Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32321 Concrete Abutment Design

DESIGN OF CONCRETE COUNTERFORT ABUTMENT AND WINGWALL

Consultant: Highway Engineers and Consultants plc
Project: Pakage 8
Name of Bridge(station): 0+420
Designed by: Eskinder Admasu (Bri.Eng.)
Checked by: Eskinder Admasu (Bri.Eng.)
Case: Statical calculation
Date: Aug. 2024
1. INPUTS
1.1 Material Properties
Unit weight of concrete γConcrete 24 Kn/m3 stable 3.5.1-1
Unit weight of back fill γBack fill 19 Kn/m3 stable 3.5.1-1
Unit weight of hand laid rock fill γRock fill 27 Kn/m3
Concrete compressive strength (C30) 24 Mpa S5.4.2.1
Tensile strength of steel SC 5.4.2.1 Stable C5.4.2.1-1
for dia <20 mm grade 300 300 Mpa S5.4.3
for dia >= 20mm grade 420 420 Mpa
Ec=.043g1.5c sqrt(fc') 24768 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Active earth pressure coeffiecent (Ka) 0.22 Obtained fom geotechnical investigation
Allowable bearing capacity = 800 kpa
Type of founding material= soil

Where this Active pressure coefficient is calculated and obtained from

Where FOR SELECTED BACKFILL FOR ROCKFILL

Friction angle between fill and wall taken as specified in Table 3.11.5.3-1 = δ
24.5 24.5
Angle of back face of the wall to the horizontal = θ= 90 90
Angle of fill to the horizontal=β = 0 0
Effective Angle of internal Friction = Φ'f= 30 40

Active Pressure =Ka= 0.30 0.20

1.2 Reinforcemrnt Steel Cover Requirement

stem cover 0.06 m Stable 5.12.3-1
Back wall cover 0.06 m Stable 5.12.3-1
Footing top cover 0.05 m Stable 5.12.3-1
Footing bottom cover 0.075 m Stable 5.12.3-1
1.3 Relevant Superstructure Data

Clear RDWY width= 7.32m

Curb(walkway) width= 1.5m
Depth of curb from top of the deck= 0.25m
Girder Depth = 1.75m
Slab Depth= 0.22m 0.052m 0.078m 1.828m
Total depth of supersturcture = 2.109m 0.182m 1.932m 0.0732m
Road Way Elevation= 2218.32m 1.8588m
Footing Elevation= 2201.56m 2219.22m 1162.84 2.1088m
Bearing Depth= 0.081m
No of Girders = 8
Center to Center dist.b/n girders = 2.6m
Out to out deck width= 10.32m
clear Span Length = 30m
Span Length (C/C of supports)= 30.7m
# of lanes= 2
Height of Rail= 0.4m
Height of post= 0.9m
Width of post= 0.3m
Width of rail= 0.4m
# of posts in one span= 20 1.300 ok!
Crown slope = 2%
Skewness angle= 0 degree
length of bearing pad= 0.4m 258.339629820442
width of bearing pad= 0.45m 247.968547926828
Thickness of approach slab= 0.3m

2. ABUTMENT SECTION

t1
C

V5' V5'''
A S
t2
h1

SELECTED BACKFILL
V5''
V5
V8''
V8'

V5""
V6''''

V6

ROCK FILL S4
Counter Fort
H

1 Wall Section(V8)
D

V1
V2
h2

V6'
V6''

V3

G F T
S2
V7 V8''' V4' V4'' V4'''
S2 S3
1 1
E1
E2

V4
E

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32322 Concrete Abutment Design

2.1.Section Proportioning
2.1.1.Preliminary Sections

Insert parameters
S1(H/V) (Back slope) S2(V/H) S3(V/H) H h1 h2 C
0.020 0.100 0.227 16.45 4.000 11.35 1.573

Do not change values here with black colour A S T G D t1 Tc (countefort wall thickness)
0.500 0.500 2.200 6.000 13.778 0.600 0.500
letter and black background

Sc(counterfort wall
footing depth(E). (m) E1 E2 F B spacing (assumed)) Nc(No of counterfort wall)
1.100 1.60 1.00 1.2656 9.466 4.00 2.00

C/C spacing of counterforts(adjusted) Clear spacing b/n counterforts t2 S4(H/V)

3.27 2.77 0.500 0.42

2.2. LOADS ON ABUTMENT 0.27 0.53

2.2.1 Dead Load
2.2.1.1 Substructure load
Items Load [ KN ]
v1 = 1631.93
v2 = 1839.11
v3 = 521.27
v4 = 2578.87
v4 '= 445.82
v4 ''= 156.73
v4 '''= 136.22
v5 = 3725.46
v5'= 313.25
v5''= 241.66
v5'''= 154.22
v5''''= 194.83
v6 = 7511.44 351
v6' = 5432.44
v6'' = 3018.97
v6''''= 264.49
v7 = 808.70
v8= 885.30
v8' = 74.71
v8'' = 42.31
v8'''= 43.20

2.2.1.2 Superstructure load

Reactions from Girders
Exterior Girder Interior Girder
325.40 309.72

Total Reaction on Abutment (RDL) = 2509.14KN

RDL per meter width of abutment = 243.13KN/m

2.2.2 Live Load

2.2.2.1 Back wall live load
** The back wall live load is computed by placing two design truck axles along the abutment and calculating
the load on a per meter basis including impact and the multiple presence factor. This load is applied to the
entire length of abutment backwall and is assumed to act at the front top corner (bridge side) of the backwall.
This load is not applied, however when designing the abutment stem or footing.
RLLbw= (4*(72.5)*(1+IM)+2*9.3*A)/Labut
RLLbw= 38.28KN/m
2.2.2.2.Stem and footing live load
Reactions from Girders
Exterior Girder Interior Girder
343.27 385.70

Total Reaction on Abutment (RLL) = 3000.74KN

RLL per meter of abutment width= 290.77KN/m

2.2.3 Braking force

According to the specifications, the braking force shall be taken as the greater of
25 % of the axle weight of the design truck or design tandem
OR
5 % of the design truck plus lane load or 5 % of the design tandem plus lane load
The braking force is placed in all design lanes which are considered to be loaded in accordance with S3.6.1.1.1
and which are carrying traffic headed in the same direction.These forces are assumed to act horizontally at a
distance of 6ft above the road way surface in either logitudinal direction to cause extreme force effects.
Br= 162.50KN

2.2.4 Wind load(w)

2.2.4.1 Wind load on superstructure
PD=PB*(VDZ/VB)^2 S 3.8.1.2.1-1
VDZ=2.5VO*(V10/VB)*LN(Z/ZO) for Z>10m and VDZ=VB for h<=10m S 3.8.1.1-1
Z 14747.50mm PB= basic wind pressure specified in table 3.8.1.2.1-1
VO= 13.20 Km/hr table 3.8.1.1-1
VB= 160.00 Km/hr S 3.8.1.1
V10= 160.00 Km/hr
ZO= 70.00mm table 3.8.1.1-1
PB= 0.0024 Mpa table 3.8.1.2.1-1
VDZ= 176.56 Km/hr
PD= 2.92Kpa

Exposed Area 50 lb/ft2 = 2.442 KN/m2

deck 32.37
posts 2.70
rail 5.00
Total 40.07

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32323 Concrete Abutment Design

Abutment Design Wind Loads from superstructure Stable 3.8.1.2.2-1

Wind attack angle Bridge Transverse axis Bridge Longitudinal axis
Degrees KN KN
0.00 117.11 0.00
15.00 102.47 14.64
30.00 97.59 29.28
45.00 78.07 39.04
60.00 39.04 43.91
Design load 117.11 43.91
* longitiudinal force is not applicable if the bearing is expansion

2.2.4.2 Wind load on substructure S 3.8.1.2.3

** Since all wind loads acting on the abtument front face decrease the maximum longitudinal
moment, all abutment front face wind loads will be conservatively ignored.
PB= 0.0019Mpa
The abutment exposed end elevation wind area is
71.41m2
Abutment Design Wind Loads from substructure
Wind attack angle Bridge Transverse axis Bridge Longitudinal axis
Degrees KN KN
0.00 165.23 0.00
15.00 159.60 42.76
30.00 143.09 82.62
45.00 116.84 116.84
60.00 82.62 143.09
Design load 165.23 143.09

2.2.4.3 Wind load on vehicles S 3.8.1.3

*** The wind load applied to vehicles is given as 1.46N/mm acting normal to and 1800mm above the roadway.
Design vehicular wind loads
Wind attack angle Bridge Transverse axis Bridge Longitudinal axis Stable 3.8.1.3-1
Degrees KN KN
0.00 22.41 0.00
15.00 19.65 2.76
30.00 18.42 5.37
45.00 14.74 7.21
60.00 7.68 8.44
Design load 22.41 8.44

2.2.4.4 Vertical wind load S 3.8.2

** The vertical wind load is calculated by multiplying a 0.00096 Mpa vertical wind pressure by
out-to-out bridge deck width. It is applied to the windward qarter-point of the deck only
limit states that donot include wind on live load. Also the wind attack angle must be
zero degrees for the vertical wind load to apply
W vert= =0.00096*Wdeck
9.91KN/m

2.2.5 Earthquake Load S 3.10

** The structure is assumed to to be constructed in sesmic zone 4 with an accleration coefficent of 0.1 designing for the minimum connection force between the superstructure Stable 3.10.4-1
and substructure and the minimum bridge seat requirements.
** The horizontal connection force in the restrained direction is 0.1 times the vertical reaction due to the tributary permanent load and the tributary live loads assumed S 4.7.4.4 SC 3.10.9.2
to exist during an earthquake. S 3.10.9.2 S 3.4.1

Minimum displacement width

minimum displacement width is obtained from a percentage of the emperical seat width. S4.7.4.4
S table 4.7.4.4-1
Minimum support length required:
N1=(200+0.0017L+0.0067H)*(1+0.000125S^2) S 4.7.4.4-1
Abutment stem height= 13.778
N1= 344.50mm OK !!
Earthquake zones: EBCS Zone -4
Site Coefficient: Type I = 1.00
Acceleration coefficient(A): = 0.10
The horizontal seismic force is the product of the site coefficient, the acceleration coefficient and the permanent loads

Computation of permanent loads:

Total load = 3295.12 KN Shall be changed according to the design section of the superstrucutre
Sum Wp = 3295.12 KN

Horizontal earhquake force FH = site coeff.*A* Wp = 329.51 KN

This force is transferred to the substructure through the bearings located at ends of the bridge
Earthquake force transferred to one support from superstructure= 1/2*F H = 164.76 KN

Earthquake force occurred on Backfill Material(at bottom )= 1/2*γavg.*ka*H2= 74.60 KN/m

2.2.6 Earth Loads S 3.11 S 3.11.3

2.2.6.1 Basic lateral earth presure S 3.11.5 S 11.6.6
2.2.6.1.1 Earth Loads
Item Vertical Earth Load Horizontal Earth Load
Earth Presure PEV = γs*h PEH = Ka*γs*h S 3.11.5 S 3.11.5.1
Dead Load Surcharge PESV = γc*hs PESH = Ka* γc*hs
Live Load Surcharge PLSV = γbf*heq PLSH = γbf*heq S 3.11.6.4
Equivalent height (heq)
Back wall Footing pad
heq 1.19 0.60 Stable 3.11.6.4-1

Vertical Earth Presure Horizontal Earth Presure

Items Bott. of back Wall Bott. of Footing pad Items Bott. of back Wall Bott. of Footing pad
PEV1 29.89 76.00 PEH1 6.66 16.94
PEV2 0.00 76.00 PEH2 0.00 16.94
PEV3 0.00 306.47 PEH3 0.00 68.30
PESV 7.20 7.20 PESH 1.60 1.60
PLSV 22.52 11.40 PLSH 5.02 2.54

2.2.7 Temperature Loading (Superimposed Deformations) S3.12

In general, uniform thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure can impose longitudinal forces on the substructure
units. These forces can arise from restraint of free movement at the bearings. Additionally, the physical locations and number of S3.12.2
substructure units can cause or influence these forces. STable 3.12.2.1-1

