Argentina

Argentina,[a] officially the Argentine Republic,[b] is a country

in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area Argentine Republic[A]
of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi),[B] making it the second- República Argentina (Spanish)
largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest
country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the
world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the
west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north,
Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean
to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a Flag
federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one Coat of arms
autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of
Motto:
the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have "En unión y libertad"
their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. ("In Unity and Freedom")
Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Southern Anthem: Himno Nacional Argentino
("Argentine National Anthem")
Patagonian Ice Field, and a part of Antarctica.
0:00 / 0:00
The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina
dates back to the Paleolithic period.[13] The Inca Empire Sol de Mayo[2]
expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian (Sun of May)
times. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the
region during the 16th century.[14] Argentina rose as the
successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata,[15] a
Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration
and fight for independence (1810–1818) was followed by an
extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the
country's reorganization as a federation. The country thereafter
enjoyed relative peace and stability, with several waves of
European immigration, mainly Italians and Spaniards,
influencing its culture and demography.[16][17][18][19]

Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his widow

and vice president, Isabel Perón, ascended to the presidency,
before being overthrown in 1976. The following military junta,
which was supported by the United States, persecuted and
murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in
the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism and civil unrest that Argentine territory in dark green; territory
claimed but not controlled by Argentina in light
lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as president in 1983. green

Argentina is a regional power, and retains its historic status as a Capital Buenos Aires
and largest city 34°36′S 58°23′W
middle power in international affairs.[20][21][22] A major non-
NATO ally of the United States,[23] Argentina is a developing Official languages Spanish (de facto)[a]
country with the second-highest HDI (human development Co-official Guaraní in Corrientes[3]
index) in Latin America after Chile.[24] It maintains the second- languages
Quechua in Santiago del
largest economy in South America, and is a member of G-15 Estero[4]
and G20. Argentina is also a founding member of the United Qom, Mocoví, and Wichí
Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Mercosur, in Chaco[5]
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Welsh in Chubut[6]
Organization of Ibero-American States.
Religion (2019)[7] 78.2% Christianity
62.9% Catholicism
15.3% other
Etymology Christian
20.5% no religion
The description of the region by the word Argentina has been 1.3% other
found on a Venetian map in 1536.[25] Demonym(s) Argentine
Argentinian
In English, the name Argentina comes from the Spanish
Argentinean (uncommon)
language; however, the naming itself is not Spanish, but Italian.
Argentina (masculine argentino) means in Italian '(made) of Government Federal presidential
silver, silver coloured', derived from the Latin argentum for republic
silver. In Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in • President Javier Milei
an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said • Vice President Victoria Villarruel
l'Argentina. • Chief of the Guillermo Francos
Cabinet of
The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venetian Ministers
and Genoese navigators, such as Giovanni Caboto. In Spanish • President of the Martín Menem
Chamber of
and Portuguese, the words for 'silver' are respectively plata and Deputies
prata and '(made) of silver' is plateado and prateado, although • President of Horacio Rosatti
argento for 'silver' and argentado for 'covered in silver' exist in Supreme Court
Spanish. Argentina was first associated with the silver Legislature National Congress
mountains legend, widespread among the first European • Upper house Senate
explorers of the La Plata Basin.[26] • Lower house Chamber of Deputies

The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Independence from Spain
Argentina,[C] a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera • May Revolution 25 May 1810
describing the region.[27] Although "Argentina" was already in • Declared 9 July 1816
common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally • Constitution 1 May 1853
named "Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata" by the Spanish Area
Empire, and "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata" after • Total 2,780,400 km2
independence. (1,073,500 sq mi)[B] (8th)
• Water (%) 1.57
The 1826 constitution included the first use of the name
Population
"Argentine Republic" in legal documents.[28] The name
• 2022 census 46,044,703[9] (32nd)
"Argentine Confederation" was also commonly used and was
• Density 16.6/km2 (43.0/sq mi)[8]
formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853.[29] In 1860 a (178th)
presidential decree settled the country's name as "Argentine
GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
Republic",[30] and that year's constitutional amendment ruled all
the names since 1810 as legally valid.[31][D]
• Total $1.245 trillion[10] (30th)
• Per capita $26,390[10] (66th)
In English, the country was traditionally called "the Argentine", GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate
mimicking the typical Spanish usage la Argentina[32] and • Total $604.260 billion[10]
perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening of the fuller name (24th)
• Per capita $12,812[10] (66th)

Gini (2020) 42.3[11]

medium inequality

HDI (2022) 0.849[12]

'Argentine Republic'. 'The Argentine' fell out of fashion during very high (48th)
the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is referred to Currency Argentine peso ($) (ARS)
as "Argentina".
Time zone UTC−3 (ART)

Date format dd/mm/yyyy (CE)

History Driving side right[b]

Calling code +54

Pre-Columbian era ISO 3166 code AR

Internet TLD .ar

a. Though not declared official de jure, the

Spanish language is the only one used in
the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions,
official documents and public acts thus
making it the de facto official language.
The Cave of the Hands in Santa b. Since 10 June 1945, but trains are still
Cruz province driven on left.

The earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are
dated from the Paleolithic period, with further traces in the Mesolithic and Neolithic.[13] Until the period of European
colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social
organizations,[33] which can be divided into three main groups.[34]

The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without the development of pottery, such as the Selk'nam and
Yaghan in the extreme south. The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the Puelche,
Querandí and Serranos in the centre-east; and the Tehuelche in the south—all of them conquered by the Mapuche
spreading from Chile[35]—and the Kom and Wichi in the north. The last group are farmers with pottery, such as the
Charrúa, Minuane and Guaraní in the northeast, with slash and burn semisedentary existence;[33] the advanced
Diaguita sedentary trading culture in the northwest, which was conquered by the Inca Empire around 1480; the
Toconoté and Hênîa and Kâmîare in the country's centre, and the Huarpe in the centre-west, a culture that raised llama
cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.[33]

Colonial era
Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo
Vespucci. The Spanish navigators Juan Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabot
visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.[14]
In 1536 Pedro de Mendoza founded the small settlement of Buenos Aires,
which was abandoned in 1541.[36]

Further colonization efforts came from Paraguay—establishing the

Governorate of the Río de la Plata—Peru and Chile.[37] Francisco de Aguirre
The surrender of Beresford to
founded Santiago del Estero in 1553. Londres was founded in 1558;
Santiago de Liniers during the British
Mendoza, in 1561; San Juan, in 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán, in 1565.[38] invasions of the Río de la Plata
Juan de Garay founded Santa Fe in 1573 and the same year Jerónimo Luis de
Cabrera set up Córdoba.[39] Garay went further south to re-found Buenos
Aires in 1580.[40] San Luis was established in 1596.[38]

The Spanish Empire subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the
silver and gold mines in Bolivia and Peru, and as such it became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until the creation of
the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.[41]
Buenos Aires repelled two ill-fated British invasions in 1806 and 1807.[42] The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment
and the example of the first Atlantic Revolutions generated criticism of the absolutist monarchy that ruled the country.
As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War created great
concern.[43]

Independence and civil wars

Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state
to the Viceroyalty,[15] the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar
Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires
made up from locals.[43] In the first clashes of the Independence War the
Junta crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba,[45] but failed to
overcome those of the Banda Oriental, Upper Peru and Paraguay, which later
became independent states.[46] The French-Argentine Hippolyte Bouchard
then brought his fleet to wage war against Spain overseas and attacked
Spanish California, Spanish Peru and Spanish Philippines. He secured the
allegiance of escaped Filipinos in San Blas who defected from the Spanish to
join the Argentine navy, due to common Argentine and Philippine grievances
against Spanish colonization.[47][48] Jose de San Martin's brother, Juan
Fermín de San Martín, was already in the Philippines and drumming up
revolutionary fervor prior to this.[49] At a later date, the Argentine sign of Inca
origin, the Sun of May was adopted as a symbol by the Filipinos in the Portrait of General José de San
Martin, "the Liberator of Argentina,
Philippine Revolution against Spain. He also secured the diplomatic
Chile and Peru"[44]
recognition of Argentina from King Kamehameha I of the Kingdom of
Hawaii. Historian Pacho O'Donnell affirms that Hawaii was the first state that
recognized Argentina's independence.[50]He was finally arrested in 1819 by Chilean patriots.

Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the Centralists and the Federalists—a move that would define
Argentina's first decades of independence.[51] The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas
as Argentina's first Supreme Director.[51]

On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence,[52] which is now celebrated
as Independence Day, a national holiday.[53] One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on
the north, and General José de San Martín He joined Bernardo O'Higgins and they led a combined army across the
Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then it was sent by O'Higgins orders to the Spanish stronghold of
Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru.[54][E] In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was
soon abrogated by federalists.[56]

Some of the most important figures of Argentine independence made a proposal known as the Inca plan of 1816,
which proposed that the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Present Argentina) should be a monarchy, led by a
descendant of the Inca. Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of Túpac Amaru II) was proposed as monarch.[57]
Some examples of those who supported this proposal were Manuel Belgrano, José de San Martín and Martín Miguel
de Güemes. The Congress of Tucumán finally decided to reject the Inca plan, creating instead a republican, centralist
state.[58][59]

The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the end of the Supreme
Director rule. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution, with Bernardino Rivadavia being
appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his
resignation and discarded the constitution.[60] Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed
and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas.[61] During his regime he faced a
French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), and an Anglo-French blockade (1845–
1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.[62] His trade restriction policies,
however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo, beat him out of
power. As the new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution. Buenos
Aires seceded but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda.[63]

Rise of the modern nation

Overpowering Urquiza in the 1861 Battle of Pavón, Bartolomé Mitre secured
Buenos Aires' predominance and was elected as the first president of the
reunified country. He was followed by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and
Nicolás Avellaneda; these three presidencies set up the basis of the modern
Argentine State.[64]

Starting with Julio Argentino Roca in 1880, ten consecutive federal

governments emphasized liberal economic policies. The massive wave of People gathered in front of the
European immigration they promoted—second only to the United States'— Buenos Aires Cabildo during the May
led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had Revolution
placed the country as the seventh wealthiest [65] developed nation [66] in the
world. Driven by this immigration wave and decreasing mortality, the
Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold:[67] from 1870
to 1910, Argentina's wheat exports went from 100,000 to 2,500,000 t
(110,000 to 2,760,000 short tons) per year, while frozen beef exports
increased from 25,000 to 365,000 t (28,000 to 402,000 short tons) per
year,[68] placing Argentina as one of the world's top five exporters.[69] Its
railway mileage rose from 503 to 31,104 km (313 to 19,327 mi).[70] Fostered
by a new public, compulsory, free and secular education system, literacy
quickly increased from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most Latin American
Immigrants from Italy arriving in
nations would reach even fifty years later.[69] Furthermore, real GDP grew so Buenos Aires, during the great
fast that despite the huge immigration influx, per capita income between 1862 European immigration wave to
and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:[70] In 1865, Argentina
Argentina was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income. By
1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and the Netherlands to reach 7th
place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium.
Argentina's per capita income was 70% higher than Italy's, 90% higher than Spain's, 180% higher than Japan's and
400% higher than Brazil's.[65] Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet its original goals of
industrialization:[71] after the steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s, a significant part of
the manufacturing sector remained labour-intensive in the 1930s.[72]

Between 1878 and 1884, the so-called Conquest of the Desert occurred, with
the purpose of tripling the Argentine territory by means of the constant
confrontations between natives and Criollos in the border,[74] and the
appropriation of the indigenous territories. The first conquest consisted of a
series of military incursions into the Pampa and Patagonian territories
dominated by the indigenous peoples,[75] distributing them among the
members of the Sociedad Rural Argentina, financiers of the expeditions.[76]
Conquest of the Desert, by Juan The conquest of Chaco lasted up to the end of the century,[77] since its full
Manuel Blanes (fragment showing ownership of the national economic system only took place when the mere
Julio Argentino Roca, at the front, a
extraction of wood and tannin was replaced by the production of cotton.[78]
major figure of the Generation of
The Argentine government considered indigenous people as inferior beings,
'80)[73]
without the same rights as Criollos and Europeans.[79]
In 1912, President Roque Sáenz Peña enacted universal and secret male suffrage, which allowed Hipólito Yrigoyen,
leader of the Radical Civic Union (or UCR), to win the 1916 election. He enacted social and economic reforms and
extended assistance to small farms and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during World War I. The second
administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the Great Depression.[80]

In 1930, Yrigoyen was ousted from power by the military led by José Félix
Uriburu. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries
until mid-century,[65] this coup d'état marks the start of the steady economic
and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment.[81]

Uriburu ruled for two years; then Agustín Pedro Justo was elected in a
fraudulent election, and signed a controversial treaty with the United
Kingdom. Argentina stayed neutral during World War II, a decision that had
full British support but was rejected by the United States after the attack on
Pearl Harbor. In 1943 a military coup d'état led by General Arturo Rawson
toppled the democratically elected government of Ramón Castillo. Under Crowds outside the Argentine
National Congress during the 1930
pressure from the United States, later Argentina declared war on the Axis
Argentine coup d'état which marked
Powers (on 27 March 1945, roughly a month before the end of World War II
the start of the Infamous Decade
in Europe).

During the Rawson dictatorship a relatively unknown military colonel named Juan Perón was named head of the
Labour Department. Perón quickly managed to climb the political ladder, being named Minister of Defence by 1944.
Being perceived as a political threat by rivals in the military and the conservative camp, he was forced to resign in
1945, and was arrested days later. He was finally released under mounting pressure from both his base and several
allied unions.[82] He would later become president after a landslide victory over the UCR in the 1946 general election
as the Laborioust candidate.[83]

Peronist years
The Labour Party (later renamed Justicialist Party), the most powerful and
influential party in Argentine history, came into power with the rise of Juan
Perón to the presidency in 1946. He nationalized strategic industries and
services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full external debt
and claimed he achieved nearly full employment. He pushed Congress to
enact women's suffrage in 1947,[84] and developed a system of social
assistance for the most vulnerable sectors of society.[85] The economy began
to decline in 1950 due in part to government expenditures and the
protectionist economic policies.[86]

He also engaged in a campaign of political suppression. Anyone who was

perceived to be a political dissident or potential rival was subject to threats,
physical violence and harassment. The Argentine intelligentsia, the middle- Juan Perón and his wife Eva Perón,
1947
class, university students, and professors were seen as particularly
troublesome. Perón fired over 2,000 university professors and faculty
members from all major public education institutions.[87]

Perón tried to bring most trade and labour unions under his thumb, regularly resorting to violence when needed. For
instance, the meat-packers union leader, Cipriano Reyes, organized strikes in protest against the government after
elected labour movement officials were forcefully replaced by Peronist puppets from the Peronist Party. Reyes was
soon arrested on charges of terrorism, though the allegations were never substantiated. Reyes, who was never
formally charged, was tortured in prison for five years and only released after the regime's downfall in 1955.[88]
Perón managed to get re-elected in 1951. His wife Eva Perón, who played a critical role in the party, died of cancer in
1952. As the economy continued to tank, Perón started losing popular support, and came to be seen as a threat to the
national process. The Navy took advantage of Perón's withering political power, and bombed the Plaza de Mayo in
1955. Perón survived the attack, but a few months later, during the Liberating Revolution coup, he was deposed and
went into exile in Spain.[89]

Revolución Libertadora
The new head of State, Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, proscribed Peronism and
banned the party from any future elections. Arturo Frondizi from the UCR
won the 1958 general election.[90] He encouraged investment to achieve
energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic trade deficit and
lifted the ban on Peronism; yet his efforts to stay on good terms with both the
Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup
forced him out.[91] Amidst the political turmoil, Senate leader José María
Guido reacted swiftly and applied anti-power vacuum legislation, ascending Civilian casualties after the air attack
and massacre on Plaza de Mayo,
to the presidency himself; elections were repealed and Peronism was
June 1955
prohibited once again. Arturo Illia was elected in 1963 and led an increase in
prosperity across the board; however he was overthrown in 1966 by another
military coup d'état led by General Juan Carlos Onganía in the self-proclaimed Argentine Revolution, creating a new
military government that sought to rule indefinitely.[92]

Perón's return and death

Following several years of military rule, Alejandro Agustín Lanusse was
appointed president by the military junta in 1971. Under increasing political
pressure for the return of democracy, Lanusse called for elections in 1973.
Perón was banned from running but the Peronist party was allowed to
participate. The presidential elections were won by Perón's surrogate
candidate, Hector Cámpora, a left-wing Peronist, who took office on 25 May
1973. A month later, in June, Perón returned from Spain. One of Cámpora's
first presidential actions was to grant amnesty to members of organizations
that had carried out political assassinations and terrorist attacks, and to those
who had been tried and sentenced to prison by judges. Cámpora's months-
long tenure in government was beset by political and social unrest. Over 600
social conflicts, strikes, and factory occupations took place within a single
month.[93] Even though far-left terrorist organisations had suspended their Juan Perón and his wife Isabel
armed struggle, their joining with the participatory democracy process was Perón, 1973
interpreted as a direct threat by the Peronist right-wing faction.[94]

Amid a state of political, social, and economic upheaval, Cámpora and Vice President Vicente Solano Lima resigned
in July 1973, calling for new elections, but this time with Perón as the Justicialist Party nominee. Perón won the
election with his wife Isabel Perón as vice president. Perón's third term was marked by escalating conflict between left
and right-wing factions within the Peronist party, as well as the return of armed terror guerrilla groups such as the
Guevarist ERP, leftist Peronist Montoneros, and the state-backed far-right Triple A. After a series of heart attacks and
signs of pneumonia in 1974, Perón's health deteriorated quickly. He suffered a final heart attack on Monday, 1 July
1974, and died at 13:15. He was 78 years old. After his death, Isabel Perón, his wife and vice president, succeeded
him in office. During her presidency, a military junta, along with the Peronists' far-right fascist faction, once again
became the de facto head of state. Isabel Perón served as President of Argentina from 1974 until 1976, when she was
ousted by the military. Her short presidency was marked by the collapse of Argentine political and social systems,
leading to a constitutional crisis that paved the way for a decade of instability, left-wing terrorist guerrilla attacks, and
state-sponsored terrorism.[86][95][96]

