B )
2 − 2coB sin B
=
1 − cos B − sin B + cos B sin B

Now work on the right side of the equation.

2
2 cos B −
2 cos B − csc B sin B
=
cot B − cos B − csc B + 1 cos B 1
− cos B − +1
sin B sin B

= 2cosBsinB – 2

sinB

cosB – cosB sinB – 1 + sinB

sinB

2 − 2 cos B sin B
=
cos B − cos B sin B − 1 = sin B

2 − 2 cos B sin B
=
1 − cos B − sin B + cos B sin B

10
Try this out
A. Perform the indicated operation and simplify.

1. (sin θ + cos θ)2

2. (cot B + csc B)(cot B - csc B)

cosθ 1 + sin θ
3. +
1 + sin θ cosθ

sec2 θ
4. tan θ -
tan θ

B. Factor each expression and simplify

1. tan2 A - tan2 A sin2 A

2. sec2 B tan2 B + sec2 B

3. tan4 A + 2 tan2 A + 1

C. Prove the following identities.

1. sin x cos x cot x = cos2 x

2. 1 - sin t cos t cot t = sin2 t

3. sin A cos A tan A + sin A cos A cot A = 1

4. sec B cot B = csc B

1 + cosθ sin θ cosθ + 1

5. + =
sin θ cosθ sin θ cosθ

1 + tan θ secθ
6. =
1 + cot θ cscθ

sin θ + cosθ sin θ

7. =
secθ + cscθ secθ

11
 Lesson 2

The Sum and Difference of Sine and Cosine

The sum and difference identities for sine and cosine can be used to find
the exact values of the sine and cosine of angles which is not exact.

The Sum and Difference Identities:

cos ( A - B ) = cos A cos B + sin A cos A

cos ( A + B ) = cos A Cos B - sin A sin B

sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A

sin ( A – B ) = sin A cos B – sin B cos A

The sum and difference identities for sine and cosine can be used to find
the exact values of the sine and cosine of angles that are not special angles.

Example 1:

a. Find the exact value of sin 15°

sin 15° = sin ( 45° - 30° )

= sin 45° cos 30° - cos 45° sin 30°

2 3 2 1
= ( )( ) - ( )( )
2 2 2 2

6 2
= -
4 4

6 − 2
=
4

12
 5π
b. find the exact value of cos .
12

5π π π
cos = cos ( + )
12 4 6

π π π π
= cos cos - sin sin
4 6 4 6

2 3 2 1
= ( )( ) - ( )( )
2 2 2 2

6 2
= -
4 4

= 6 - 2
4

Example 2:

12 3
Consider sin A = with P(A) in Q1 and cos B = with P(B)in Q1.
13 5

Find: a. sin ( A + B ) b. cos ( A + B )

Solution:

Since P(A) and P(B) are both in Q1, P(A + B) is either in the first or
second quadrant. While, cosine is positive in the first quadrant and
negative in the second, it will suffice to find sin (A + B) and cos (A + B).

We get the value of cos A and sin B by using the Pythagorean

relation,
cos2 A + sin2 B = 1

12 3
Substitute for sin A and for cos B.
13 5

cos2 A + sin2 A = 1

13
 12 2
cos2 A + ( ) = 1
13

144
cos2 A + = 1
169
144
cos2 A = 1 -
169

25
cos2 A =
169

25
cos 2 A =
169

5
cos A = ±
13
5
Take cos A = since P( A ) is in Q1.
13
3
Substitute for cos B.
5
cos2 B + sin2 B = 1

3 2
( ) + sin2 B = 1
5

9
+ sin2 B = 1
25
9
sin2 B = 1 -
25
16
sin2 B =
25

16
sin 2 B =
25

4
sin B = ±
5
4
Take sin B =
5

14
 a. sin( A + B ) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

12 3 5 4
= ( )( ) + ( )( )
13 5 13 5

36 20
= +
65 65

56
sin( A + B ) =
65

b. cos( A + B ) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB

5 3 12 4
= ( )( ) - ( )( )
13 5 13 5

15 48
= -
65 65

− 33
cos( A + B ) =
65

Example 3:

−1 1
If sin A = , 180° < ∠A < 270° and cos B = , 270° < ∠B < 360°.
3 5

Evaluate:
a. cos (A - B) b. sin (A – B)

Solution:

First, you have to get the values of cos A and sin B. We can get these
values by using the Pythagorean relation.