Two horizontal temperature loads need to be calculated: load due to temperature rise and load due to temperature fall.
To calculate these loads, the concrete girder setting temperature is required. Also, the temperature range, as well as the
thermal coefficient of expansion for concrete, is needed. The expansion or contraction can then be calculated.
Using the expansion or contraction, the thermal loads can be calculated based on the neoprene bearing properties.
For concrete α=10.8*10-6 (m/m/OC)
20 C (assumed)
O
tset=
For this design example, assume a moderate climate. The temperature range is then -12 oC to 35 oC. STable 3.12.2.1-1
Expansion calculation Δexp = ε ⋅Δt⋅(Lspan)
L= 15.35m
Δtemp rise= 15 O
C
Δexp = 2.487mm
Contraction calculation:
L= 15.35m
Δtemp. fall= 32 O
C

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32324 Concrete Abutment Design

Δcont. = 5.305mm
Once the expansion and contraction is known, the loads due to temperature can be calculated based on the following equation:
HU=G*A*Δ/hrt

Detrmination of force acting on the pier

Bearing Pad Thickness(hrt)= 0.081m
Bearing pad Shear modulus= 1.20Mpa
Bearing pad area= L=0.40m and A= 0.18m2
Load due to temperature rise: W= 0.45m
HUrise=G*A*Δ/hrt
HUrise= 6631.20N Per bearings
Now, multiply Hurise by five bearings and divide by the abutment length to get the total load due to temperature rise:
HUrise= Hurise*No of bearings/Labut.
HUrise= 5.14KN

Load due to temperature fall:

HUfall=G*A*Δ/hrt
HUfall= 14146.56N Per bearings
Now, multiply Hurise by five bearings and divide by the abutment length to get the total load due to temperature rise:
HUfall= Hurise*No of bearings/Labut.
HUfall= 10.97KN Per meter

2.3 Summary of Load

2.3.1 Unfactored Loads
2.3.1.1 Unfactored vertical Loads and Moments
Vertical Loads Items Vn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
v1 1631.93 2.45 3998.22
v2 1839.11 2.95 5425.38
v3 521.27 3.29 1714.20
v4 2578.87 4.73 12205.22
v4 ' 445.82 5.47 2436.68
v4 '' 156.73 2.83 443.97
v4 ''' 136.22 1.47 199.80
v5 3725.46 7.09 26415.73
v5' 313.25 4.21 1318.11
v5'' 241.66 2.81 677.91
v5''' 154.22 3.45 532.05
v5'''' 194.83 1.40 273.27
v6 7511.44 7.88 59206.99
v6' 5432.44 6.05 32854.60
v6'' 3018.97 4.09 12349.38
v6''' 264.49 3.32 878.68
v7 808.70 7.47 6037.42
v8 885.30 5.54 4902.94
v8' 74.71 3.58 267.67
v8'' 42.31 3.38 142.83
v8''' 43.20 7.47 322.51
PESV 222.91 4.70 1047.69
RDL 2509.14 2.55 6398.30
RLL 3000.74 2.55 7651.89

2.3.1.2 Unfactored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Loads and Moment

Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
PEH1' 349.58 13.78 4818.65
PEH2 1984.00 6.78 13442.30
PEH3 4000.23 4.88 19535.38
PESH 127.10 8.78 1115.32
PLSH 402.47 8.78 3531.86
Br 162.50 18.55 3014.49
Pwsup.(longi.) 43.91 16.01 703.21
Pwsub.(longi.) 143.09 8.78 1255.70
Pwveh.(longi.) 8.44 18.55 156.61
Peq super 164.76 14.92 2457.87
Peqsoil 769.90 10.97 8443.57
Hu 113.17 14.92 1688.33

2.3.1.3 Unfactored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Loads and Moment

Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm Mx (KN-M)
Pwsup.(trans.) 117.11 16.06 1881.09
Pwsub.(trans.) 165.23 8.23 1359.08
Pwveh.(trans.) 22.41 18.47 413.95

Design Load Factors

The Load Factor and combinations are summarized as follows
LOAD STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I EXT.EVENT II
DC 1.25 0.9 1.25 0.9 1.00 1.25
EV 1.35 1 1.35 1 1.00 1.35
EH 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.00 1.50
LL 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00 0.50
BR 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00 0.50
LS 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00 0.50
WS 0 0 1.4 1.4 0.30 0.00
WL 0 0 0 0 1.00 0.00
CR+SH+TU 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.00 0.00
EQ 0 0 0 0 0.00 1.00

2.3.2.1 Factored vertical Loads

Factored Vertical Loads
Vertical Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
v1 2039.91 1468.73 2039.91 1468.73 1631.93
v2 2298.89 1655.20 2298.89 1655.20 1839.11
v3 651.59 469.14 651.59 469.14 521.27
v4 3223.59 2320.98 3223.59 2320.98 2578.87
v4 ' 557.28 401.24 557.28 401.24 445.82
v4 '' 195.91 141.05 195.91 141.05 156.73
v4 ''' 170.28 122.60 170.28 122.60 136.22
v5 5029.38 3725.46 5029.38 3725.46 3725.46
v5' 422.89 313.25 422.89 313.25 313.25
v5'' 326.24 241.66 326.24 241.66 241.66
v5''' 208.19 154.22 208.19 154.22 154.22
v5'''' 263.02 194.83 263.02 194.83 194.83
v6 10140.44 7511.44 10140.44 7511.44 7511.44
v6' 7333.79 5432.44 7333.79 5432.44 5432.44
v6'' 4075.61 3018.97 4075.61 3018.97 3018.97
v6''' 357.06 264.49 357.06 264.49 264.49
v7 1091.75 808.70 1091.75 808.70 808.70
v8 1106.63 796.77 1106.63 796.77 885.30
v8' 93.39 67.24 93.39 67.24 74.71
v8'' 52.89 38.08 52.89 38.08 42.31
v8''' 54.00 38.88 54.00 38.88 43.20
PESV 278.64 200.62 278.64 200.62 222.91

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32325 Concrete Abutment Design

RDL 3763.71 3763.71 3763.71 3763.71 2509.14

RLL 5251.29 5251.29 0.00 0.00 3000.74
ΣVu 48986.36 38401.01 43735.07 33149.72 35753.73

2.3.2.2 Factored Bridge Longitudinal axes Horizontal Loads

Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1 524.37 524.37 524.37 524.37 349.58
PEH2 2976.00 2976.00 2976.00 2976.00 1984.00
PEH3 6000.34 6000.34 6000.34 6000.34 4000.23
PESH 158.87 114.39 158.87 114.39 127.10
PLSH 704.33 704.33 0.00 0.00 402.47
Br 284.38 284.38 0.00 0.00 162.50
Pwsup.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 61.48 61.48 13.17
Pwsub.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 200.33 200.33 42.93
Pwveh.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.44
Peq super 205.95 148.28 205.95 148.28 164.76
Peqsoil 1154.85 1154.85 1154.85 1154.85 769.90
Hu 56.59 56.59 56.59 56.59 113.17
ΣHuL 12065.67 11963.52 11338.78 11236.63 8138.25

2.3.2.3 Factored Bridge Transverse axes Horizontal Loads

Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
Pwsup.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 163.95 163.95 35.13
Pwsub.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 231.32 231.32 49.57
Pwveh.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.41
ΣHuT 0.00 0.00 395.27 395.27 107.11

2.3.2.4 Factored Moment due to Vertical Loads

Factored Moment (My)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
v1 4997.77 3598.40 4997.77 3598.40 3998.22
v2 6781.72 4882.84 6781.72 4882.84 5425.38
v3 2142.75 1542.78 2142.75 1542.78 1714.20
v4 15256.53 10984.70 15256.53 10984.70 12205.22
v4 ' 3045.84 2193.01 3045.84 2193.01 2436.68
v4 '' 554.96 399.57 554.96 399.57 443.97
v4 ''' 249.74 179.82 249.74 179.82 199.80
v5 35661.24 26415.73 35661.24 26415.73 26415.73
v5' 1779.45 1318.11 1779.45 1318.11 1318.11
v5'' 915.18 677.91 915.18 677.91 677.91
v5''' 718.27 532.05 718.27 532.05 532.05
v5'''' 368.91 273.27 368.91 273.27 273.27
v6 79929.44 59206.99 79929.44 59206.99 59206.99
v6' 44353.71 32854.60 44353.71 32854.60 32854.60
v6'' 16671.66 12349.38 16671.66 12349.38 12349.38
v6''' 1186.22 878.68 1186.22 878.68 878.68
v7 8150.52 6037.42 8150.52 6037.42 6037.42
v8 6128.67 4412.65 6128.67 4412.65 4902.94
v8' 334.59 240.90 334.59 240.90 267.67
v8'' 178.54 128.55 178.54 128.55 142.83
v8''' 403.14 290.26 403.14 290.26 322.51
PESV 1309.61 942.92 1309.61 942.92 1047.69
RDL 7997.88 5758.47 7997.88 5758.47 6398.30
RLL 13390.80 13390.80 0.00 0.00 7651.89
ΣMy 239116.35 176099.01 239116.35 176099.01 180049.55

2.3.2.5 Factored Moment due to Horizontal Loads

Factored Moment (My)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1' 7227.98 7227.98 7227.98 7227.98 4818.65
PEH2 20163.45 20163.45 20163.45 20163.45 13442.30
PEH3 29303.07 29303.07 29303.07 29303.07 19535.38
PESH 1394.15 1003.79 1394.15 1003.79 1115.32
PLSH 6180.75 6180.75 0.00 0.00 3531.86
Br 5275.36 5275.36 0.00 0.00 3014.49
Pwsup.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 984.50 984.50 210.96
Pwsub.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 1757.98 1757.98 376.71
Pwveh.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 156.61
Peq super 3072.33 2212.08 3072.33 2212.08 2457.87
Peqsoil 12665.35 12665.35 12665.35 12665.35 8443.57
Hu 844.16 844.16 844.16 844.16 1688.33
ΣMy 86126.60 84875.99 77412.98 76162.36 58792.05

2.3.2.6 Factored Moment due to Horizontal Loads

Factored Moment (Mx)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
Pwsup.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 2633.53 2633.53 564.33
Pwsub.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 1902.71 1902.71 407.72
Pwveh.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 413.95
ΣMx 0.00 0.00 4536.24 4536.24 1386.00

2.4 Stability and saftey Criteria

Three design criteria should be satisfied:Eccentricity,Sliding and Bearing Capacity.The last column of each table represents
the design margin which is expressed as
Design margin (%)= provided - applied *100
provided
2.4.1 Eccentricity
In the LRFD method, the eccentricity design criterion is ensured by keeping the resultant force within the
middle half of the base width on soil foundations and resultanat force to be kept with in within the middle three-fourths of the base width
in rock foundations. In other words,emax (<B/4) in soil foundation and emax (<3*B/8) in rock foundations. B= 9.47
The results are summarized as follows: L= 11.92
exmax=B/4 2.37
ex =B/2- ΣMy(total)/V eymax=L/4 2.98
ey = ΣMx(total)/V Design margin (%)=(emax-e)/emax*100

ex ey Design margin (%)-ex Design margin (%)-ey condition 561.78

STRENGTH I 1.610 0.000 100.000 100.000 OK !! 556.07
STRENGTH Ia 2.357 0.000 0.387 100.000 OK !!
STRENGTH III 1.035 0.104 56.244 96.519 OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 1.718 0.137 27.397 95.408 OK !!
SERVICE I 1.341 0.039 43.318 98.699 OK !! 1065.00
2.4.2 Sliding 532.50
The results of sliding criterion are summarized as follows Fs= 0.80 342.00
Design margin (%)= (FsFr-HL)/(Fs*Fr)*100 db= 30.00
Fr=Vu*tandb Fs*Fr HL Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 28282.288 22625.831 12065.671 46.673 OK !!
STRENGTH Ia 22170.835 17736.668 11963.522 32.549 OK !!

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32326 Concrete Abutment Design

STRENGTH III 25250.452 20200.361 11338.777 43.868 OK !!