National Reorganization Process

The "Dirty War" (Spanish: Guerra Sucia) was part of Operation Condor,
which included the participation of other right-wing dictatorships in the
Southern Cone. The Dirty War involved state terrorism in Argentina and
elsewhere in the Southern Cone against political dissidents, with military and
security forces employing urban and rural violence against left-wing
guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with
socialism or somehow contrary to the neoliberal economic policies of the
regime.[97][98][99] Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an The "first military junta"—Admiral
Emilio Massera, Lieutenant General
estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade
Jorge Videla and Brigadier General
unionists, students, journalists, Marxists, Peronist guerrillas,[100] and alleged Orlando Agosti (from left to right)—
sympathizers. Most of the victims were casualties of state terrorism. The observing the Independence Day
opposing guerrillas' victims numbered nearly 500–540 military and police military parade on Avenida del
officials[101] and up to 230 civilians.[102] Argentina received technical Libertador, 9 July 1978
support and military aid from the United States government during the
Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations.

The exact chronology of the repression is still debated, yet the roots of the long political war may have started in 1969
when trade unionists were targeted for assassination by Peronist and Marxist paramilitaries. Individual cases of state-
sponsored terrorism against Peronism and the left can be traced back even further to the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo in
1955. The Trelew massacre of 1972, the actions of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance commencing in 1973, and
Isabel Perón's "annihilation decrees" against left-wing guerrillas during Operativo Independencia (Operation
Independence) in 1975, are also possible events signaling the beginning of the Dirty War.[F]

Onganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties, and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969,
popular discontent led to two massive protests: the Cordobazo and the Rosariazo. The terrorist guerrilla organization
Montoneros kidnapped and executed Aramburu.[106] The newly chosen head of government, Alejandro Agustín
Lanusse, seeking to ease the growing political pressure, allowed Héctor José Cámpora to become the Peronist
candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the March 1973 election, issued pardons for condemned guerrilla members,
and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain.[107]

On the day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions—right-wing union leaders and
left-wing youth from the Montoneros—resulted in the Ezeiza Massacre. Overwhelmed by political violence, Cámpora
resigned and Perón won the following September 1973 election with his third wife Isabel as vice-president. He
expelled Montoneros from the party[108] and they became once again a clandestine organization. José López Rega
organized the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA) to fight against them and the People's Revolutionary Army
(ERP).[109][110]

Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the
police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion,[111] stopping ERP's attempt to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán
province.[112] Isabel Perón was ousted one year later by a junta of the combined armed forces, led by army general
Jorge Rafael Videla. They initiated the National Reorganization Process, often shortened to Proceso.[113]

The Proceso shut down Congress, removed the judges on the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions,
and resorted to employing the forced disappearance of suspected guerrilla members including individuals suspected of
being associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976, the Montoneros had lost nearly 2,000 members and by 1977,
the ERP was completely subdued. Nevertheless, the severely weakened
Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly put down,
effectively ending the guerrilla threat and securing the junta's position in
power.

In March 1982, an Argentine force took control of the British territory of

South Georgia and, on 2 April, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. The
United Kingdom dispatched a task force to regain possession. Argentina
surrendered on 14 June and its forces were taken home. Street riots in Buenos
Aires followed the humiliating defeat and the military leadership stood
down.[114][115] Reynaldo Bignone replaced Galtieri and began to organize
the transition to democratic governance.[116]

Return to democracy Argentine soldiers during the

Falklands War, 1982
Raúl Alfonsín won the 1983 elections campaigning for the prosecution of
those responsible for human rights violations during the Proceso: the Trial of
the Juntas and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under
military pressure, he also enacted the Full Stop and Due Obedience
laws,[117][118] which halted prosecutions further down the chain of
command. The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflation reduced his
popular support and the Peronist Carlos Menem won the 1989 election. Soon
after, riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation.[119]

Menem embraced and enacted neoliberal policies:[120] a fixed exchange rate, Carlos Menem with the new
business deregulation, privatizations, and the dismantling of protectionist president, Fernando de la Rúa, on 10
barriers normalized the economy in the short term. He pardoned the officers December 1999
who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government. The 1994
Constitutional Amendment allowed Menem to be elected for a second term.
With the economy beginning to decline in 1995, and with increasing unemployment and recession,[121] the UCR, led
by Fernando de la Rúa, returned to the presidency in the 1999 elections.[122]

De la Rúa left Menem's economic plan in effect despite the worsening crisis,
which led to growing social discontent.[121] Massive capital flight from the
country was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts, generating further
turmoil. The December 2001 riots forced him to resign.[123] Congress
appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president, who revoked the fixed
exchange rate established by Menem,[124] causing many working- and
middle-class Argentines to lose a significant portion of their savings. By late
2002, the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of two
Protests in the city of Buenos Aires
piqueteros by the police caused political unrest, prompting Duhalde to move
during the December 2001 riots in
elections forward.[125] Néstor Kirchner was elected as the new president. On
Argentina
26 May 2003, he was sworn in.[126][127]

Boosting the neo-Keynesian economic policies[125] laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining
significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and rapid GDP growth.[128] Under his administration, Argentina restructured its
defaulted debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the International
Monetary Fund,[129] purged the military of officers with dubious human rights records,[130] nullified and voided the
Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,[131][G] ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the
Junta's crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator Cristina Fernández
de Kirchner, who was elected in 2007[133] and reelected in 2011. Fernández de Kirchner's administration established
positive foreign relations with countries such as Venezuela, Iran, and Cuba, while at the same time relations with the
 United States and the United Kingdom became increasingly strained. By
2015, the Argentine GDP grew by 2.7%[134] and real incomes had risen over
50% since the post-Menem era.[135] Despite these economic gains and
increased renewable energy production and subsidies, the overall economy
had been sluggish since 2011.[136]

On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of presidential elections

on 25 October, center-right coalition candidate Mauricio Macri won the first
ballotage in Argentina's history, beating Front for Victory candidate Daniel
Scioli and becoming president-elect.[137] Macri was the first democratically
Néstor Kirchner and his wife and elected non-peronist president since 1916 that managed to complete his term
political successor, Cristina Kirchner
in office without being overthrown.[138] He took office on 10 December
2015 and inherited an economy with a high inflation rate and in a poor
shape.[139] In April 2016, the Macri Government introduced neoliberal austerity measures intended to tackle inflation
and overblown public deficits.[140] Under Macri's administration, economic recovery remained elusive with GDP
shrinking 3.4%, inflation totaling 240%, billions of US dollars issued in sovereign debt, and mass poverty increasing
by the end of his term.[141][142] He ran for re-election in 2019 but lost by nearly eight percentage points to Alberto
Fernández, the Justicialist Party candidate.[143]

President Alberto Fernández and Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner took office in December 2019,[144]
just months before the COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina and among accusations of corruption, bribery and misuse
of public funds during Nestor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's presidencies.[145][146] On 14 November 2021,
the center-left coalition of Argentina's ruling Peronist party, Frente de Todos (Front for Everyone), lost its majority in
Congress, for the first time in almost 40 years, in midterm legislative elections. The election victory of the center-right
coalition, Juntos por el Cambio (Together for Change) limited President Alberto Fernandez's power during his final
two years in office. Losing control of the Senate made it difficult for him to make key appointments, including to the
judiciary. It also forced him to negotiate with the opposition every initiative he sends to the legislature.[147][148]

In April 2023, President Alberto Fernandez announced that he will not seek re-election in the next presidential
election.[149] The 19 November 2023 election run-off vote ended in a win for libertarian outsider Javier Milei with
close to 56% of the vote against 44% of the ruling coalition candidate Sergio Massa.[150] On 10 December 2023,
Javier Milei was sworn in as the new president of Argentina.[151]

Geography
With a mainland surface area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,518 sq mi),[B] Argentina is located in southern South America,
sharing land borders with Chile across the Andes to the west;[152] Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the
northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east;[153] and the Drake Passage to the south;[154] for an
overall land border length of 9,376 km (5,826 mi). Its coastal border over the Río de la Plata and South Atlantic
Ocean is 5,117 km (3,180 mi) long.[153]

Argentina's highest point is Aconcagua in the Mendoza province (6,959 m (22,831 ft) above sea level),[155] also the
highest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres.[156] The lowest point is Laguna del Carbón in the San Julián
Great Depression Santa Cruz province (−105 m (−344 ft) below sea level,[155] also the lowest point in the Southern
and Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth).[157]

The northernmost point is at the confluence of the Grande de San Juan and Mojinete rivers in Jujuy province; the
southernmost is Cape San Pío in Tierra del Fuego province; the easternmost is northeast of Bernardo de Irigoyen,
Misiones and the westernmost is within Los Glaciares National Park in Santa Cruz province.[153] The maximum
north–south distance is 3,694 km (2,295 mi), while the maximum east–west one is 1,423 km (884 mi).[153]
Some of the major rivers are the Paraná, Uruguay—which join to form the
Río de la Plata, Paraguay, Salado, Negro, Santa Cruz, Pilcomayo, Bermejo
and Colorado.[158] These rivers are discharged into the Argentine Sea, the
shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the Argentine Shelf, an unusually
wide continental platform.[159] Its waters are influenced by two major ocean
currents: the warm Brazil Current and the cold Falklands Current.[160]

Biodiversity
Argentina is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world[162] hosting
one of the greatest ecosystem varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 2
marine zones, and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory.[162]
This huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the
world's largest:[162][163] 9,372 cataloged vascular plant species (ranked
24th);[H] 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th);[I] 375 cataloged mammal
Topographical map of Argentina
species (ranked 12th);[J] 338 cataloged reptilian species (ranked 16th); and
162 cataloged amphibian species (ranked 19th).