Since, 180° < ∠A <270°, ∠A is in quadrant III and ∠B is in quadrant IV.

cos2 A + sin2 A = 1

−1 2
cos2 A + ( ) =1
3

15
 1
cos2 A + = 1
9
8
cos2 A =
9
2 2
cos A =±
3

2 2
cos A = - , since ∠ A is in Q III.
3

Now, find the value of cos B:

1
cos B = , 270° < ∠B < 360°.
5

cos2 B + sin2 B = 1

1 2
( ) + sin2 B = 1
5
24
sin2 B =
25
2 6
sin B = ±
5
2 6
sin B = - , since ∠ B is Q IV.
5

We are now ready to evaluate: a. cos( A - B )

cos( A - B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

2 2 1 −1 2 6
= ( - )( ) + ( )( - )
3 5 3 5

−2 2 2 6
= +
15 15

cos ( A – B ) = -2 2 + 2 6
15

16
 b. sin( A – B ) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

−1 1 2 2 2 6
= ( )( ) - ( - )( - )
3 5 3 5

−1 4 12
= -
15 15

−1 8 3
= -
15 15

sin( A – B ) = -1 - 8 3
15

Try this out

A. Express each measure as the sum or difference of two special angle

measures.

1. 105° 2. 135°

3. 225° 4. 315°

π 7π
5. 6.
6 12

B. Evaluate by using special angle measures and a sum or difference

identity.

1. cos 105° 2. sin 135°

3. sin 225° 4. cos 315°

π 7π
5. cos 6. sin
6 12

8π 4π
7. sin 8. sin
3 3

9. sin 300° 10. cos 240°

17
 C. Evaluate sin( A + B ) and sin( A - B ) given the following:

4 12
1. sin A = , 90° 〈 ∠ A 〈 180° and cos B = , 180° 〈 ∠ B 〈 270°
5 13

3 12
2. sin A = , 90° 〈 ∠ A 〈 180° and cos B = - , 180° 〈 ∠ B 〈 270°
5 13

Lesson 3

Trigonometric Equations

A trigonometric equation is an equation which involves some trigonometric

functions of the variable. The rules in solving algebraic equations also applies to
the solution of trigonometric equations.

Here, are some pointers for you to remember:

1. Adding the same expression to both members of an equation

produces an equivalent equation.

2. Multiplying each member of an equation by the same expression

produces an equivalent equation.

3. Replacing any expression is an equation by another expression

representing the same real number produces an equivalent
equation.

Let us review your knowledge on solving algebraic equations:

Solve for the value of x in the following equations.

1. x2 - 7x + 12 = 0 2. 6x2 - 5x = -1

(x - 4)(x - 3) = 0 6x2 - 5x + 1 = 0

x - 4 = 0 or x - 3 = 0 (3x - 1)(2x - 1) = 0
1 1
x = 4 or x = 3 x = or x =
3 2

18
 You can now apply these procedure to solve trigonometric equations.

Examples:

a. Solve: sin2 x + 3 sin x + 2 = 0, 0 ≤ x 〈 2π

sin2 x + 3 sin x + 2 = 0

(sin x + 2)(sin x + 1) = 0

sin x + 2 = 0 or sin x + 1 = 0

sin x = -2 or sin x = -1

You have to reject -2 since, -1 ≤ x ≤ 1

3π 3π
sin x = -1 and x = since sin = -1.
2 2

3π
Therefore, the solution within the specified interval is .
2

3π
is called a primary solution because it is a solution within the given
2
interval. All angles that are coterminal with the angle that is a primary
solution would also be a solution. These solutions differ from the primary
solution by integral multiples of the period of the function and are called
general solutions of the equation. The general solution of the equation is
3π
x= + π, where k is an integer.
2

Forming the General Solution

For equations of the form

sin x = k cos x = k csc x = k sec x = k
find all solutions in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ kπ and add 2kπ to each to form
the general solution..

For equations of the form

tan x = k cot x = k
find all solutions in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ kπ and add kπ to each to form
the general solution.