STRENGTH IIIa 19138.999 15311.199 11236.629 26.612 OK !!
SERVICE I 20642.424 16513.939 8138.254 50.719 OK !!
2.4.3 Bearing Capacity
Bearing resistance shall be investigated at the strength limit state using factored loads and resistances,assuming the following soil pressure distributions
i) Where the wall is supported by a soil foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a uniformly distributed pressure over an effective base area
qmax=V/(B-2e)
ii) Where the wall is supported by a rock foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a linearly distributed pressure over an effective base area.
If the resultant is within the middle one-third of the base,
qmax=V/B*(1+6ex/B)
qmin=V/B*(1-6ex/B)
iii) If the resultant is outside the middle one-third of the base,

qmax=2*V/(3*(B/2-e))
qmin=0

*Since our founding material is soil

Fb= 0.60 qmax= V/((B-2*ex)*(L-2*ey))

RI= (1-Hn/Vn)3 L= 11.92 B= 9.47
qult= 2400.00 L*B= 112.83 m2
Design Margin (%)= (Fb*RI*qult-qmax)/(Fb*RI*qult)*100 738.18
ΣVu ex ey qmax Hn Vn RI Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 48986.360 1.610 0.000 657.933 7139.055 35753.727 0.513 10.871 OK !!!
STRENGTH Ia 38401.013 2.357 0.000 678.070 7139.055 35753.727 0.513 8.144 OK !!!
STRENGTH III 43735.066 1.035 0.104 504.962 6761.089 32752.988 0.500 29.833 OK !!!
STRENGTH IIIa 33149.719 1.718 0.137 472.081 6761.089 32752.988 0.500 34.402 OK !!!
SERVICE I 35753.727 1.341 0.039 445.104 8269.160 35753.727 0.454 31.955 OK !!!

2.5. Analysis and Structural Design of Back Wall

2.5.1 Computation of Design Load
Back wall height = 1.57 m
FACTORED LOAD AT THE BASE OF BACK WALL
Items Load STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
Eh 5.24 7.86 7.86 7.86 7.86 5.24
ESH 2.52 4.42 4.42 0.00 0.00 2.52
ESV 21.60 27.00 19.44 27.00 19.44 21.60
RLLbw 38.28 66.98 66.98 0.00 0.00 38.28
RLSbw 7.90 13.82 13.82 0.00 0.00 7.90
Peqsoil 0.52 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.52

FACTORED FORCE AT THE BASE OF BACK WALL

Shear force Moment
STRENGTH I 26.88 38.06
STRENGTH Ia 26.88 37.49
STRENGTH III 8.64 6.97
STRENGTH IIIa 8.64 6.40
SERVICE I 16.18 22.68
Design Load 26.877 38.06
2.5.2 Structural Design of abutment backwall
2.5.2.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 500 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.010417 m4
yt= 0.250 m
Mcr= 128.60 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 154.32 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling backwall moment is:
Mubwmax= 38.06 Knm
1.33*Mubwmax= 50.61 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32327 Concrete Abutment Design

Use design moment of: 50.61 Knm/m

Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
50.61 0.90 1000 300 24 500 60 434
diameter of bar 12 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
96.94 mm OK !!

Assume a = 6.40 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 435 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 6.40 mm
OK !!

Required As = 435 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 260 mm
Use diameter 12 mm bars c/c 270 mm
As provided = 419 mm2 ** Use this reinforcement for both sides
2.5.2.2 Check for maximum reinforcement
rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.03 fy = 300 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0010 << rmax
OK !!

2.5.2.3 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 66 35640 0.172942059181505 172.94 8.07493540051679 8.00
service backwall total load moment:
MubwservI= 22.68 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
434 0.42 0.00096515903336092 0.116786408537126 50.6853013051128 0.42 383
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 434 mm
It= 535,771.20 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 129.81 Mpa
Ok

2.5.2.4 Design for shear:

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv
where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
The factored longitudinal shear force at the base of the backwall is:
Vubwmax= 26.88 Kn/m
Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [mm]
2 1 500 390.6 S5.8.3.4.1 S5.8.2.9
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
For fc' [Mpa] Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
24 317.65 2343.6 317.65
The factored shear resistance is then:
fv= 0.9
Vr= 285.88 Kn/m
Ok

2.5.2.5 Shirinkage and shear reinforcement S5.10.8

For members less than 1.2m millimeters thick, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be spaced greater than
300mm and satisfy the lesser of As>=0.75Ag/fy or SumAb=0.0015Ag S5.10.8.2
Ag=mm2/mm fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/fy [mm2/mm] 0.0015Ag [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm]
500 300 1.250 0.75 1.250
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the backwall
using dia= 12 mm
at a spacing s= 180 mm
As=2*bararea/S 1.25663706143592 mm2/mm
Ok

2.6 Analysis and Structural Design of Abutment Stem 64.8056654164087 35.42

2.6.1 Computation of Design Load
2.6.1.1 Shear Force
DESIGN HEIGHT = 13.28
FACTORED LOAD AT THE MID OF ABUTMENT STEM
Abut. Height Shear STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
1 108.03 100.41 91.86 70.29 61.75 79.10
2 121.25 118.68 107.19 81.68 70.18 91.47 13.21
3 121.06 119.31 111.75 82.38 74.82 90.77 -0.19
4 146.97 155.92 148.36 116.45 108.89 114.94 25.91
5 179.24 201.24 193.68 158.59 151.03 144.85 32.26 6.35
6 218.21 255.91 248.35 208.81 201.25 180.87 38.97 6.71
7 263.17 318.65 311.09 267.11 259.55 222.27 44.96 5.98
8 314.11 389.46 381.90 333.48 325.92 269.06 50.94 5.98
9 371.04 468.35 460.79 407.92 400.36 321.23 56.93 5.98
10 433.95 555.32 547.76 490.44 482.88 378.78 62.91 5.98
11 502.85 650.36 642.80 581.03 573.47 441.72 68.90 5.98
12 577.73 753.47 745.91 679.70 672.14 510.04 74.88 5.98
13 658.60 864.66 857.10 786.44 778.88 583.74 80.87 5.98
13.2777000000003 682.12 896.97 889.41 817.51 809.95 605.16 23.52 -57.35
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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32328 Concrete Abutment Design

2.6.1.2. Moment
DESIGN HEIGHT = 13.28
FACTORED LOAD AT THE COUNTERFORT
Design Moments STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I Design Moment
Items Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field)
1 69.24 51.93 64.36 48.27 58.88 44.16 45.05 33.79 39.58 29.68 50.70 38.02 64.36 48.27
2 77.71 58.28 76.07 57.05 68.70 51.53 52.35 39.26 44.98 33.74 58.63 43.97 76.07 57.05
3 77.59 58.19 76.47 57.35 71.63 53.72 52.80 39.60 47.96 35.97 58.18 43.63 76.47 57.35
4 94.20 70.65 99.94 74.95 95.09 71.32 74.64 55.98 69.79 52.34 73.67 55.25 99.94 74.95
5 114.88 86.16 128.99 96.74 124.14 93.11 101.65 76.24 96.80 72.60 92.84 69.63 128.99 96.74
6 139.86 104.90 164.02 123.02 159.18 119.38 133.84 100.38 128.99 96.74 115.93 86.95 164.02 123.02
7 168.68 126.51 204.24 153.18 199.39 149.54 171.20 128.40 166.36 124.77 142.47 106.85 204.24 153.18
8 201.33 151.00 249.63 187.22 244.78 183.59 213.74 160.31 208.89 156.67 172.45 129.34 249.63 187.22
9 237.82 178.36 300.19 225.14 295.34 221.51 261.45 196.09 256.61 192.46 205.89 154.42 300.19 225.14
10 278.14 208.60 355.93 266.95 351.08 263.31 314.34 235.76 309.50 232.12 242.78 182.08 355.93 266.95
11 322.30 241.72 416.84 312.63 412.00 309.00 372.41 279.31 367.56 275.67 283.12 212.34 416.84 312.63
12 370.29 277.72 482.93 362.20 478.09 358.57 435.65 326.74 430.81 323.10 326.91 245.18 482.93 362.20
13 422.13 316.59 554.20 415.65 549.35 412.02 504.07 378.05 499.22 374.42 374.15 280.61 554.20 415.65
13.2777000000003 437.20 327.90 574.91 431.18 570.06 427.55 523.98 392.99 519.14 389.35 387.88 290.91 574.91 431.18 -
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2.6.2 Structural Design of Stem

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable
strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc')
Ig=1*b*h^3/12
1.Check crack control
*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n 0.0028756268806419
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It

2.6.2.1 Check minimum reinforcement for field moment requirements 874

Height fc' fy D(mm) 1.2Mcr 1.33*Mdesign Design Mu cover(mm) Required d(mm) Øbar(mm) Check for d a (assumed) As(mm2) a'(mm) Spacing As provided check for a
1 24 300 940.000 545.421 64.196 64.196 60.000 109.178 12 OK!!! 4.012 272.665 4.010 414.786 272.665 ok !!
2 24 300 960.000 568.877 75.880 75.880 60.000 118.699 12 OK!!! 4.637 315.174 4.635 358.840 315.174 ok !!
3 24 300 980.000 592.827 76.280 76.280 60.000 119.011 12 OK!!! 4.559 309.874 4.557 364.978 309.874 ok !!
4 24 300 1000.000 617.271 99.686 99.686 60.000 136.050 12 OK!!! 5.832 396.535 5.831 285.214 396.535 ok !!
5 24 300 1020.000 642.209 128.664 128.664 60.000 154.565 12 OK!!! 7.371 501.449 7.374 225.541 501.449 ok !!
6 24 300 1040.000 667.641 163.614 163.614 60.000 174.298 12 OK!!! 9.183 625.102 9.193 180.926 625.102 ok !!
7 24 300 1060.000 693.566 203.727 203.727 60.000 194.494 12 OK!!! 11.227 763.409 11.227 148.148 763.409 ok !!
8 24 300 1080.000 719.985 249.002 249.002 60.000 215.023 12 OK!!! 13.464 915.575 13.464 123.526 915.575 ok !!
9 24 300 1100.000 746.898 299.439 299.439 60.000 235.797 12 OK!!! 15.895 1080.875 15.895 104.635 1080.875 ok !!
10 24 300 1120.000 774.305 355.040 355.040 60.000 256.756 12 OK!!! 18.509 1258.643 18.509 89.857 1258.643 ok !!
11 24 300 1140.000 802.206 415.802 415.802 60.000 277.860 12 OK!!! 21.297 1448.259 21.298 78.092 1448.259 ok !!
12 24 300 1160.000 830.600 481.727 481.727 60.000 299.077 12 OK!!! 24.251 1649.152 24.252 68.579 1649.152 ok !!
13 24 300 1180.000 859.489 552.815 552.815 60.000 320.386 12 OK!!! 27.363 1860.791 27.365 60.779 1860.791 ok !!
13.2777000000003 24 300 1185.554 867.599 573.472 573.472 60.000 326.317 12 OK!!! 28.251 1921.400 28.256 58.862 1921.400 ok !!
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Check for Max. Reinforcment

Height Spacing(required) Spacing(provided) Check for Spacing As provided(mm2) ϒ provided check for ϒmax check for ϒmax
1 415 380 OK!!! 298 0.00029006863347168 0.0289 OK!!!
2 359 300 OK!!! 377 0.000328306742065835 0.0289 OK!!!
3 365 300 OK!!! 377 0.000316198276153565 0.0289 OK!!!
4 285 280 OK!!! 404 0.000396534991852103 0.0289 OK!!!
5 226 200 OK!!! 565 0.000491616804235687 0.0289 OK!!!
6 181 180 OK!!! 628 0.000601059359001991 0.0289 OK!!!
7 148 140 OK!!! 808 0.000720197570024536 0.0289 OK!!!
8 124 120 OK!!! 942 0.00084775444088514 0.0289 OK!!!
9 105 100 OK!!! 1131 0.000982614013264382 0.0289 OK!!!
10 90 85 OK!!! 1331 0.00112378808816859 0.0289 OK!!!
11 78 70 OK!!! 1616 0.00127040247606357 0.0289 OK!!!
12 69 60 OK!!! 1885 0.00142168270883708 0.0289 OK!!!
13 61 60 OK!!! 1885 0.00157694168055914 0.0289 OK!!!
13.2777000000003 59 50 OK!!! 2262 0.00162067719523649 0.0289 OK!!!
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Check for crack control