The original pampa had virtually no trees; some imported species such as the
American sycamore or eucalyptus are present along roads or in towns and
country estates (estancias). The only tree-like plant native to the pampa is the
evergreen Ombú. The surface soils of the pampa are a deep black color,
primarily mollisols, known commonly as humus. This makes the region one
of the most agriculturally productive on Earth; however, this is also Aconcagua is the highest mountain
responsible for decimating much of the original ecosystem, to make way for outside of Asia, at 6,960.8 metres
commercial agriculture.[164] The western pampas receive less rainfall, this dry (22,837 ft), and the highest point in
pampa is a plain of short grasses or steppe.[165][166] the Southern Hemisphere.[161]

The National Parks of Argentina make up a network of 35 national parks in

Argentina. The parks cover a very varied set of terrains and biotopes, from
Baritú National Park on the northern border with Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego
National Park in the far south of the continent. The Administración de
Parques Nacionales (National Parks Administration) is the agency that
preserves and manages these national parks along with Natural monuments
and National Reserves within the country.[167] Argentina had a 2018 Forest
Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.21/10, ranking it 47th globally out
of 172 countries.[168] Los Cardones National Park

Climate
In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm humid subtropical, moderate humid subtropical, arid and
cold. all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features.[170][171] Although the most
populated areas are generally temperate, Argentina has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,[172] ranging from
subtropical in the north to polar in the far south.[173] Consequently, there is a wide variety of biomes in the country,
including Subtropical rainforests, semi-arid and arid regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in
the south.[174] The average annual precipitation ranges from 150 millimetres (6 in) in the driest parts of Patagonia to
over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern parts of the country.[172]
Mean annual temperatures range from 5 °C (41 °F) in the far south to 25 °C (77 °F) in the north.[172]

Major wind currents include the cool Pampero Winds blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas;
following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.[175]
The Sudestada usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is
most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río
de la Plata estuary.[175] The Zonda, a hot dry wind, affects Cuyo and the
central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the 6,000 m (19,685 ft)
descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to
120 km/h (75 mph), fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and
November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and blizzard (viento blanco)
conditions usually affect higher elevations.[176]

Climate change in Argentina is predicted to have significant effects on the

living conditions in Argentina.[177]: 30 The climate of Argentina is changing Köppen climate classification in
with regards to precipitation patterns and temperatures. The highest increases Argentina
in precipitation (from the period 1960–2010) have occurred in the eastern
parts of the country. The increase in precipitation has led to more variability in
precipitation from year to year in the northern parts of the country, with a
higher risk of prolonged droughts, disfavoring agriculture in these regions.

Politics
In the 20th century, Argentina experienced significant political turmoil and
democratic reversals.[178][179] Between 1930 and 1976, the armed forces Argentina features geographical
overthrew six governments in Argentina;[179] and the country alternated locations such as this glacier, known
periods of democracy (1912–1930, 1946–1955, and 1973–1976) with periods as the Perito Moreno Glacier.[169]
of restricted democracy and military rule.[178] Following a transition that
began in 1983,[180] full-scale democracy in Argentina was
reestablished.[178][179] Argentina's democracy endured through the 2001–02 crisis and to the present day; it is
regarded as more robust than both its pre-1983 predecessors and other democracies in Latin America.[179] According
to the V-Dem Democracy indices, Argentina in 2023 was the second most electoral democratic country in Latin
America.[181]

Government
Argentina is a federal constitutional republic and representative
democracy.[183] The government is regulated by a system of checks and
balances defined by the Constitution of Argentina, the country's supreme legal
document. The seat of government is the city of Buenos Aires, as designated
by Congress.[184] Suffrage is universal, equal, secret and mandatory.[185][K]

The federal government is composed of three branches. The Legislative

Casa Rosada, workplace of the
branch consists of the bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the
President
Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war,
approves treaties and has the power of the purse and of impeachment, by
which it can remove sitting members of the government.[187] The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has
257 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth
year.[188] As of 2014 ten provinces have just five deputies while the Buenos Aires Province, being the most populous
one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, and has 72 members elected at-large to six-year
terms, with each province having three seats; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.[189] At
least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women.

In the Executive branch, the President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they
become law—subject to Congressional override—and appoints the members of the Cabinet and other officers, who
administer and enforce federal laws and policies.[190] The President is elected directly by the vote of the people,
serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a
row.[191]

The Judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts
interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.[192] The Judicial
is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has
seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—
who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the Council of
Magistracy (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, The National Congress composed of
the Senate and the Chamber of
researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the
Deputies[182]
president on Senate approval.[193]

Provinces
Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city,
Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into
departments and municipalities, except for Buenos Aires Province, which is
divided into partidos. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into communes.

Provinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal
government;[194] they must be representative republics and must not
contradict the Constitution.[195] Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they
enact their own constitutions,[196] freely organize their local
governments,[197] and own and manage their natural and financial
resources.[198] Some provinces have bicameral legislatures, while others have
unicameral ones.[L]

La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953,

and Formosa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The
last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Tierra del Fuego,
Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990.[200] It has three
components, although two are nominal because they are not under Argentine
sovereignty. The first is the Argentine part of Tierra del Fuego; the second is Provinces of Argentina. Click to
an area of Antarctica claimed by Argentina that overlaps with similar areas explore.

claimed by the UK and Chile; the third comprises the two disputed British
Overseas Territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.[201]

Foreign relations
Foreign policy is handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International
Trade and Worship, which answers to the President. The country is one of the
G-15 and G-20 major economies of the world, and a founding member of the
UN, WBG, WTO and OAS. In 2012 Argentina was elected again to a two-
year non-permanent position on the United Nations Security Council and is
participating in major peacekeeping operations in Haiti, Cyprus, Western
Sahara and the Middle East.[202] Argentina is described as a middle
Cristina Kirchner alongside the power.[20][203]
members of BRICS and Union of
South American Nations in 2014 A prominent Latin American[21] and Southern Cone[22] regional power,
Argentina co-founded OEI and CELAC. It is also a founding member of the
Mercosur block, having Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela as
partners. Since 2002 the country has emphasized its key role in Latin American integration, and the block—which has
some supranational legislative functions—is its first international priority.[204]

Argentina claims 965,597 km2 (372,819 sq mi) in Antarctica, where it has the world's oldest continuous state
presence, since 1904.[205] This overlaps claims by Chile and the United Kingdom, though all such claims fall under
the provisions of the 1961 Antarctic Treaty, of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting
member, with the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat being based in Buenos Aires.[206]

Argentina disputes sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), and South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands,[207] which are administered by the United Kingdom as Overseas Territories. Argentina is a party to
the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.[208] Argentina is a Major non-NATO ally since 1998[23] and an
OECD candidate country since January 2022.[209]

Armed forces
The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine Armed
Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation between
national defense and internal security systems:[210][211] The National Defense
System, an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,[212]
coordinated by the Ministry of Defense, and comprising the Army, the Navy
and the Air Force.[213] Ruled and monitored by Congress[214] through the
Houses' Defense Committees,[215] it is organized on the essential principle of
legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression in Lockheed Martin A-4AR
order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial Fightinghawk operated by the
integrity.[215] Its secondary missions include committing to multinational Argentine Air Force
operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating in
internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing a sub-
regional defense system.[215]

Military service is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old
and no conscription.[216] Argentina's defense has historically been one of the
best equipped in the region, even managing its own weapon research
facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and plane factories.[217] However, real
military expenditures declined steadily after the defeat in the
Falklands/Malvinas War and the defense budget in 2011 was only about
0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,[218] below the Latin American average. Argentine destroyer ARA Sarandí (D-
Within the defence budget itself, funding for training and even basic 13)
maintenance has been significantly cut, a factor contributing to the accidental
loss of the Argentine submarine San Juan in 2017. The result has been a
steady erosion of Argentine military capabilities, with some arguing that Argentina had, by the end of the 2010s,
ceased to be a capable military power.[219]

The Interior Security System is jointly administered by the federal and subscribing provincial governments.[211] At the
federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, Security and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress.[211] It is
enforced by the Federal Police; the Prefecture, which fulfills coast guard duties; the Gendarmerie, which serves border
guard tasks; and the Airport Security Police.[220] At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal
security ministries and enforced by local police agencies.[211]

Argentina was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991 to the Gulf War under
UN mandate and has remained involved in peacekeeping efforts in multiple locations such as UNPROFOR in
Croatia/Bosnia, Gulf of Fonseca, UNFICYP in Cyprus (where among Army and Marines troops the Air Force
provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and MINUSTAH in Haiti. Argentina is the only Latin American country
to maintain troops in Kosovo during SFOR (and later EUFOR) operations where combat engineers of the Argentine
Armed Forces are embedded in an Italian brigade.