19
 When a trigonometric equation contains more than one function, transform
it into an equation containing only one trigonometric function. Use the
identities and substitute.

b. Solve: 5 sec2 x + 2 tan x = 8, 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°

5 sec2 x + 2 tan x = 8

5(tan2 x + 1) + 2 tan x - 8 = 0 substitute tan2 x + 1 for sec2 x

5 tan2 x + 5 + 2 tan x - 8 = 0

5 tan2 x + 2 tan x - 3 = 0

(5 tan x - 3) (tan x + 1) = 0

3
tan x = or tan x = -1
5

tan x = 0.6 or tan x = -1

x = 31° or x = 135 °

x = 211° or x = 315 °

Since the tangent functions has a period of 180°, the solutions within
the specified interval are 31°, 135 °, 211° and 315 °.

c. Solve cot x cos2 x = 2 cot x

cot x cos2 x = 2 cot x

cot x cos2 x - 2 cot x = 0

cot x ( cos2 x - 2) = 0

cot x = 0 or cos2 x - 2 = 0

π
x = cos2 x = 2
2
cos x = ± 2

20
 No solution is obtained from cos x = ± 2 , since ± 2 is outside the
cosine function. The complete solution is

π
x = + kπ, where k is an integer.
2

d. Solve cos A + sin A = 1

Solve for cos A. Then square both sides.

cos A + sin A = 1

cos A = 1 - sin A

cos2 A = (1 - sin A )2

cos2 A = 1 - 2sin A + sin2 A

1 - sin2 A = 1 - 2sin A + sin2 A

2 sin A - 2 sin2 A = 0

2 sin A ( 1 - sin A ) = 0

2 sin A = 0 or 1 - sin A = 0

2 sin A = 0 implies that sin A = 1, and A = 2π.

π
1 - sin A = 0 implies that sin A = 1, A =
2

Try this out

A. Find all values of θ between 0 and 2π that satisfy each of the following
equations.

1 − 3
1. sin θ = 2. cos θ =
2 2

3. tan θ = -1 4. cot θ = - 3

21
 1 −1
5. tan θ = 6. cos θ =
− 3 2

2 − 3
7. sin θ = 8. sin θ =
2 2

2
9. cos θ = - 10. sec θ = 2
2

B. Find the solutions in each of the following in the interval 0, 2π

1. 2 sin2 x = 1

2. tan x ( tan x - 1 ) = 0

3. 3 sec2 x - 4 = 0

4. 2 cos2 x tan x - tan x = 0

5. 2 cot2 x + csc2 x = 2

6. 1 + cos A = 3 cos A

7. 2 tan2 B + sec2 B = 2

8. cos A = sin A

9. sin2 A + 2sin A + 1 = 0

10. cos2 x = cos x

22
 Let’s summarize
The Eight Fundamental Identities

A. Reciprocal Relations B. Quotient Relations

1 sin θ
1. sec θ = 4. tan θ =
cosθ cosθ

1 cosθ
2. csc θ = 5. cot θ =
sin θ sin θ

1
3. cot θ =
tan θ

C. Pythagorean Relations

6. cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1

7. 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ

8. cot2 θ + 1 = csc2 θ

The Sum and Difference Identities

1. cos ( A - B ) = cos A cos B + sin A cos A

2. cos ( A + B ) = cos A Cos B - sin A sin B

3. sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A

4. sin ( A – B ) = sin A cos B – sin B cos A

The sum and difference identities for sine and cosine can be used to find
the exact values of the sine and cosine of angles that are not special angles.

The General Solution:

For equations of the form,

sin x = k cos x = k csc x = k sec x = k

23
find all solutions in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ kπ and add 2kπ to each to form the
general solution.

For equations of the form,

tan x = k cot x = k

find all solutions in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ kπ and add kπ to each to form the general
solution.

What have you learned

Answer the following:

3
1. What is cos x if sin x = and the terminal side of ∠ X is in Q1.
5

sin 2 B
2. Express cos B + in simplest form.
cos B

3. Factor and simplify. cos3 A - cos A

cos A csc A
4. Prove: = 1
cot A

5. Simplify cot B sec B sin B to a single function.

sin 2 θ
6. Rationalize the denominator and simplify. .
1 − cosθ

7. Write cos 330° as sum and difference of 2 special angles.

−8
8. If ∠ A is a fourth-quadrant angle, sin A = ,∠ B is a 3rd-quadrant angle,
17
−5
and cos B = . Find the exact value of cos( A + B ) and cos ( A – B ).
13
π
9. Solve for x, 0 ≤ x ≤ . 1 - 2sin A = 0
2
10. Prove: tan θ( sin θ + cos θ )2 + ( 1 – sec2 θ ) cot θ = 2 sin2 θ