Height Spacing(provided) As provided(mm2) Z [ Kn/mm ] MubwservI n fsa(Mpa)= fs(Mpa) Remark
1 380 298 23 38.02 8 154.32 149.729767293615 Ok!!
2 300 377 23 43.97 8 166.97 133.988226668073 Ok!!
3 300 377 23 43.63 8 166.97 130.01653982107 Ok!!
4 280 404 23 55.25 8 170.86 150.455030940847 Ok!!
5 200 565 23 69.63 8 191.14 133.189859136373 Ok!!
6 180 628 23 86.95 8 197.97 146.798063108887 Ok!!
7 140 808 23 106.85 8 215.27 138.019463609824 Ok!!
8 120 942 23 129.34 8 226.62 140.721102052831 Ok!!
9 100 1131 23 154.42 8 240.82 137.731133709395 Ok!!
10 85 1331 23 182.08 8 254.22 135.83081535814 Ok!!
11 70 1616 23 212.34 8 271.22 128.51926811313 Ok!!
12 60 1885 23 245.18 8 285.52 125.277579396258 Ok!!
13 60 1885 23 280.61 8 285.52 140.743945453946 Ok!!
13.2777000000003 50 2262 23 290.91 8 303.41 121.533716784068 Ok!!
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2.6.2.2 Check minimum reinforcement for support moment requirements

Height fc' fy D(mm) 1.2Mcr 1.33*Mdesign Design Mu cover(mm) Required d(mm) Øbar(mm) Check a (assumed) As(mm2) a'(mm) Spacing As provided check for a
1 24 300 940.000 545.421 85.594 85.594 60.000 126.068 16 OK!!! 5.363 364.671 5.363 551.351 364.671 OK !!
2 24 300 960.000 568.877 101.173 101.173 60.000 137.061 16 OK!!! 6.202 421.548 6.199 476.961 421.548 OK !!
3 24 300 980.000 592.827 101.707 101.707 60.000 137.422 16 OK!!! 6.099 414.425 6.094 485.159 414.425 OK !!
4 24 300 1000.000 617.271 132.915 132.915 60.000 157.098 16 OK!!! 7.801 530.413 7.800 379.066 530.413 OK !!
5 24 300 1020.000 642.209 171.552 171.552 60.000 178.477 16 OK!!! 9.860 670.889 9.866 299.695 670.889 OK !!
6 24 300 1040.000 667.641 218.152 218.152 60.000 201.263 16 OK!!! 12.302 836.540 12.302 240.349 836.540 OK !!
7 24 300 1060.000 693.566 271.636 271.636 60.000 224.583 16 OK!!! 15.028 1021.912 15.028 196.751 1021.912 OK !!

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 32329 Concrete Abutment Design

8 24 300 1080.000 719.985 332.002 332.002 60.000 248.287 16 OK!!! 18.029 1225.978 18.029 164.001 1225.978 OK !!
9 24 300 1100.000 746.898 399.253 399.253 60.000 272.274 16 OK!!! 21.290 1447.796 21.291 138.875 1447.796 OK !!
10 24 300 1120.000 774.305 473.386 473.386 60.000 296.477 16 OK!!! 24.800 1686.497 24.801 119.219 1686.497 OK !!
11 24 300 1140.000 802.206 554.403 554.403 60.000 320.845 16 OK!!! 28.546 1941.280 28.548 103.572 1941.280 OK !!
12 24 300 1160.000 830.600 642.303 642.303 60.000 345.345 16 OK!!! 32.518 2211.406 32.521 90.920 2211.406 OK !!
13 24 300 1180.000 859.489 737.087 737.087 60.000 369.949 16 OK!!! 36.704 2496.188 36.709 80.548 2496.188 OK !!
13.2777000000003 24 300 1185.554 867.599 764.629 764.629 60.000 376.798 16 OK!!! 37.904 2577.785 37.909 77.998 2577.785 OK !!
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Check for crack control

Height Spacing(required) Spacing(provided) As provided(mm2) Z [ Kn/mm ] MubwservI n fsa(Mpa)= fs(Mpa) Remark check for Ρmax
1 551.350864753626 250 804 23 50.70 8 173.94 75.1573911755867 Ok!! OK!!!
2 476.960694776084 180 1117 23 58.63 8 194.07 61.547604675707 Ok!! OK!!!
3 485.159116647474 100 2011 23 58.18 8 236.07 33.646284358837 Ok!! OK!!!
4 379.066393886887 180 1117 23 73.67 8 194.07 73.9481055279487 Ok!! OK!!!
5 299.694639143683 100 2011 23 92.84 8 236.07 51.3755263050313 Ok!! OK!!!
6 240.349309332112 100 2011 23 115.93 8 236.07 62.7962352006188 Ok!! OK!!!
7 196.750684610146 100 2011 23 142.47 8 236.07 75.5743029723688 Ok!! OK!!!
8 164.001194135784 80 2513 23 172.45 8 254.30 72.1428204929617 Ok!! OK!!!
9 138.874503858097 70 2872 23 205.89 8 265.88 74.1532414370534 Ok!! OK!!!
10 119.218700175284 50 4021 23 242.78 8 297.43 61.9006206897429 Ok!! OK!!!
11 103.571827732967 40 5027 23 283.12 8 320.40 57.0885813115648 Ok!! OK!!!
12 90.9203984980278 22 9139 23 326.91 8 391.05 36.4640762771785 Ok!! OK!!!
13 80.548 40 5027 23 374.15 8 320.40 72.6310367558264 Ok!! OK!!!
13.2777000000003 77.998 40 5027 23 387.88 8 320.40 74.9085038855462 Ok!! OK!!!
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2.6.2.3 Design for shear

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv

where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
b= 2.00
bv= 1.00
Height h(mm) a=Asfy/0.85*fc'*b dv For fc' [Mpa] Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
1 940.000 11.827 880.09 24 715.71 5280.52 715.71
2 960.000 16.427 897.79 24 730.11 5386.72 730.11
3 980.000 29.568 911.22 24 741.03 5467.30 741.03
4 1000.000 16.427 937.79 24 762.64 5626.72 762.64
5 1020.000 29.568 951.22 24 773.56 5707.30 773.56
6 1040.000 29.568 971.22 24 789.82 5827.30 789.82
7 1060.000 29.568 991.22 24 806.09 5947.30 806.09
8 1080.000 36.960 1007.52 24 819.35 6045.12 819.35
9 1100.000 42.240 1024.88 24 833.46 6149.28 833.46
10 1120.000 59.136 1036.43 24 842.86 6218.59 842.86
11 1140.000 73.920 1049.04 24 853.11 6294.24 853.11
12 1160.000 134.400 1038.80 24 844.78 6232.80 844.78
13 1180.000 73.920 1089.04 24 885.64 6534.24 885.64
13.2777000000003 1185.554 73.920 1094.59 24 890.16 6567.56 890.16
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Height fv= Vr= Design Shear Check for Shear

1 0.9 644.14 50.20 Ok!
2 0.9 657.10 59.34 Ok!
3 0.9 666.93 59.65 Ok!
4 0.9 686.37 77.96 Ok!
5 0.9 696.20 100.62 Ok!
6 0.9 710.84 127.95 Ok!
7 0.9 725.48 159.32 Ok!
8 0.9 737.41 194.73 Ok!
9 0.9 750.12 234.18 Ok!
10 0.9 758.57 277.66 Ok!
11 0.9 767.80 325.18 Ok!
12 0.9 760.31 376.73 Ok!
13 0.9 797.08 432.33 Ok!
13.2777000000003 0.9 801.14 448.48 Ok!
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2.6.2.4 Checking for Temprature and Shirinkage

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete.
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement to ensure that the total reinforcement on exposed surfaces is not less than that specified herein. Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature may be in the form of bars,

As>=(0.75∗b∗h)/
welded wire fabric, or prestressing tendons. For bars or welded wire fabric, the area of reinforcement per mm, on each face and in each direction, shall satisfy:

(2∗(b+h)∗fy
)[mm2/mm]
Where the least dimension varies along the length of wall, footing, or other component, multiple sections should be examined to represent the average condition at each section. Spacing shall not exceed
• 3.0 times the component thickness, or 450 mm
• 300 mm for walls and footings greater than 450 mm thick
• 300 mm for other components greater than 900 mm thick

For components 150 mm or less in thickness the minimum steel specified may be placed in a single layer. Shrinkage and temperature steel shall not be required for:
• End face of walls 450 mm or less in thickness
• Side faces of buried footings 900 mm or less in thickness
• Faces of all other components, with smaller dimension less than or equal to 450 mm

0.75b*h/2*(b+h)*fy Check for Temp. &

Height Bar provided (bar size) Spacing As (bar area/S) h(mm) Ag=mm2/mm [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm] shirnkage
1 12 300 0.75 940 940 0.233 0.233 Ok
2 12 220 1.03 960 960 0.233 0.233 Ok
3 12 300 0.75 980 980 0.233 0.233 Ok
4 12 300 0.75 1000 1000 0.233 0.233 Ok
5 12 300 0.75 1020 1020 0.233 0.233 Ok
6 12 300 0.75 1040 1040 0.233 0.233 Ok
7 12 300 0.75 1060 1060 0.233 0.233 Ok
8 12 300 0.75 1080 1080 0.233 0.233 Ok
9 12 300 0.75 1100 1100 0.233 0.233 Ok
10 12 300 0.75 1120 1120 0.233 0.233 Ok
11 12 300 0.75 1140 1140 0.233 0.233 Ok
12 12 300 0.75 1160 1160 0.233 0.233 Ok

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13 12 300 0.75 1180 1180 0.233 0.233 Ok

13.2777000000003 12 300 0.75 1185.55400000001 1185.55400000001 0.233 0.233 Ok
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - -

2.7 ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ABUTMENT FOOTING

2.7.1 Analysis and Structural Design of abutment footing (Flexural Reinforcement)
2.7.1.1 Calculation of Stress at for edges

Type of Founding material for Moment

Calculations= Rock
σ= V/((B-2*ex)*(L-2*ey)) 1.57759233333333
L= 11.92
B= 9.47
L*B= 112.83
Limit state V ex ey Stress at four edges
σ1 σ2 σ3 σ4 σmax σmin
STRENGTH I 48986.360 1.610 0.000 877.24 877.24 877.24 877.24 877.24 0.00
STRENGTH Ia 38401.013 2.357 0.000 904.09 904.09 904.09 904.09 904.09 0.00
STRENGTH III 43735.066 1.035 0.104 662.27 621.80 112.97 153.45 662.27 112.97
STRENGTH IIIa 33149.719 1.718 0.137 614.99 614.99 614.99 614.99 614.99 0.00
SERVICE I 35753.727 1.341 0.039 592.49 580.12 41.28 53.64 592.49 41.28

2.7.1.2 Design moment calculation

Critical Section,C=
Toe side Heel side
2.20 6.00 552.766567935205 5.9344
Stress at critical section= (σmax-σmin)*(B-T)/B+σmin 5205.95843772695
Mc= 553.825365715633
Limit state Stress at critical section Moment
Toe side heel side σmax σmin σavg Toe side
STRENGTH I 671.259595991224 552.766567935205 877.24 0.00 774.251906759173 1698.64915033772
STRENGTH Ia 624.997980347638 464.447691038948 904.09 0.00 764.545813343747 1671.42108300834
STRENGTH III 534.601196249305 461.159610401464 662.27 112.97 598.435488924786 1304.76088710643
STRENGTH IIIa 465.391728306108 379.335580156273 614.99 0.00 540.190403799068 1180.71197896276
SERVICE I 464.375425135615 390.677841650733 592.49 41.28 528.432227005287 1153.56550251126
DESIGN MOMENT = 1698.64915033772

2.7.2 Check Minimum Reinforcement Requirements (Toe side)

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1600 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.341333 m4
yt= 0.8 m
Mcr= 1316.85 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 1580.21 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 1698.65 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 2259.20 Knm
The cracking moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 1698.65 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
1698.65 0.90 1000 420 24 1600 75 1509
diameter of bar 32 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
561.61 mm OK !!