In 2007, an Argentine contingent including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help Bolivia
against their worst floods in decades.[221] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in Haiti and Chile
humanitarian responses after their respective earthquakes.

Economy
Benefiting from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, a
diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the
economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest,[222] and the second-
largest in South America.[223] Argentina was one of the richest countries in
the world, on the 20th century in 1913 it was one of the wealthiest countries
in the world by GDP per capita[224] It has a "very high" rating on the Human
Development Index[12] and ranks 66th by nominal GDP per capita,[225] with
a considerable internal market size and a growing share of the high-tech
The Catalinas Norte business
sector. As a middle emerging economy and one of the world's top developing complex in Buenos Aires CBD
nations, it is a member of the G-20 major economies.[226][M]

Argentina is the largest producer in the world of yerba mate (due to the large
domestic consumption of mate), one of the five largest producers in the world
of soybeans, maize, sunflower seed, lemon and pear, one of the ten largest
producers in the world of barley, grape, artichoke, tobacco and cotton, and
one of the 15 largest producers in the world of wheat, sugarcane, sorghum
and grapefruit. It is the largest producer in South America of wheat, sunflower
seed, barley, lemon and pear.[228][229] In wine, Argentina is usually among
the ten largest producers in the world.[230] Argentina is also a traditional meat
exporter, having been, in 2019, the 4th world producer of beef, with a Vineyard in Mendoza. Argentina is
the sixth-largest producer of
production of 3 million tons (only behind US, Brazil and China), the 4th
wine.[227]
world producer of honey, and the 10th world producer of wool, in addition to
other relevant productions.[231][232]

The mining industry of Argentina is not as relevant as that of other countries.

It stands out for being the fourth-largest producer of lithium,[233] 9th of
silver[234] and 17th of gold[235] worldwide (based on 2019 data). The
country stands out in the production of natural gas, being the largest producer
in South America and the 18th-largest in the world, and has an average annual
production close to 500 thousand barrels/day of petroleum, even with the
under-utilization of the Vaca Muerta field, due to the country's technical and
financial inability to extract these resources.[236][237]
Veladero mine is a gold mine located
In 2012, manufacturing accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest sector in in the San Juan Province.
the nation's economy.[238] Well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, half of
the industrial exports have rural origin.[238] With a 6.5% production growth
rate in 2011,[239] the diversified manufacturing sector rests on a steadily growing network of industrial parks (314 as
of 2013)[240][241] In 2012 the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products;
motor vehicles and auto parts; textiles and leather; refinery products and biodiesel; chemicals and pharmaceuticals;
steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and
furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print
media.[238] In addition, Argentina has since long been one of the top five
wine-producing countries in the world.[238]

High inflation—a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades—has

become a trouble once again,[242] with an annual rate of 24.8% in 2017.[243]
In 2023 the inflation reached 102.5% among the highest inflation rates in the Fiat factory in Córdoba, Argentina
world.[244] Approximately 43% of the Argentina's population lives below the
poverty line as of 2023.[245] To deter it and support the peso, the government
imposed foreign currency control.[246] Income distribution, having improved since 2002, is classified as "medium",
although it is still considerably unequal.[11] In January 2024, Argentina's poverty rate reached 57.4%, the highest
poverty rate in the country since 2004.[247]

Argentina ranks 85th out of 180 countries in the Transparency International's 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index,[248]
an improvement of 22 positions over its 2014 rankings.[249] Argentina settled its long-standing debt default crisis in
2016 with the so-called vulture funds after the election of Mauricio Macri, allowing Argentina to enter capital markets
for the first time in a decade.[250] The government of Argentina defaulted on 22 May 2020 by failing to pay a
$500 million bill by its due date to its creditors. Negotiations for the restructuring of $66 billion of its debt
continue.[251]

Poverty in Argentina was 41.7 percent at the end of the second half of 2023.[252]

Tourism
The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of international tourist arrivals as the top destination in
South America, and second in Latin America after Mexico.[253] Revenues from international tourists reached
US$4.41 billion in 2013, down from US$4.89 billion in 2012.[253] The country's capital city, Buenos Aires, is the
most visited city in South America.[254] There are 30 National Parks of Argentina including many World Heritage
Sites.

Panorama of the Nahuel Huapi National Park and the Nahuel Huapi Lake from Cerro Campanario, Bariloche

Transport
By 2004 Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia, and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by
69,412 km (43,131 mi) of paved roads, out of a total road network of 231,374 km (143,769 mi).[255] In 2021, the
country had about 2,800 km (1,740 mi) of duplicated highways, most leaving the capital Buenos Aires, linking it with
cities such as Rosario and Córdoba, Santa Fe, Mar del Plata and Paso de los Libres (in border with Brazil), there are
also duplicated highways leaving from Mendoza towards the capital, and between Córdoba and Santa Fé, among
other locations.[256] Nevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate and cannot handle the sharply growing
demand caused by deterioration of the railway system.[257]
Argentina has the largest railway system in Latin America, with 36,966 km
(22,970 mi) of operating lines in 2008, out of a full network of almost
48,000 km (29,826 mi).[258] This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos
Aires City, and connects with all neighbouring countries.[257] There are four
incompatible gauges in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic
to pass through Buenos Aires.[257] The system has been in decline since the
1940s: regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was
transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973.[257] However, in
recent years the system has experienced a greater degree of investment from Stretch of National Route 9 between
the state, in both commuter rail lines and long-distance lines, renewing rolling Rosario and Córdoba
stock and infrastructure.[259][260] In April 2015, by overwhelming majority
the Argentine Senate passed a law which re-created Ferrocarriles Argentinos
(2015), effectively re-nationalising the country's railways, a move which saw
support from all major political parties on both sides of the political
spectrum.[261][262][263]

In 2012 there were about 11,000 km (6,835 mi) of waterways,[264] mostly

comprising the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos
Aires, Zárate, Campana, Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, Barranqueras and
San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main fluvial ports. Some of the largest sea A Trenes Argentinos CNR CKD8G at
ports are La Plata–Ensenada, Bahía Blanca, Mar del Plata, Quequén– Mar del Plata railway station
Necochea, Comodoro Rivadavia, Puerto Deseado, Puerto Madryn, Ushuaia
and San Antonio Oeste. Buenos Aires has historically been the most important
port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant: stretching along 67 km (42 mi) of the
Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and in 2013 accounted for 50% of all exports.

In 2013 there were 161 airports with paved runways[265] out of more than a thousand.[257] The Ezeiza International
Airport, about 35 km (22 mi) from downtown Buenos Aires,[266] is the largest in the country, followed by Cataratas
del Iguazú in Misiones, and El Plumerillo in Mendoza.[257] Aeroparque, in the city of Buenos Aires, is the most
important domestic airport.[267]

Energy
In 2020, more than 60% of Argentina's electricity came from non-renewable
sources such as natural gas, oil and coal. 27% came from hydropower, 7.3%
from wind and solar energy and 4.4% from nuclear energy.[269] At the end of
2021 Argentina was the 21st country in the world in terms of installed
hydroelectric power (11.3 GW), the 26th country in the world in terms of
installed wind energy (3.2 GW) and the 43rd country in the world in terms of
installed solar energy (1.0 GW).[270]
Atucha Nuclear Power Plant was the
The wind potential of the Patagonia region is considered gigantic, with first nuclear power plant in Latin
estimates that the area could provide enough electricity to sustain the America.[268]
consumption of a country like Brazil alone. However, Argentina has
infrastructural deficiencies to carry out the transmission of electricity from
uninhabited areas with a lot of wind to the great centers of the country.[271]
In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, Atucha I. Although
the Argentine-built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in
the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine-built components; Embalse,
finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 Atucha II reactor a 40%.[272]

Science and technology

Argentines have received three Nobel Prizes in the Sciences. Bernardo
Houssay, the first Latin American recipient, discovered the role of pituitary
hormones in regulating glucose in animals, and shared the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1947. Luis Leloir discovered how organisms store
energy converting glucose into glycogen and the compounds which are
fundamental in metabolizing carbohydrates, receiving the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry in 1970. César Milstein did extensive research in antibodies,
Luis Federico Leloir (left) and his sharing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. Argentine
staff toast his 1970 Nobel Prize in research has led to treatments for heart diseases and several forms of cancer.
Chemistry. Domingo Liotta designed and developed the first artificial heart that was
successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. René Favaloro developed
the techniques and performed the world's first coronary bypass surgery.

Argentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America
to design and build a research reactor with homegrown technology, the RA-1 Enrico Fermi. This reliance on the
development of its own nuclear-related technologies, instead of buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's
nuclear programme conducted by the civilian National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with
Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the
capability of producing weapon-grade uranium, a major step needed to assemble nuclear weapons; since then,
however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.[273] As a member of the Board of
Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-
proliferation efforts[274] and is highly committed to global nuclear security.[275]

Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences
in Argentina have enjoyed international respect since the turn of the 1900s,
when Luis Agote devised the first safe and effective means of blood
transfusion as well as René Favaloro, who was a pioneer in the improvement
of the coronary artery bypass surgery. Argentine scientists are still on the
cutting edge in fields such as nanotechnology, physics, computer sciences,
molecular biology, oncology, ecology and cardiology. Juan Maldacena, an
Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in string theory.
SAOCOM 1A inside the facilities of
CEATSA
Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine-
built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1
(2007),[276] and those developed by CONAE, the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.[277] Argentina has its
own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company INVAP,
which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[278] Established in 1991, the CONAE has since launched two
satellites successfully and,[279] in June 2009, secured an agreement with the European Space Agency for the
installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the Pierre Auger Observatory, the
world's foremost cosmic ray observatory.[280] The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as
CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA
installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission
coverage around the clock[281] Argentina was ranked 73rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[282][283]

Demographics
The 2010 census counted 40,117,096 inhabitants, up from 36,260,130 in
2001.[284][285] Argentina ranks third in South America in total population,
fourth in Latin America and 33rd globally. Its population density of 15
persons per square kilometer of land area is well below the world average of
50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03%
annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a
mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. Since 2010, the crude net
migration rate has ranged from below zero to up to four immigrants per 1,000
inhabitants per year.[286]

Argentina is in the midst of a demographic transition to an older and slower-

growing population. The proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little
below the world average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is
relatively high at 10.8%. In Latin America, this is second only to Uruguay and
well above the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has a
comparatively low infant mortality rate. Its birth rate of 2.3 children per Population density map of Argentina
woman is considerably below the high of 7.0 children born per woman in (2000)

1895, [287] though still nearly twice as high as in Spain or Italy, which are
culturally and demographically similar.[288][289] The median age is 31.9 years and life expectancy at birth is 77.14
years.[290]

Attitudes towards LGBT people are generally positive within Argentina.[291] In 2010, Argentina became the first
country in Latin America, the second in the Americas, and the tenth worldwide to legalize same-sex
marriage.[292][293]

Ethnography
Argentina is considered a country of immigrants.[294][295][296] Argentines
usually refer to the country as a crisol de razas (crucible of races, or melting
pot). A 2010 study conducted on 218 individuals by the Argentine geneticist
Daniel Corach established that the average genetic ancestry of Argentines is
79% European (mainly Italian and Spanish), 18% indigenous and 4.3%
African; 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was
Indigenous.[297][298] The majority of Argentines descend from multiple
European ethnic groups, primarily of Italian and Spanish descent, with over
The cacique Qom Félix Díaz meets 25 million Argentines (almost 60% of the population) having some partial
with then president Mauricio Macri. Italian origins.[299]

Argentina is also home to a notable Asian population, the majority of whom

are descended from either West Asians (namely Lebanese and Syrians)[300] or East Asians (such as the Chinese,[301]
Koreans, and the Japanese).[302] The latter of whom number around 180,000 individuals. The total number of Arab
Argentines (most of whom are of Lebanese or Syrian origin) is estimated to be 1.3 to 3.5 million. Many immigrated
from various Asian countries to Argentina during the 19th century (especially during the latter half of the century) and
the first half of the 20th century.[303][304] Most Arab Argentines belong to the Catholic Church (including both the
Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches) or the Eastern Orthodox Church. A minority are Muslims.
From the 1970s, immigration has mostly been coming from Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with smaller numbers from
the Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Romania.[305] The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants
lack official documents and has launched a program[306] to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in
return for two-year residence visas—so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.[307] As
of July 2023, more than 18,500 Russians have come to Argentina after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[308]

Languages
The de facto[N] official language is Spanish, spoken by almost all Argentines.[309]
The country is the largest Spanish-speaking society that universally employs voseo,
the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú ("you"), which imposes the use of alternative
verb forms as well. Owing to the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a
strong variation among regions, although the prevalent dialect is Rioplatense,
primarily spoken in the Pampean and Patagonian regions and accented similarly to the
Neapolitan language.[310] Italian and other European immigrants influenced Lunfardo
—the regional slang—permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American
countries as well.

There are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine

population: English (by 2.8 million people);[311] Italian (by 1.5 million
people);[309][O] Arabic (specially its Northern Levantine dialect, by one million
people);[309] Standard German (by 200,000 people);[309][P] Guaraní (by 200,000
people,[309] mostly in Corrientes and Misiones);[3] Catalan (by 174,000 people);[309] Dialectal variants of the
Quechua (by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest);[309] Wichí (by 53,700 people, Spanish language in
mainly in Chaco[309] where, along with Kom and Moqoit, it is official de jure);[5] Argentina
Vlax Romani (by 52,000 people);[309] Albanian (by 40,000 people);[312] Japanese
(by 32,000 people);[309] Aymara (by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest);[309]
and Ukrainian (by 27,000 people).[309]

Religion
Christianity is the largest religion in Argentina. The Constitution guarantees freedom
of religion.[313] Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,[314] it gives
Roman Catholicism a preferential status.[315][Q]

According to a 2008 CONICET poll, Argentines were 76.5% Catholic, 11.3%

Agnostics and Atheists, 9% Evangelical Protestants, 1.2% Jehovah's Witnesses, and
0.9% Mormons, while 1.2% followed other religions, including Islam, Judaism and
Buddhism.[317] These figures appear to have changed quite significantly in recent
years: data recorded in 2017 indicated that Catholics made up 66% of the population,
indicating a drop of 10.5% in nine years, and the nonreligious in the country standing
at 21% of the population, indicating an almost doubling over the same period.[318]

The country is home to both one of the largest Muslim[316] and largest Jewish
communities in Latin America, the latter being the seventh most populous in the Francis, the first pope from
the Americas, was born and
world.[319] Argentina is a member of the International Holocaust Remembrance
raised in Argentina.
Alliance.[316]

Argentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization of religious beliefs;[320] 23.8% claim to always
attend religious services; 49.1% seldom do and 26.8% never do.[321]
On 13 March 2013, Argentine Jorge Mario Bergoglio, the Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires, was elected Bishop
of Rome and Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church. He took the name "Francis", and he became the first Pope
from either the Americas or from the Southern Hemisphere; he is the first Pope born outside of Europe since the
election of Pope Gregory III (who was Syrian) in 741.[322]

Health
Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labour union-
sponsored plans (Obras Sociales), government insurance plans, public
hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans. Health care
cooperatives number over 300 (of which 200 are related to labour unions) and
provide health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly
known as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.[323]

There are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000
Clemente Álvarez Emergency
Hospital in Rosario
dentists (ratios comparable to developed nations).[324][325] The relatively high
access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends
similar to developed nations': from 1953 to 2005, deaths from cardiovascular
disease increased from 20% to 23% of the total, those from tumors from 14% to 20%, respiratory problems from 7%
to 14%, digestive maladies (non-infectious) from 7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and infectious
diseases, 4%. Causes related to senility led to many of the rest. Infant deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in
1953 to 3% in 2005.[324][326]

The availability of health care has also reduced infant mortality from 70 per 1000 live births in 1948[327] to 12.1 in
2009[324] and raised life expectancy at birth from 60 years to 76.[327] Though these figures compare favorably with
global averages, they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin
America.[325]

Education
The Argentine education system consists of four levels.[328] An initial level
for children between 45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years[329] being
compulsory. An elementary or lower school mandatory level lasting 6 or 7
years.[R] In 2010 the literacy rate was 98.07%.[330] A secondary or high
school mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years.[R] In 2010 38.5% of people over
age 20 had completed secondary school.[331] A higher level, divided in
tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. in 2013 there were 47
national public universities across the country, as well as 46 private ones.[332] Faculty of Law of the University of
Buenos Aires
In 2010 7.1% of people over age 20 had graduated from university.[331] The
public universities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Plata, Rosario, and the
National Technological University are some of the most important. The Argentine state guarantees universal, secular
and free-of-charge public education for all levels.[S] Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the
federal and individual provincial states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all
educational stages.