24
 Answer Key
How much do you know

228
1. c 2. cot A 3. 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. tan2θ
4225

sin B cos B sin B

8. ( sin B ) + ( )( ) cos A 9. 6 - 2
cos B sin B cos B
4

sin 2 B sin 2 B + cos 2 B 1 π 3π 7π 11π

+ cos B = = = sec B 10. , , ,
cos B cos B cos B 2 2 6 6

Try this out

Lesson 1
cos 2 θ − 1 1 + 2 sin θ −1 − cosθ
A 1. 1 + 2sinθ cos θ 2. 3. 4. or
sin 2 θ cosθ (1 + sin θ ) tan θ sin θ

B 1. tan2 A (1 – sin2 A) 2. sec2 B tan2 B + sec2 B 3. (tan2 B + 1)2

= tan2 A (cos2 A) = sec2 B (tan2 B + 1) = sec4 A

sin 2 A
= (cos A) = sec2 B (sec2 B)
cos 2 A
= sin2 A = sec4 B

C1. sin x cos x cot x = cos x 2. 1 - sin t cos t cot t = sin2 t

cos x cos t
sin x cos x = cos2 x = 1 - sin t cos t ( ) = 1 – cos2 t = sin2 t
sin x sin t

3. sin A cos A tan A + sin A cos A cot A = 1

sin A cos A
= sin A cos A ( ) + sin A cos A ( ) = sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
cos A sin A

1 cos B 1
4. sec B cot B = csc B ( )( ) = = csc B
cos B sin B sin B

25
 1 + cosθ sin θ cosθ (1 + cosθ ) + sin 2 θ cosθ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
5. + = =
sin θ cosθ sin θ cosθ sin θ cosθ

cosθ + 1
=
sin θ cosθ

1 + tan θ cosθ + sin θ sin θ

6. = .
1 + cot θ cosθ sin θ + cosθ

sin θ secθ
= =
cosθ cscθ

sin x + cos x sin x + cos x cos x sin x sin θ

7. = = sin x + cos x ( ) = cos x sin x =
sec x + csc x sin x + cos x sin x + cos x secθ
cox sin x

Lesson 2

A. 1. (60° + 45°) 2. (90° + 45°) 3. (180° + 45°) 4. (270° + 45°)

π π π π
5. - 6. +
3 6 4 3

2 2 2
B. 1. 2 - 6 2. 3. 4. - 5. 3 - 1
2 2 2
4 4

3 3 −1 3
6. 2 + 6 7. 8. - 9. 10. -
2 2 2 2
4

−3 −5 63 −7
C. 1. cos A = sin B = sin (A + B) = sin (A - B) =
5 13 65 13

−4 −5 1 − 44
2. cos A = sin B = sin (A + B) = sin (A - B) =
5 13 13 65

26
Lesson 3

π 5π 2π 4π 3π 7π 5π 11π
A. 1. θ = , 2. θ = , 3. θ = , 4. θ = ,
6 6 3 3 4 4 6 6

5π 7π 2π 4π π 3π 4π 5π
5. θ = , 6. θ = , 7. θ = , 8. θ = ,
6 6 3 3 4 4 3 3

5π
3π 4 π 5π
9. θ = , 10. θ = ,
4 3 3

5π
7ππ π π 11π
B. 1. x = , 2. x = , 4 3. x = ,
4 4 4 6 6

π 2π 4π 5π π 5π
4. x = 2π 5. , , , 6. ,
3 3 3 3 3 3

π 5π 7π 11π π 5π
7. x = , , , 8. x = ,
6 6 6 6 4 4

3π
9. x = 10. x = 0, 2π
2

What have you learned

4
1. cos x =
25

cos 2 B + sin 2 B 1
2. = = sec B
cos B cos B

3. cos A (cos A + 1)(cos A – 1)

27
 1
cos A
sin A cos A sin A
4. = x =1
cos A sin A cos A
sin A

sin θ cosθ
5. x cos θ - x sin θ = sin θ - cos θ
cosθ sin θ

sin 2θ + cosθ
6.
sin 2 θ

3
7. cos (270° + 60°) =
2

15 − 12 − 171
8. cos A = sin A = cos (A + B) =
17 13 221

π π
9. X = ,
6 3

1 − sin 2 θ − 1 sin θ + 2 sin 3 θ − sin 2 θ

10. sin θ + 2sin2 θ + = = 2 sin2 θ
sin θ sin θ

28