Assume a = 58.16 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 3,036 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 62.52 mm
Correct a

Required As = 3036 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 265 mm
Use diameter 32 mm bars c/c 140 mm
As provided = 5,745 mm2

2.7.2.1. Check for maximum reinforcement (Toe side)

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.02 fy = 420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0038 << rmax
OK !!

3.8025 290.6821125 76.065561 214.6165515

2.7.2.2 Check crack control
*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 91 25480 0.173772439245633 173.77 8.07 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 1153.57 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
1509 5.74 0.003806909586855 0.218217354023217 329.289987221035 5.74 1180
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 1509 mm
It= 75,860,942.37 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 143.51 Mpa
Ok

2.7.2.3 Distribution Reinforcements (Art. 3.24.10.2)

As(distr.) % = 220/sqrt(S) <= 67% S in feet
Therefore, % As dist. = 121.459128928212m % ( S is in feet) where S= 1m
% As (distr.) = 0.67

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As dist. = 0.67 * As provided = 3,848.90 mm2/m

spacing = 208.96 mm diam. of bar= 32 mm
Use diam. 32 mm bars c/c 200 mm (bottom - longitudinally.)

2.7.2.4 Design Shear calculation

Critical Section= 2.20-d 1.40
Stress at critical section= (σmax-σmin)*(B-T)/B+σmin
Mc=
Limit state
Stress at critical section σmax σavg SHEAR
STRENGTH I 746.16 877.24 811.70 1136.39
STRENGTH Ia 726.49 904.09 815.29 1141.41
STRENGTH III 581.03 662.27 621.65 870.31
STRENGTH IIIa 519.79 614.99 567.39 794.35
SERVICE I 510.96 592.49 551.73 772.42
DESIGN SHEAR = 1141.41

2.7.2.5. Checking of Shear Resistance

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv
where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
The factored longitudinal shear force at the critical section of the footing is:
Vufwmax= 1141.41 Kn/m
Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [mm]
2 1 1600 1493 S5.8.3.4.1 S5.8.2.9
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
For fc' [Mpa] Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
24 1214.15 8,958.00 1214.15
The factored shear resistance is then:
fv= 0.9
Vr= 1092.74 Kn/m
Revise depth

2.7.2.6 Checking of Minimum Temperature and Shirinkage reinforcement (S5.7.3.2.2-1)

According to S5.10.8.1, reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near surface of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete.Footings are not exposed to daily
temperature changes and,therefore, are not checked for temperature and shrinkage reinforcement Nominal reinforcement is provided at the top of footing to arrest possible cracking during the concrete early age before the footing
is covered with fill.

2.7.2.7. Temperature and shrinkage reinforcements (Art. 5.10.8)

2.7.2.7.1. Checking of Minimum Temperature and Shirinkage reinforcement (S5.7.3.2.2-1)

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete.
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement to ensure that the total reinforcement on exposed surfaces is not less than that specified herein. Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature may be in the form of bars,
welded wire fabric, or prestressing tendons. For bars or welded wire fabric, the area of reinforcement per mm, on each face and in each direction, shall satisfy:

As>=(0.75∗b∗h)/
(2∗(b+h)∗fy
)[mm2/mm]
Where the least dimension varies along the length of wall, footing, or other component, multiple sections should be examined to represent the average condition at each section. Spacing shall not exceed
• 3.0 times the component thickness, or 450 mm
• 300 mm for walls and footings greater than 450 mm thick
• 300 mm for other components greater than 900 mm thick

For components 150 mm or less in thickness the minimum steel specified may be placed in a single layer. Shrinkage and temperature steel shall not be required for:
• End face of walls 450 mm or less in thickness
• Side faces of buried footings 900 mm or less in thickness
• Faces of all other components, with smaller dimension less than or equal to 450 mm

Ag=mm2/mm fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/2*(b+h)*fy [mm2/mm] As (mm2/mm) As [mm2/mm]

1600 420 0.233 0.233 0.23
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the backwall
using dia= 16 mm
at a spacing s= 140 mm
As=2*bararea/S 2.8723132832821 mm2/mm
Ok

2.7.3 Check Minimum Reinforcement Requirements (Heel side)

The heel slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning over the counterforts, as in the case of stem. The heel slab is subjected to downward forces due to weight of soil plus self weight of slab and an upward force due to soil reaction.
The net force acts downward producing tension towards the earth face between the counterforts and negative moment develops at the support provided by counterforts

If P is the net downward force and L is the clear span between the counterforts the B.M. is given by:
Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16 (mid-way between counterforts towards earth face)
Maximum -ve B.M. = pl2/12 (occurring at counterforts)

The heel slab is designed as a continuous slab supported on counterforts. The downward force will be maximum at the edge of the slab where intensity of soil downward force will be maximum at the edge of the slab where intensity of soil pressure
is Minimum.

ITEM STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I

A) Downward soil weight from the back fill 516.14 221.56 299.10 221.56 221.56
B) Downward soil weight from the Heel Slab 66.97 48.22 66.97 48.22 53.58
C) Upward Soil Intensity Pressure at the junction point 552.77 464.45 461.16 379.34 390.68
D) Upward Soil Intensity Pressure at the heel end 0.00 0.00 112.97 0.00 41.28
NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE JUNCTION POINT
WITH ABUTMENT = 30.35 -194.67 -95.08 -109.56 -115.54

NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE HEEL END= 583.12 269.78 253.10 269.78 233.86
Design Pressure Becomes= 583.12

Maximum design +ve moment occurred at counterforts becomes:-PL2/16= 390.50 KNm

Maximum design -ve moment occurred at counterforts becomes:-PL2/12= 520.66 KNm
Service design negative moment occurred at the counterfoprts becomes:- 208.81 KNm
Service design positive moment occurred at the counterfoprts becomes:- 156.61 KNm

2.7.3.1. DESIGN OF FLEXURE FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1000.0 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.083333 m4
yt= 0.5 m
Mcr= 514.39 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 617.27 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 520.66 Knm

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1.33*Mufmax= 692.48 Knm

1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 617.27 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
617.27 0.90 1000 420 24 1000 75 909
diameter of bar 32 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
338.55 mm OK !!

Assume a = 37.76 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 1,835 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 37.77 mm
OK !!

Required As = 1835 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 438 mm
Use diameter 32 mm bars c/c 230 mm
As provided = 3,497 mm2

2.7.3.1.1 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.02 fy = 420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0038 << rmax
OK !!

2.7.3.1.2 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 91 41860 0.147270003534618 147.27 8.07 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 208.81 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
909 3.50 0.00384678681455487 0.219216997803639 199.268251003508 3.50 710
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 909 mm
It= 16,728,459.56 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 70.87 Mpa
Ok

2.7.3.1.3 Distribution Reinforcements (Art. 3.24.10.2) 29.33

As(distr.) % = 220/sqrt(S) <= 67% S in feet
Therefore, % As dist. = 121.459128928212m % ( S is in feet) where S= 1m
% As (distr.) = 0.67
As dist. = 0.67 * As provided = 2,342.81 mm2/m
spacing = 134.10 mm diam. of bar= 20 mm
Use diam. 20 mm bars c/c 300 mm (bottom - longitudinally.)

2.7.3.1.4. Design Shear calculation

Critical Section= 6.00-d 5.09
Stress at critical section= (σmax-σmin)*(B-T)/B+σmin 0.6788
Mc=
Limit state
Stress at critical section σmax σmin σavg SHEAR
STRENGTH I 471.82 877.24 0.00 674.53 -162.91 0.00
STRENGTH Ia 486.26 904.09 0.00 695.18 -468.81 0.00
STRENGTH III 408.41 662.27 112.97 535.34 -289.07 0.00
STRENGTH IIIa 330.77 614.99 0.00 472.88 1313.49 0.00
SERVICE I 337.74 592.49 41.28 465.12 1313.49 0.00
DESIGN SHEAR = 1313.49
1950.56
2.7.3.1.5. Checking of Shear Resistance

Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement

Where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear strength ØVc, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy
the equation, Vu < = ØVn

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs (S5.8.3.3-1)

or
Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv (S5.8.3.3-2)
where: Vc=Shear resistance due to concret (k) Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv (S5.8.3.3-3)
Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the member is used
VS=Vu/F-Vc
bv=effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth dv as determined in (S5.8.2.9)
dv=effective shear depth as determined in S5.8.2.9 (in),it is the distance measured perpendicular to the
neutral axis between the resultants of the tensile and compressive force due to flexure.
It need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9*de or 0.72*h
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
b=factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension as specified in (S5.8.3.4)
= for nonprestressed sections, b may be taken as 2
Required transverse reinforcement from analysis
Smax=Av*fy*dv/Vs

Check the minimum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.5)

A minimum amount of transverse reinforcement is required to restrain the growth of diagonal cracking and to increase the
ductility of the section.A larger amount of transverse reinforcement is required to control cracking as the concrete strength
is increased.
where transverse reinforcement is required, as specified in S5.8.2.4, the area of steel must satisfy:
Av=0.083*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
Av=0.083*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
where
bv= width of web adjusted for the presence of ducts as specified in S5.8.2.9 (in)
Smax1=Av*fy/(0.083*sqrt(fc')*bv)
Check the maximum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.7)
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement must not exceed the maximum permited spacing,Smax,
determined as

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Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement

If Vu < 0.125*fc' , Smax2 < = 0.8dv < =600mm (S5.8.2.7-2)
If Vu > =0.125*fc' , Smax2 <= 0.4dv <= 300mm (S5.8.2.7-2)
Sections located less than a distance d from support may be designed for the same shear as that computed at a distance d
Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement
Vu max (KN) fc' [mpa] fy [mpa] Dia.of stirup [mm] av
954.37 24.000 300.000 12.00 226.19

Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
Fv= b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [in] Vc(k) Vs
0.9 2 1.00 1000 893.00 726.21 334.20
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
1060.41 5358.000 1060.41
Since Vu > The Shear resistance of concrete alone,Transverse reinforcement is required !!

SPACING
0.125*fc' Smax (mm) Smax 1 (mm) Smax 2 (mm) Spacing provided (mm)
3.000 181323.113 166886.002 300 300.000

Since shear force varies linearly along the span of the counterfort, the zone of design shear reinforcement can be determined.
Let X1 be the distance from the counterfort where S.F. = 726.21KN
X1= 0.39 m
Further in the transverse direction the S.F. decreases due to increase in the soil pressure.
Let the net down ward ultimate force/m at a distance y1 from the end to be equal to w1
Then ultimate S.F. at y1 = w1 x3.27/2 = 1.64 w1
and this must be equal to Vuc Vuc= 726.21KN = 1.64 w1
Therfore w1= 443.72 KN/m
Now, variation of net downward force is linear having value of
Min= -194.67 KN/m
Max= 583.12 KN/m
W1 @y1= 443.72 KN/m

y1= 1.08 m
Say y1= 1.10 m

Therefore Provide Ø 12 mm 300.00 m 2-legged stirrups in heel slab for a distance of 0.39 m
on either side of the counterfort and for a length of 1.1m along the length of the counterfort in the triangular portion. But from practical considerations provide the stirrups in the rectangular portion of the area with dimenstions
mentioned above.

2.7.3.2 DESIGN OF FLEXURE FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1000 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.083333 m4
yt= 0.5 m
Mcr= 514.39 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 617.27 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 390.50 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 519.36 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 519.36 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
519.36 0.90 1000 420 24 1000 75 915
diameter of bar 20 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
310.54 mm OK !!

Assume a = 15.98 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 1,515 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 31.19 mm
Correct a

Required As = 1515 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 207 mm
Use diameter 20 mm bars c/c 280 mm
As provided = 1,122 mm2

2.7.3.2.1. Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.02 fy = 420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0012 << rmax
OK !!

2.7.3.2.2. Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 85 47600 0.144339725999236 144.34 #DIV/0! 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 156.61 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
915 1.12 0.00122622664074543 0.1306033582131 119.502072764987 1.12 795
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 915 mm
It= 6,249,011.24 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 159.49 Mpa
Not Ok

2.7.3.2.3. Distribution Reinforcements (Art. 3.24.10.2) 29.33

As(distr.) % = 220/sqrt(S) <= 67% S in feet
Therefore, % As dist. = 121.459128928212m % ( S is in feet) where S= 1m
% As (distr.) = 0.67
As dist. = 0.67 * As provided = 751.74 mm2/m

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spacing = 417.91 mm diam. of bar= 20 mm

Use diam. 20 mm bars c/c 300 mm (bottom - longitudinally.)