Urbanization
Argentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its population living in cities:[333] the ten largest metropolitan areas
account for half of the population. About 3 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and including the Greater
Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.[334]
The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each.[334] Mendoza, San Miguel
de Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.[334]

The population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21% of the total area), including
15 million people in Buenos Aires province. The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires
have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta,
Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With 64.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (167/sq mi), Tucumán is the only
Argentine province more densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province of Santa Cruz
has around 1.1/km2 (2.8/sq mi).[335]

Largest cities or towns in Argentina

(2021 INDEC metro area estimate)[336]
Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop.
Buenos (Autonomous
1 3,003,000 11 Resistencia Chaco 418,000
Aires city)
Santiago Santiago
2 Córdoba Córdoba 1,577,000 12 407,000
del Estero del Estero
3 Rosario Santa Fe 1,333,000 13 Corrientes Corrientes 384,000
4 Mendoza Mendoza 1,036,000 14 Posadas Misiones 378,000
San
San
Miguel
5 Tucumán 909,000 15 Salvador Jujuy 351,000
de
de Jujuy
Tucumán
Buenos Aires Bahía Buenos Rosario
6 La Plata Buenos Aires 909,000 16 317,000
Blanca Aires
Mar del
7 Buenos Aires 651,000 17 Neuquén Neuquén 313,000
Plata
Córdoba Entre Mendoza
8 Salta Salta 647,000 18 Paraná 283,000
Ríos
San
9 San Juan 542,000 19 Formosa Formosa 256,000
Juan
Comodoro
10 Santa Fe Santa Fe 540,000 20 Chubut 243,000
Rivadavia

Culture
Argentina is a multicultural country with significant European influences. Modern
Argentine culture has been largely influenced by Italian, Spanish and other European
immigration from France, Russia, United Kingdom, among others. Its cities are
largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of
conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture and
design.[337] Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant in all the large urban
centres, as well as traditional establishments such as literary bars, or bars offering live
music of a variety of genres although there are lesser elements of Amerindian and
African influences, particularly in the fields of music and art.[338] The other big
Sun of May on the first
influence is the gauchos and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.[339]
Argentine coin, 1813
Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural
milieu. Argentine writer Ernesto Sabato has reflected on the nature of the culture of
Argentina as follows:

With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants
have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition:
because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World;
 because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of
the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the Patria Grande San
Martín and Bolívar once imagined.

— Ernesto Sabato, La cultura en la encrucijada nacional (1976)[340]

Literature
Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,[341] it reached
full independence with Esteban Echeverría's El Matadero, a romantic
landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's
Argentine narrative,[342] split by the ideological divide between the popular,
federalist epic of José Hernández' Martín Fierro and the elitist and cultured
discourse of Sarmiento's masterpiece, Facundo.[343]

The Modernist movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents
such as Leopoldo Lugones and poet Alfonsina Storni;[344] it was followed by
Vanguardism, with Ricardo Güiraldes's Don Segundo Sombra as an important
reference.[345]

Jorge Luis Borges, Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost
figures in the history of literature,[346] found new ways of looking at the
Four of the most influential Argentine
modern world in metaphor and philosophical debate and his influence has
writers. Top-left to bottom-right:
extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as Ficciones and The
Julio Cortázar, Victoria Ocampo,
Aleph are among his most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of Jorge Luis Borges, and Adolfo Bioy
Adolfo Bioy Casares, who wrote one of the most praised science fiction Casares.
novels, The Invention of Morel.[347] Julio Cortázar, one of the leading
members of the Latin American Boom and a major name in 20th century
literature,[348] influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.[349]

A remarkable episode in Argentine literary history is the social and literarial dialectica between the so-called Florida
Group, named this way because its members used to meet together at the Richmond Cafeteria at Florida street and
published in the Martin Fierro magazine, such as Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Marechal, Antonio Berni (artist),
among others; versus the Boedo Group of Roberto Arlt, Cesar Tiempo, Homero Manzi (tango composer), that used to
meet at the Japanese Cafe and published their works with the Editorial Claridad, with both the cafe and the publisher
located at Boedo Avenue.

Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and essayists include Estanislao del Campo, Eugenio Cambaceres,
Pedro Bonifacio Palacios, Hugo Wast, Benito Lynch, Enrique Banchs, Oliverio Girondo, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada,
Victoria Ocampo, Leopoldo Marechal, Silvina Ocampo, Roberto Arlt, Eduardo Mallea, Manuel Mujica Láinez,
Ernesto Sábato, Silvina Bullrich, Rodolfo Walsh, María Elena Walsh, Tomás Eloy Martínez, Manuel Puig, Alejandra
Pizarnik, and Osvaldo Soriano.[350]

Music
Tango, a Rioplatense musical genre with European and African influences,[351] is one of Argentina's international
cultural symbols.[352] The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of jazz and swing in the United
States, featuring large orchestras such as those of Osvaldo Pugliese, Aníbal Troilo, Francisco Canaro, Julio de Caro
and Juan d'Arienzo.[353] After 1955, virtuoso Astor Piazzolla popularized Nuevo tango, a subtler and more
intellectual trend for the genre.[353] Tango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups such as Gotan Project,
Bajofondo and Tanghetto.
 Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to
renowned artists such as Alberto Ginastera, composer; Alberto Lysy, violinist;
Martha Argerich and Eduardo Delgado, pianists; Daniel Barenboim, pianist
and symphonic orchestra director; José Cura and Marcelo Álvarez, tenors;
and to ballet dancers Jorge Donn, José Neglia, Norma Fontenla, Maximiliano
Guerra, Paloma Herrera, Marianela Núñez, Iñaki Urlezaga and Julio
Bocca.[353]

A national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional
musical genres and went on to influence the entirety of Latin American music.
Some of its interpreters, such as Atahualpa Yupanqui and Mercedes Sosa,
achieved worldwide acclaim. The romantic ballad genre included singers of
Photograph of Mercedes Sosa by international fame such as Sandro de América. Tenor saxophonist Leandro
Annemarie Heinrich "Gato" Barbieri and composer and big band conductor Lalo Schifrin are
among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.

Argentine rock developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became
cradles of aspiring musicians. Founding bands such as Los Gatos, Sui Generis, Almendra and Manal were followed
by Seru Giran, Los Abuelos de la Nada, Soda Stereo and Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota, with prominent
artists including Gustavo Cerati, Litto Nebbia, Andrés Calamaro, Luis Alberto Spinetta, Charly García, Fito Páez and
León Gieco.[353]

A dance and a musical genre popular at present is Cachengue, a subgenre of Argentine cumbia and reggaeton
spreading in popularity in nearby countries such as Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[354]

Theatre and cinema

Buenos Aires is one of the great theatre capitals of the world,[357] with a scene of
international caliber centered on Corrientes Avenue, "the street that never sleeps",
sometimes referred to as an intellectual Broadway in Buenos Aires.[358] Teatro Colón
is a global landmark for opera and classical performances; its acoustics are considered
among the world's top five.[359][T]

The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in
Latin American cinema, along with those produced in Mexico and Brazil.[360][361]
Started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading
film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.[362] The world's first animated
feature films were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist Quirino Cristiani, in
1917 and 1918.[363] Andy Muschietti, director of
It, the highest-grossing
Argentine films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won two horror film of all-
Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, for The Official Story (1985) and time[355][356]
The Secret in Their Eyes (2009). In addition, Argentine composers Luis Enrique
Bacalov and Gustavo Santaolalla have been honored with Academy Awards for Best
Original Score, and Armando Bó and Nicolás Giacobone shared in the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
for 2014. Also, the Argentine French actress Bérénice Bejo received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best
Supporting Actress in 2011 and won the César Award for Best Actress and won the Best Actress award in the Cannes
Film Festival for her role in the film The Past.[364] Argentina also has won seventeen Goya Awards for Best Spanish
Language Foreign Film, being by far the most awarded country in Latin America with twenty-four nominations.
Many other Argentine films also have been acclaimed by international critique. In 2013 about 100 full-length motion
pictures were being created annually.[365]

Visual arts and architecture

Some of the best-known Argentine painters are Cándido López and Florencio
Molina Campos (Naïve style); Ernesto de la Cárcova and Eduardo Sívori
(Realism); Fernando Fader (Impressionism); Pío Collivadino, Atilio
Malinverno and Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós (Postimpressionism); Emilio
Pettoruti (Cubism); Julio Barragán (Concretism and Cubism) Antonio Berni
(Neofigurativism); Roberto Aizenberg and Xul Solar (Surrealism); Gyula
Košice (Constructivism); Eduardo Mac Entyre (Generative art); Luis Seoane,
Carlos Torrallardona, Luis Aquino, Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez (Modernism);
Lucio Fontana (Spatialism); Tomás Maldonado, Guillermo Kuitca (Abstract
art); León Ferrari, Marta Minujín (Conceptual art); Gustavo Cabral (Fantasy
Las Nereidas Font by Lola Mora
art), and Fabián Pérez (Neoemotionalism).

In 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The Madí Movement in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and the
United States, where it had a significant impact.[366] Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the Ulm
Model of design education, still highly influential globally. Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include Adolfo
Bellocq, whose lithographs have been influential since the 1920s, and Benito Quinquela Martín, the quintessential
port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound La Boca neighbourhood. Internationally laureate sculptors Erminio
Blotta, Lola Mora and Rogelio Yrurtia authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine
cityscape.