2.8 ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ABUTMENT COUNTERFORT

Since the active earth pressure on stem acts outward and stem is considered to be fixed at counterforts, the counterforts are subjected to outward reaction from the stem. This produces tension along the outer sloping face of the counterforts.
The inner face supporting the stem is in compression. Thus, the stem lies in the compression zone with respect to the bending of the counterforts and hence the counterforts are designed as a T-beam of varying depth.
The main steel provided along the sloping face shall be anchored properly at both ends. The depth of the counterfort is measured perpendicular to the sloping side.In order that the counterfort and stem should act as one unit, it is joined firmly to the
stem by providing ties in the horizontal plane. The base is tied with vertical ties to prevent its tendency to separate out under the action of net downward force. The provision of ties ensures transfer of forces to the counterforts.

2.8.1. Unfactored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Loads and Moment

C/C SPACING BETWEEN COUNTERFORTS 3.27m
Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
PEH1' 110.88 12.08 1339.90
PEH2 596.03 5.38 3203.86
PEH3 1138.21 3.58 4078.86
PESH 39.00 14.85 579.18
PLSH 123.50 7.43 917.03
Br 162.50 16.96 2756.11
Pwsup.(longi.) 43.91 13.34 585.96
Pwsub.(longi.) 143.09 7.43 1062.52
Pwveh.(longi.) 8.44 16.96 143.19
Peq super 164.76 13.22 2177.78
Peqsoil 769.90 9.83 7571.02
Hu 113.17 13.22 1495.94

2.8.2. Factored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Loads

Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1 166.32 166.32 166.32 166.32 110.88
PEH2 894.04 894.04 894.04 894.04 596.03
PEH3 1707.32 1707.32 1707.32 1707.32 1138.21
PESH 48.75 35.10 48.75 35.10 39.00
PLSH 216.13 216.13 0.00 0.00 123.50
Br 284.38 284.38 0.00 0.00 162.50
Pwsup.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 61.48 61.48 13.17
Pwsub.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 200.33 200.33 42.93
Pwveh.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.44
Peq super 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Peqsoil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hu 56.59 56.59 56.59 56.59 113.17
ΣHuL 3373.52 3359.87 3134.83 3121.18 2347.84

2.8.3. Factored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Moments

Factored Horizontal Moment
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1 2009.85 2009.85 2009.85 2009.85 1339.90
PEH2 4805.79 4805.79 4805.79 4805.79 3203.86
PEH3 6118.29 6118.29 6118.29 6118.29 4078.86
PESH 723.97 521.26 723.97 521.26 579.18
PLSH 1604.81 1604.81 0.00 0.00 917.03
Br 4823.20 4823.20 0.00 0.00 2756.11
Pwsup.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 820.35 820.35 175.79
Pwsub.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 1487.53 1487.53 318.76
Pwveh.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 200.47 200.47 42.96
Peq super 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Peqsoil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hu 747.97 747.97 747.97 747.97 1495.94
ΣHuL 20833.87 20631.16 16914.21 16711.50 14908.38

Therfore,the design shear and moment at the bottom of the stem from horizontal loads becomes:-

Mu= 20833.87 KNm-m

Vu= 3373.52KN

NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE JUNCTION POINT WITH ABUTMENT = 30.35KN
NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE HEEL END= 583.12KN

Total downward force at the junction joint with Abutment Becomes:- 99.35KNm
Total downward force at the Heel End Becomes:- 1908.74KNm

As mentioned earlier the counterfort acts as a T-beam. As can be seen that the depth available is much more than required from B.M. considerations.
Even assuming rectangular section,

Effective Compression Flange Width, beff, ( AASHTO Art. 8.10.1.1)

Exterior Girder
The total width of slab effective as T-girder flange shall not exceed one-fourth of the span length of the girder. The efffective flange
width overhanging on either side shall not exceed six times the thickness of the slab or one half the clear distance to the next web.
Therefore, the effective compression flange width, beff, is the minimum of the following:
a. 1/4 span = 3.44 m L = 13.78m
b. 2*6hf+bw = 14.09 m hf = 1.13m
c. bw+2*1/2(clear spacing b/n webs ) = 3.27 m bw = 0.50m
bw+(Ext. cantilever + 1/2*clear spacing b/n girders) = 5.16 m Overhang L = 3.27m
Effective compression flange width, beff = 3.27 m Clear S b/n gir.= 2.77m

Spacing Limits for Reinforcements ( Art. 8.21.1 & 8.21.3)

i) horizontal
The clear distance between parallel bars in a layer shall not be less than 1.5 bar diameter , maximum size of aggregate or 1.1/2 inches.
1.5*diam. = 48.00mm Assume d= 32 mm
max. size of aggrergate = 1 inch = 25.40mm
1.1/2 inch = 38.10mm
Hence the minimum clear distance between parallel bars in
a layer with no lapping is = 48.00mm 0.05 m
Assuming vertical lapping of bars, one over the other,
The minimum clear distance between parallel bars in a layer is = 48.00mm
Therefore, the minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer is = 80.00mm
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer = 80.00mm
The minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap is = 112.00mm
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap = 112.00mm
ii ) Vertical
Minimum clear distance between two layers of bars is 1 inch or dia of bar = 32.00mm
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is no lap = 64.00mm
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in one of the layers= 80.00mm
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in both layers= 96.00mm
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers = 70.00mm
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in one of the layers= 90.00mm
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in both layers= 100.00mm

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2.8.4) Section Capacity and Reinforcement

Mmax=The maximum design moment is: 20833.87 Cover(mm)= 50

Try No of bars Ø of bars ai di(m) ai*di As

1st row = 4 32mm 3216.99 0.078 250.93 3216.99
2nd row = 4 32mm 3216.99 0.178 572.62 6433.98
3rd row = 4 32mm 3216.99 0.278 894.32 9650.97
4th row = 2 32mm 1608.50 0.378 608.01 11259.47
5th row = 0 32mm 0.00 0 0.00 11259.47
6th row = 0 32mm 0.00 0 0.00 11259.47
7th row = 0 32mm 0.00 0 0.00 11259.47

14 11259.4680704658mm2 2325.88440427051mm2
D = 5092.72 m
d' =sum ai*di/sum ai= 0.21
d=D-d'= 5092.51 m

b= 3.27 m

For rectangular beam analysis (a < hf), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2)
For T-beam analysis (a > hf ), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
The steel area, Asf, required to balance the longitudinal compression force in the overhang
Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy
The resisting moment provided by the force Asf*fy
M1 =Asf*fy*(d - hf/2)
The remaining steel area (As-Asf), at a stress fy, is balanced by the compression in the rectangular portion of the beam.
The depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block in the zone is found from the horizontal equilibruim
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw)
An additional resisting moment, M2, is thus provided by the force (As - Asf)*fy and 0.85*fc'a*bw at lever arm of (d-a/2)
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2)
The total resisting moment, Mu, is the sum of M1 amd M2
Mu = M1 + M1
ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 )
Assume rectangular beam analysis As= ### mm2
b= 3.27 m m
r= As/bd = 0.000675453980387056 d= 5.09 m
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b) 70.82 mm fy = 420 MPa
It is rectangular beam as assumed fc' = 24 Mpa
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2) 21523.4191823151 KNm bw = 0.500 m
hf = 1.132777 m
The following computations for T-beam analysis do not apply Ø= 0.9
Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy = 0 mm2
M1=Asf*fy*(d-hf/2) = 0 KNm
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw) = 0 mm2
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2) = 0 KNm
Mu = M1 + M1 = 0 KNm
ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 ) = 0 KNm

There fore, the section capacity is

ØMn = 21523.4191823151 KNm >> Mmax= ### KNm
OK!!

2.8.5) Checking maximum steel area

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85
= 0.0182142857142857 fc' = 24 N/mm2
rprovided = As/bd = 0.000675453980387056 << rmax fy = 420 N/mm2
OK !!

2.8.6) Check for minimum reinforcement (Section 9.4.5)

ØMn > = 1.2Mcr.
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt
fr = 0.63 * SQRT( fc' ) = 3.0863570759068 N/mm2
Centroid of cross section
y1=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) = btop= 3.27333333333333 m
Sum Ai*yi = 20.7037079011463 m3 hf= 1.132777 m
Sum Ai = 5.6879264102281 m2 bw= 0.5 m
Yt=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) = 3.63993948021491 m D= 5.09 m m
Gross moment of inertia, Ig, about centroid
I1=1/12*btop*hf + A1*d1 =
3 2
3.30978296303501 m4
I2=1/12*bw*(D - hf )3 + A2*d22 = 8.04315107076871 m4
Sum Ig = 11.3529340338037 m4
The crackimg moment, Mcr,
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt = 9626.3161731097 KNm
1.2Mcr = 11551.5794077316 KNm
Mmax = 20833.8732638338 KNm KNm >> 1.2Mcr.
OK!

2.8.7. Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 66 10560 0.259413088772258 259.41 6.87 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 14908.38 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
5093 11.26 0.00221098602913363 0.171226478230373 871.972522236446 11.26 4221
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 5093 mm
It= 1,825,510,781.83 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 275.74 Mpa
Not Ok

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2.9. DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL TIES

Due to horizontal earth pressure, the vertical stem has a tendency of separating out from the counterforts, Hence it should be tied to it by horizontal ties.The direct pull by the wall on counterfort for 1 m height at base
Direct pullout at the base of the wall becomes

C/C SPACING BETWEEN COUNTERFORTS= 3.27m

H
Force Strength I Strength IA Strength III Strength IIIA Service I
H/4 3.29 m 386.46 KN/m 181.39 KN/m 181.39 KN/m 386.89 KN/m 386.89 KN/m 255.56 KN/m
H/2 6.59 m 432.12 KN/m 272.54 KN/m 272.54 KN/m 478.04 KN/m 478.04 KN/m 316.32 KN/m
3*H/4 9.88 m 477.78 KN/m 369.87 KN/m 369.87 KN/m 575.38 KN/m 575.38 KN/m 381.21 KN/m
H 13.18 m 523.45 KN/m 467.20 KN/m 467.20 KN/m 672.71 KN/m 672.71 KN/m 446.10 KN/m

Av (Area of bar) (double Spacing(mm)

Design Force (Vs) Ø bar fy (mpa) As (required) leg) Spacing(mm) provided
386.89 KN/m 16 300 1289.63 mm2 402.12 mm2 311.812196884339 300
478.04 KN/m 16 300 1593.48 mm2 402.12 mm2 252.355295496251 250
575.38 KN/m 16 300 1917.92 mm2 402.12 mm2 209.666721349991 200
672.71 KN/m 16 300 2242.36 mm2 402.12 mm2 179.330983850354 170

Therfore,Provide
0.00 m Up to 3.29m Ø 16 mm bar c/c of 300 mm

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3.29 m Up to 6.59m Ø 16 mm bar c/c of 250 mm

6.59 m Up to 9.88m Ø 16 mm bar c/c of 200 mm
9.88 m Up to 13.18m Ø 16 mm bar c/c of 170 mm

2.10. DESIGN OF VERTICAL TIES

Due to net vertical down ward force acting on the base slab, it has a tendency to separate out from the counterfort This is prevented by providing vertical ties.
The maximum pull will be exerted at the end of heel slab where the net downward

Total downward force at the junction joint with Abutment Becomes:- 99.35KNm
Total downward force at the Heel End Becomes:- 1908.74KNm

Ø= 20
fy= 420
At the heel End
F= 1908.74KNm
Required Ast= 4544.62043927401
Av (Area of bar) (double leg)= 628.318530717959
Spacing(mm)= 138.255447096993
Spacing(mm) provided= 130 mm

Therefore,provide = Ø20 bar @ 130 mm as a verical ties

3. WING WALL SECTION

ht
Hc
V4
twc

V4'''
V4'

h1
Selected
Fill
V4''''
V4''

V4'''''

Hd
V1 Rock fill
V5

Hd
V2
h

counterfort wall

V6
V6'

V5' V5''''
h2

V6''''
V5'''

T F H F H

V3
D

3.1.Section Proportioning
3.1.1.Preliminary Sections 3.69947046913175 5.1578 74.8739270735171
2.60645576260757
S1(H/V)(Back slope)(For wingwall) footing depth.(m) ht h h1 h2 Hc
Do not change values here except 0.100 1.700 1.1578 15.909 4.000 10.751 2.9908
for T, A & H T A F H B Hd twc 1661
3.200 0.300 1.8909 2.700 7.79 12.918 0.5
tc (thickness of
S2(H/V)(Back slope)(For counterfort) Lw(length of wingwall) c/c of counterfort spacing clear counterfort spacing No of counterfort counterfort) 8.24526408851225

0.27 5m 3.27 2.77 1 0.5 4.1225

3.2. LOADS ON WING WALL 8637
3.2.1 Un Factored Vertical Loads and Moments 1.83300000000000 7717
2.167
Vertical Loads Items Vn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
v1 572.71 3.35 1918.57
v2 1518.48 4.03 6119.91 0.03
v3 1748.27 3.90 6810.24
v4 205.03 4.15 850.17
v4 ' 60.29 4.69 282.75
v4 '' 598.25 6.34 3791.59
v4 ''' 24.74 3.94 97.58
v4 '''' 64.70 4.16 268.98
v4 ''''' 66.89 4.49 300.61
v5 60.10 4.35 261.37
v5' 248.52 4.59 1141.19
v5'' 256.92 4.69 1204.87
v5''' 2339.37 5.85 13693.55
v5'''' 2108.81 6.82 14386.69
v6 15.00 4.13 61.99
v6' 7.62 4.49 34.23
v6'' 19.91 4.59 91.44
v6''' 20.59 4.69 96.54
v6'''' 187.45 5.85 1097.24

3.2.2 Unfactored Bridge Horizontal Loads and Moment

Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
PEH1' 169.37 12.08 2046.69
PEH2 910.43 5.38 4893.88
PEH3 1738.61 7.17 12460.88
PESH 118.34 14.60 1727.88
PLSH 187.38 7.38 1381.96
Pwsub.(long..)(Vx) 76.33 7.95 607.16

3.2.3 Unfactored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Loads and Moment

The wingwall exposed wind area= 38.094888612501

Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm Mx (KN-M)

Pwsub.(trans.)(Vx) 88.14 7.95 701.08

3.2.4 Factored vertical Loads

Factored Vertical Loads
Vertical Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I

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v1 715.88 515.44 715.88 515.44 572.71

v2 1898.10 1366.63 1898.10 1366.63 1518.48
v3 2185.33 1573.44 2185.33 1573.44 1748.27
v4 276.79 205.03 276.79 205.03 205.03
v4 ' 81.40 60.29 81.40 60.29 60.29
v4 '' 807.63 598.25 807.63 598.25 598.25
v4 ''' 33.40 24.74 33.40 24.74 24.74
v4 '''' 87.34 64.70 87.34 64.70 64.70
v4 ''''' 90.30 66.89 90.30 66.89 66.89
v5 81.13 60.10 81.13 60.10 60.10
v5' 335.50 248.52 335.50 248.52 248.52
v5'' 346.85 256.92 346.85 256.92 256.92
v5''' 3158.16 2339.37 3158.16 2339.37 2339.37
v5'''' 2846.90 2108.81 2846.90 2108.81 2108.81
v6 18.75 13.50 18.75 13.50 15.00
v6' 9.52 6.85 9.52 6.85 7.62
v6'' 24.89 17.92 24.89 17.92 19.91
v6''' 25.73 18.53 25.73 18.53 20.59
v6'''' 234.31 168.70 234.31 168.70 187.45
ΣVu 13257.92 9714.64 13257.92 9714.64 10123.64

3.2.5. Factored Bridge Longitudinal axes Horizontal Loads

Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1 254.06 254.06 254.06 254.06 169.37
PEH2 1365.64 1365.64 1365.64 1365.64 910.43
PEH3 2607.92 2607.92 2607.92 2607.92 1738.61
PESH 147.93 106.51 147.93 106.51 118.34
PLSH 327.91 327.91 0.00 0.00 187.38
Pwsub.(long..)(Vx) 0.00 0.00 106.86 106.86 22.90
ΣHuL 4703.46 4662.04 4482.41 4440.99 3147.03

3.2.6 Factored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Loads

Factored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items
STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
Pwsub.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 123.40 123.40 26.44

3.2.7. Factored Moment due to Vertical Loads

Factored Moment (My)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
v1 2398.21 1726.71 2398.21 1726.71 1918.57
v2 7649.89 5507.92 7649.89 5507.92 6119.91
v3 8512.80 6129.22 8512.80 6129.22 6810.24
v4 1147.73 850.17 1147.73 850.17 850.17
v4 ' 381.72 282.75 381.72 282.75 282.75
v4 '' 5118.65 3791.59 5118.65 3791.59 3791.59
v4 ''' 131.73 97.58 131.73 97.58 97.58
v4 '''' 363.12 268.98 363.12 268.98 268.98
v4 ''''' 405.82 300.61 405.82 300.61 300.61
v5 352.85 261.37 352.85 261.37 261.37
v5' 1540.61 1141.19 1540.61 1141.19 1141.19
v5'' 1626.57 1204.87 1626.57 1204.87 1204.87
v5''' 18486.29 13693.55 18486.29 13693.55 13693.55
v5'''' 19422.03 14386.69 19422.03 14386.69 14386.69
v6 77.48 55.79 77.48 55.79 61.99
v6' 42.79 30.81 42.79 30.81 34.23
v6'' 114.30 82.30 114.30 82.30 91.44
v6''' 120.68 86.89 120.68 86.89 96.54
v6'''' 1371.55 987.52 1371.55 987.52 1097.24
ΣMy 69264.82 50886.50 69264.82 50886.50 52509.51

3.2.8 Factored Moment due to Horizontal Loads

Factored Moment (My)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1' 3070.03 3070.03 3070.03 3070.03 2046.69
PEH2 7340.82 7340.82 7340.82 7340.82 4893.88
PEH3 18691.32 18691.32 18691.32 18691.32 12460.88
PESH 2591.83 2591.83 2591.83 2591.83 1727.88
PLSH 2072.94 2072.94 2072.94 2072.94 1381.96
Pwsub.(long..)(Vx) 0.00 0.00 850.02 850.02 182.15
ΣMy 33766.93 33766.93 34616.95 34616.95 22693.44

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3.2.9. Factored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Moments

Factored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items
STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
Pwsub.(trans.) 0.00 0.00 981.52 981.52 210.32

3.3 Stability and saftey Criteria

Three design criteria should be satisfied:Eccentricity,Sliding and Bearing Capacity.The last column of each table represents
the design margin which is expressed as
Design margin (%)= provided - applied *100
provided
3.3.1 Eccentricity
In the LRFD method, the eccentricity design criterion is ensured by keeping the resultant force within the
middle half of the base width on soil foundations and resultanat force to be kept with in within the middle three-fourths of the base width
in rock foundations. In other words,emax (<B/4) in soil foundation and emax (<3*B/8) in rock foundations. B= 7.79
The results are summarized as follows: L= 5.00
exmax=B/4 1.95
ex =B/2- ΣMy(total)/V eymax=L/4 1.25
ey = ΣMx(total)/V Design margin (%)=(emax-e)/emax*100

ex ey Design margin (%)-ex Design margin (%)-ey condition 0.00

STRENGTH I 1.218 0.000 100.000 100.000 OK !! 495.16
STRENGTH Ia 2.133 0.000 9.855 100.000 OK !!
STRENGTH III 1.282 0.074 45.822 97.516 OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 2.221 0.101 6.157 96.610 OK !!
SERVICE I 0.950 0.021 59.845 99.303 OK !! 1065.00
3.3.2 Sliding 532.50
The results of sliding criterion are summarized as follows Fs= 0.80 342.00
Design margin (%)= (FsFr-HL)/(Fs*Fr)*100 db= 30.00
Fr=Vu*tandb Fs*Fr HL Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 7654.463 6123.570 4703.458 23.191 OK !!
STRENGTH Ia 5608.752 4487.001 4662.038 -3.901 NOT OK !!
STRENGTH III 7654.463 6123.570 4482.414 26.801 OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 5608.752 4487.001 4440.994 1.025 OK !!
SERVICE I 5844.889 4675.911 3147.032 32.697 OK !!
3.3.3 Bearing Capacity
Bearing resistance shall be investigated at the strength limit state using factored loads and resistances,assuming the following soil pressure distributions
i) Where the wall is supported by a soil foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a uniformly distributed pressure over an effective base area
qmax=V/(B-2e)
ii) Where the wall is supported by a rock foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a linearly distributed pressure over an effective base area.
If the resultant is within the middle one-third of the base,
qmax=V/B*(1+6ex/B)
qmin=V/B*(1-6ex/B)
iii) If the resultant is outside the middle one-third of the base,

qmax=2*V/(3*(B/2-e))
qmin=0

*Since our founding material is soil

Fb= 0.60 qmax= V/((B-2*ex)*(L-2*ey))

RI= (1-Hn/Vn)3 L= 5.00 B= 7.79
qult= 2400.00 L*B= 38.95 m2 38.95
Design Margin (%)= (Fb*RI*qult-qmax)/(Fb*RI*qult)*100 475.94
ΣVu ex ey qmax Hn Vn RI Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 13257.918 1.218 0.000 495.163 3124.133 10123.645 0.331 -4.038 NOT OK !!
STRENGTH Ia 9714.643 2.133 0.000 551.266 3124.133 10123.645 0.331 -15.826 NOT OK !!
STRENGTH III 13257.918 1.282 0.074 522.792 3124.133 10123.645 0.331 -9.843 NOT OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 9714.643 2.221 0.101 604.497 3124.133 10123.645 0.331 -27.010 NOT OK !!
SERVICE I 10123.645 0.950 0.021 346.615 3124.133 10123.645 0.331 27.173 OK !!!

3.4. Analysis and Structural Design of WingWall Parpet Wall

3.4.1 Computation of Design Load
Parpet wall height Above the Ground= 1.158
a) Vehicle and Railway Collision with structures Art.3.6.5.2
Unless protected as specified in Article 3.6.5.1,abutments and piers located within a distance of 9000 mm to the edge of roadway, or within a distance of 15000 mm to the centerline of a railway track,
shall be designed for an equivalent static force of 1 800000 N, which is assumed to act in any direction in a horizontal plane, at a distance of 1200 mm above ground.
B)horizontal earth pressure due to the fill

FACTORED LOAD AT THE BASE OF BACK WALL

Items Load (KN) STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I EXTR. EVENT II
CL (Collision load) 180.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 180.00
ESH 7.11 10.67 10.67 10.67 10.67 7.11 10.67

FACTORED FORCE AT THE TOP OF THE COUNTERFORT

Shear force Moment
STRENGTH I 10.67 6.52
STRENGTH Ia 10.67 6.52
STRENGTH III 10.67 6.52
STRENGTH IIIa 10.67 6.52
SERVICE I 7.11 4.35
EXTR. EVENT II 190.67 552.46
Design Load 190.670 552.46
3.4.2 Structural Design of abutment backwall
3.4.2.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 599 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.017917 m4
yt= 0.300 m
Mcr= 184.61 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 221.54 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling backwall moment is:
Mubwmax= 552.46 Knm
1.33*Mubwmax= 734.77 Knm
The cracking moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 552.46 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
552.46 0.90 1000 420 24 599 60 529
diameter of bar 20 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
320.28 mm OK !!

Assume a = 54.70 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 2,913 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 59.97 mm
Correct a

Required As = 2913 mm2/m

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 323220 Concrete Abutment Design

Spacing, s = 108 mm
Use diameter 20 mm bars c/c 110 mm
As provided = 2,856 mm2 ** Use this reinforcement for both sides
3.4.2.2 Check for maximum reinforcement
rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.02 fy = 420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0054 << rmax
OK !!