The colonization brought the Spanish Baroque architecture, which can still be appreciated in its simpler Rioplatense
style in the reduction of San Ignacio Miní, the Cathedral of Córdoba, and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French
influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong eclectic overtones that gave the local architecture
a unique feeling.[367]

Mass media
The print media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than
two hundred newspapers. The major national ones include Clarín (centrist,
Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the
Spanish-speaking world), La Nación (centre-right, published since 1870),
Página/12 (leftist, founded in 1987), La Voz del Interior (centre, founded in
1904),[368] and the Argentinisches Tageblatt (German weekly, liberal,
published since 1878).[369]

Argentina began the world's first regular radio broadcasting on 27 August

Headquarters of the Channel 7, the
1920, when Richard Wagner's Parsifal was aired by a team of medical first television station in the country
students led by Enrique Telémaco Susini in Buenos Aires' Teatro
Coliseo.[370] By 2002 there were 260 AM and 1150 FM registered radio
stations in the country.[371]

The Argentine television industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and TV
formats having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite
television in Latin America,[372] as of 2014 totaling 87.4% of the country's households, a rate similar to those in the
United States, Canada and Europe.[373]
By 2011 Argentina also had the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American powers:
about 67% of its population had internet access and the ratio of mobile phone subscriptions to population was
137.2%.[374]

Cuisine
Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental
Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and Criollo creations,
including empanadas (a small stuffed pastry), locro (a mixture of corn, beans,
meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), humita and mate.[375] In various localities of
Argentina, this dish is consumed as a beefmelt.

The country has the highest consumption of red meat in the world,[376]
traditionally prepared as asado, the Argentine barbecue. It is made with Argentine beef as asado
various types of meats, often including chorizo, sweetbread, chitterlings, and
blood sausage.[377]

Common desserts include facturas (Viennese-style pastry), cakes and pancakes filled with dulce de leche (a sort of
milk caramel jam), alfajores (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, dulce de leche or a fruit paste),
and tortas fritas (fried cakes)[378]

Argentine wine, one of the world's finest,[379] is an integral part of the local menu. Malbec, Torrontés, Cabernet
Sauvignon, Syrah and Chardonnay are some of the most sought-after varieties.[380]

Sport
Pato is the national sport,[381] an ancient horseback game locally originated in the
early 1600s and predecessor of horseball.[382][383]

The most popular sport is football. Along with Brazil, Germany and France, the men's
national team is the only one to have won each of the World Cup (in 1978, 1986 and
2022), Confederations Cup, and the Olympic gold. They have also won 16 Copas
América, 7 Pan American Gold Medals and many other trophies.[384] Alfredo Di
Stéfano, Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi are widely considered to be among the
best players in the game's history.[385]
Footballer Lionel Messi,
eight-time Ballon d'Or The country's women's field hockey team Las Leonas, is one of the world's most
winner, is the current captain successful with four Olympic medals, two World Cups, a World League and seven
of the Argentina national
Champions Trophy.[386] Luciana Aymar is recognized as the best female player in the
football team.
history of the sport,[387] being the only player to have received the FIH Player of the
Year Award eight times.[388]

Basketball is a very popular sport. The men's national team is the only one in the FIBA Americas zone that has won
the quintuplet crown: World Championship, Olympic Gold Medal, Diamond Ball, Americas Championship, and Pan
American Gold Medal. It has also conquered 13 South American Championships, and many other tournaments.[389]
Emanuel Ginóbili, Luis Scola, Andrés Nocioni, Fabricio Oberto, Pablo Prigioni, Carlos Delfino and Juan Ignacio
Sánchez are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the NBA.[386] Argentina hosted the
Basketball World Cup in 1950 and 1990.

Rugby is another popular sport in Argentina. As of 2017, the men's national team, known as 'Los Pumas' has
competed at the Rugby World Cup each time it has been held, achieving their highest-ever result in 2007 when they
came third. Since 2012, the Los Pumas have competed against Australia, New Zealand & South Africa in The Rugby
Championship, the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the secondary
men's national team known as the 'Jaguares' has competed against the US, Canada, and Uruguay first teams in the
Americas Rugby Championship, which Los Jaguares have won six out of eight times it has taken place.

Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for boxing,
including Carlos Monzón, the best middleweight in history;[390] Pascual Pérez, one of
the most decorated flyweight boxers of all times; Horacio Accavallo, the former WBA
and WBC world flyweight champion; Víctor Galíndez, as of 2009, record holder for
consecutive world light heavyweight title defenses and Nicolino Locche, nicknamed
"The Untouchable" for his masterful defense; they are all inductees into the
International Boxing Hall of Fame.[391]

Tennis has been quite popular among people of all ages. Guillermo Vilas is the
greatest Latin American player of the Open Era,[392] while Gabriela Sabatini is the
most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached number 3 in
the WTA ranking,[393] are both inductees into the International Tennis Hall of Argentine Polo Open
Fame.[394] Argentina has won the World Team Cup four times, in 1980, 2002, 2007 Championship
and 2010 and has reached the semifinals of the Davis Cup 7 times in the last 10 years,
losing the finals against Russia in 2006 and Spain in 2008 and 2011; the Argentine
team also played the final in 1981, where they lost against the United States. The national squad won the 2016 Davis
Cup.

Argentina reigns undisputed in polo, having won more international championships than any other country and been
seldom beaten since the 1930s.[395] The Argentine Polo Championship is the sport's most important international team
trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them Adolfo Cambiaso, the best in Polo
history.[396]

Historically, Argentina has had a strong showing within auto racing. Juan Manuel Fangio was a five-time Formula
One world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as
the greatest driver of all time.[397] Other distinguished racers were Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Juan Gálvez, José Froilán
González and Carlos Reutemann.[398]

See also
Argentina portal
Latin America
portal

Index of Argentina-related articles

Outline of Argentina

Notes
a. Spanish pronunciation: [aɾxenˈtina]
b. [A] Spanish: República Argentina
A. Article 35 of the Argentine Constitution gives equal recognition to the names "United Provinces of the
Río de la Plata", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and using "Argentine Nation" in
the making and enactment of laws.[1]
B. Area does not include territorial claims in Antarctica (965,597 km2, including the South Orkney
Islands), the Falkland Islands (11,410 km2), the South Georgia (3,560 km2) and the South Sandwich
Islands (307 km2).[8]
C. The poem's full name is La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los
reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil.
D. Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994
(current)
E. San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of Simón Bolívar in Gran Colombia are
collectively known as the Spanish American wars of independence.[55]
F. Citations discussing this include:[86][103][104][105]
G. The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.[132]
H. Includes higher plants only: ferns and fern allies, conifers and cycads, and flowering plants.[163]
I. Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.[163]
J. Excludes marine mammals.[163]
K. Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.[186]
L. Although not a province, the City of Buenos Aires is a federally autonomous city, and as such its local
organization has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and
representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.[199] As federal capital of the nation it holds the
status of federal district.
M. The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and
Turkey.[226]
N. Though not declared official de jure, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of
laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.
O. Many elder people also speak a macaronic language of Italian and Spanish called cocoliche, which
was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.
P. It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called Belgranodeutsch.
Q. In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences
for radio broadcasting frequencies.[316]
R. Level duration depends on jurisdiction.
S. The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.
T. The other top venues being Berlin's Konzerthaus, Vienna's Musikverein, Amsterdam's
Concertgebouw and Boston's Symphony Hall.[359]

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Young, Richard; Cisneros, Odile (2010). Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater
(https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000youn). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-
8108-7498-5.
Young, Ronald (2005). "Argentina". In McColl, Robert W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Geography.
Vol. I. New York: Golson Books. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3.

Further reading
Calvo, Carlos (1864). Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los
documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese
extenso continente (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Paris: A. Durand.
Crooker, Richard A. (2009). Argentina. New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0481-2.
Ferro, Carlos A. (1991). Historia de la Bandera Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones
Depalma. ISBN 978-950-14-0610-8.
Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; Edmundson, George (1911). "Argentina" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Argentina). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.).
pp. 460–475.
Maddison, Angus (1995). Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992. Paris: OECD Publishing.
ISBN 978-92-64-14549-8.
Maddison, Angus (2001). The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. OECD Publishing.
ISBN 978-92-64-18654-5.
Margheritis, Ana (2010). Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the
Americas. Boulder, CO: FirstForumPress. ISBN 978-1-935049-19-7.

External links
Official website (https://www.argentina.gob.ar/)
National Institute of Tourism Promotion (http://www.argentina.travel/en)
 Argentina (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/). The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency.
Argentina (https://curlie.org/Regional/South_America/Argentina) at Curlie
Argentina (http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/) at the Latin American Network Information Center
Argentina (https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135441/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/
argentina.htm) at the University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder
Key Development Forecasts for Argentina (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country
=AR) at International Futures
Geographic data related to Argentina (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/286393) at
OpenStreetMap
Wikimedia Atlas of Argentina

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