3.4.2.3 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 70 15400 0.224313243788532 224.31 8.07493540051679 8.00
service backwall total load moment:
MubwservI= 4.35 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
529 2.86 0.00539803682136022 0.253856901964798 134.310609691535 2.86 395
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 529 mm
It= 4,368,314.51 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 3.14 Mpa
Ok

3.4.2.4 Design for shear:

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv
where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
The factored longitudinal shear force at the base of the backwall is:
Vubwmax= 190.67 Kn/m
Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [mm]
2 1 599 476.172 S5.8.3.4.1 S5.8.2.9
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
For fc' [Mpa] Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
24 387.24 2857.032 387.24
The factored shear resistance is then:
fv= 0.9
Vr= 348.51 Kn/m
Ok

3.4.2.5 Shirinkage and shear reinforcement S5.10.8

For members less than 1.2m millimeters thick, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be spaced greater than
300mm and satisfy the lesser of As>=0.75Ag/fy or SumAb=0.0015Ag S5.10.8.2
Ag=mm2/mm fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/fy [mm2/mm] 0.0015Ag [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm]
599.08 420 1.070 0.90 1.070
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the backwall
using dia= 12 mm
at a spacing s= 200 mm
As=2*bararea/S 1.13097335529233 mm2/mm
Ok

3.5. Analysis and Structural Design of Wing Wall Stem 99.6742835548815 1

3.5.1 Computation of Design Load 93.3228640507237 99.6742835548815
3.5.1.1 Shear Force
DESIGN HEIGHT = 12.92
FACTORED LOAD
Abut. Height Shear STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I EXT.EVENT II
1 279.67 36.60 36.60 132.35 132.35 46.24 208.66
2 298.87 66.66 66.66 153.52 153.52 65.44 232.37
3 276.28 29.92 29.92 136.78 136.78 42.84 209.92
4 305.45 77.49 77.49 157.67 157.67 72.02 238.43
5 326.03 108.52 108.52 187.59 187.59 92.60 268.67
6 351.36 146.35 146.35 226.54 226.54 117.93 307.30
7 385.88 198.77 198.77 274.51 274.51 152.45 356.54
8 426.42 260.21 260.21 331.50 331.50 192.98 414.80
9 472.97 330.67 330.67 397.52 397.52 239.54 482.09
10 525.54 410.17 410.17 472.57 472.57 292.11 558.41
11 584.13 498.69 498.69 556.64 556.64 350.70 643.75
12 648.74 596.23 596.23 649.74 649.74 415.31 738.12
12.9177000000003 713.32 693.69 693.69 743.12 743.12 479.89 832.67
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - 13.2777000000003
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
3.5.1.2. Moment
DESIGN HEIGHT = 12.92
FACTORED LOAD AT THE COUNTERFORT MID STEM
Design Moments STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I EXT.EVENT II
Items Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field) Ms (Support) Mf (field)
1 179.26 134.44 23.46 17.60 23.46 17.60 84.83 63.62 84.83 63.62 29.64 22.23 133.74 100.31
2 191.56 143.67 42.73 32.05 42.73 32.05 98.40 73.80 98.40 73.80 41.94 31.46 148.94 111.70
3 177.08 132.81 19.18 14.38 19.18 14.38 87.67 65.75 87.67 65.75 27.46 20.60 134.55 100.91
4 195.78 146.83 49.67 37.25 49.67 37.25 101.06 75.80 101.06 75.80 46.16 34.62 152.82 114.62
5 208.97 156.73 69.55 52.17 69.55 52.17 120.24 90.18 120.24 90.18 59.35 44.51 172.20 129.15
6 225.20 168.90 93.80 70.35 93.80 70.35 145.20 108.90 145.20 108.90 75.58 56.69 196.96 147.72
7 247.33 185.50 127.40 95.55 127.40 95.55 175.94 131.96 175.94 131.96 97.71 73.28 228.52 171.39
8 273.31 204.98 166.78 125.08 166.78 125.08 212.48 159.36 212.48 159.36 123.69 92.77 265.87 199.40
9 303.15 227.36 211.95 158.96 211.95 158.96 254.79 191.09 254.79 191.09 153.53 115.15 309.00 231.75
10 336.85 252.63 262.90 197.17 262.90 197.17 302.89 227.17 302.89 227.17 187.23 140.42 357.91 268.43
11 374.40 280.80 319.63 239.72 319.63 239.72 356.78 267.59 356.78 267.59 224.78 168.59 412.61 309.46
12 415.81 311.86 382.15 286.61 382.15 286.61 416.45 312.34 416.45 312.34 266.19 199.64 473.10 354.82
12.9177000000003 457.20 342.90 444.62 333.46 444.62 333.46 476.30 357.23 476.30 357.23 307.58 230.69 533.70 400.27
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 323221 Concrete Abutment Design

3.5.2 Structural Design of Wing Wall Stem

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable
strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc')
Ig=1*b*h^3/12
1.Check crack control
*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n 0.0028756268806419
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It

3.5.2.1 Check minimum reinforcement for field moment requirements 633.08

Height fc' fy D(mm) 1.2Mcr 1.33*Mdesign Design Mu cover(mm) Required d(mm) Øbar(mm) Check for d a (assumed) As(mm2) a'(mm) Spacing As provided check for a
1 24 300 699.080 301.668 133.408 133.408 60.000 157.389 12 OK!!! 6.513 784.512 11.537 144.163 784.512 Correct a!!
2 24 300 799.080 394.146 148.567 148.567 60.000 166.090 12 OK!!! 6.120 753.744 11.084 150.047 753.744 Correct a!!
3 24 300 899.080 498.968 134.211 134.211 60.000 157.862 12 OK!!! 5.077 598.496 8.801 188.969 598.496 Correct a!!
4 24 300 999.080 616.136 152.441 152.441 60.000 168.242 12 OK!!! 5.115 606.752 8.923 186.398 606.752 Correct a!!
5 24 300 1099.080 745.650 171.772 171.772 60.000 178.591 12 OK!!! 5.178 617.370 9.079 183.192 617.370 Correct a!!
6 24 300 1199.080 887.508 196.468 196.468 60.000 190.998 12 OK!!! 5.377 643.724 9.467 175.692 643.724 Correct a!!
7 24 300 1299.080 1041.713 227.950 227.950 60.000 205.732 12 OK!!! 5.714 686.265 10.092 164.801 686.265 Correct a!!
8 24 300 1399.080 1208.262 265.202 265.202 60.000 221.907 12 OK!!! 6.132 738.510 10.860 153.143 738.510 Correct a!!
9 24 300 1499.080 1387.158 308.224 308.224 60.000 239.230 12 OK!!! 6.614 798.429 11.742 141.650 798.429 Correct a!!
10 24 300 1599.080 1578.398 357.018 357.018 60.000 257.471 12 OK!!! 7.146 864.519 12.714 130.821 864.519 Correct a!!
11 24 300 1699.080 1781.984 411.581 411.581 60.000 276.446 12 OK!!! 7.720 935.647 13.760 120.876 935.647 Correct a!!
12 24 300 1799.080 1997.916 471.916 471.916 60.000 296.016 12 OK!!! 8.328 1010.943 14.867 111.873 1010.943 Correct a!!
12.9177000000003 24 300 1890.850 2206.939 532.362 532.362 60.000 314.403 12 OK!!! 8.647 1083.044 15.927 104.425 1083.044 Correct a!!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Check for crack control

Remark
Height Spacing(required) Spacing(provided) As provided(mm2) Z [ Kn/mm ] MubwservI n fsa(Mpa)= fs(Mpa) Remark check for ρmax
1 144 250 452 23 22.23 8 177.44 80.3309919781618 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
2 150 270 419 23 31.46 8 172.94 105.649026181087 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
3 189 300 377 23 20.60 8 166.97 67.4116195294032 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
4 186 300 377 23 34.62 8 166.97 101.017362703058 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
5 183 300 377 23 44.51 8 166.97 117.165395373129 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
6 176 300 377 23 56.69 8 166.97 135.895552357697 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
7 165 290 390 23 73.28 8 168.87 155.958186786746 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
8 153 270 419 23 92.77 8 172.94 170.012788426119 OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
9 142 250 452 23 115.15 8 177.44 181.76948722937 NOT OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
10 131 230 492 23 140.42 8 182.44 190.662174837894 NOT OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
11 121 210 539 23 168.59 8 188.05 196.263501390894 NOT OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
12 112 190 595 23 199.64 8 194.43 198.244348217656 NOT OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
12.9177000000003 104 190 595 23 230.69 8 194.43 217.42308149525 NOT OK!! OK!! NOT OK!!
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - -

3.5.2.2 Check minimum reinforcement for support moment requirements

Height fc' fy D(mm) 1.2Mcr 1.33*Mdesign Design Mu cover(mm) Required d(mm) Øbar(mm) Check a (assumed) As(mm2) a'(mm) Spacing As provided check for a
1 24 300 699.080 301.668 112.824 112.824 60.000 144.739 16 OK!!! 4.990 664.775 9.776 302.451 664.775 Correct a
2 24 300 799.080 394.146 130.870 130.870 60.000 155.885 16 OK!!! 4.917 665.235 9.783 302.242 665.235 Correct a
3 24 300 899.080 498.968 116.601 116.601 60.000 147.141 16 OK!!! 4.130 520.927 7.661 385.970 520.927 Correct a
4 24 300 999.080 616.136 134.412 134.412 60.000 157.980 16 OK!!! 4.261 535.896 7.881 375.188 535.896 Correct a
5 24 300 1099.080 745.650 159.916 159.916 60.000 172.317 16 OK!!! 4.600 575.712 8.466 349.240 575.712 Correct a
6 24 300 1199.080 887.508 193.114 193.114 60.000 189.361 16 OK!!! 5.087 633.775 9.320 317.245 633.775 Correct a
7 24 300 1299.080 1041.713 234.007 234.007 60.000 208.448 16 OK!!! 5.687 705.639 10.377 284.936 705.639 Correct a
8 24 300 1399.080 1208.262 282.593 282.593 60.000 229.068 16 OK!!! 6.371 788.197 11.591 255.091 788.197 Correct a
9 24 300 1499.080 1387.158 338.874 338.874 60.000 250.843 16 OK!!! 7.123 879.210 12.930 228.685 879.210 Correct a
10 24 300 1599.080 1578.398 402.849 402.849 60.000 273.498 16 OK!!! 7.927 977.026 14.368 205.790 977.026 Correct a
11 24 300 1699.080 1781.984 474.517 474.517 60.000 296.831 16 OK!!! 8.775 1080.396 15.888 186.100 1080.396 Correct a
12 24 300 1799.080 1997.916 553.880 553.880 60.000 320.694 16 OK!!! 9.659 1188.361 17.476 169.193 1188.361 Correct a
12.9177000000003 24 300 1890.850 2206.939 633.482 633.482 60.000 342.965 16 OK!!! 10.118 1290.703 18.981 155.777 1290.703 Correct a
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Check for crack control

Remark
Height Spacing(required) Spacing(provided) As provided(mm2) Z [ Kn/mm ] MubwservI n fsa(Mpa)= fs(Mpa) Remark check for Ρmax
1 302.451114502056 250 804 23 29.64 8 173.94 61.1053377465432 OK!! OK!! OK!!
2 302.241833981741 180 1117 23 41.94 8 194.07 53.9606107127247 OK!! OK!! OK!!
3 385.969649503792 100 2011 23 27.46 8 236.07 17.4729664669378 OK!! OK!! OK!!
4 375.188259046655 180 1117 23 46.16 8 194.07 46.3813812335677 OK!! OK!! OK!!
5 349.240495726657 100 2011 23 59.35 8 236.07 30.2599110319486 OK!! OK!! OK!!
6 317.244892815161 100 2011 23 75.58 8 236.07 35.0469250746375 OK!! OK!! OK!!
7 284.935877647946 100 2011 23 97.71 8 236.07 41.5397645510749 OK!! OK!! OK!!
8 255.091005960773 80 2513 23 123.69 8 254.30 39.0485167221164 OK!! OK!! OK!!
9 228.684723675369 70 2872 23 153.53 8 265.88 39.5090387537667 OK!! OK!! OK!!
10 205.789771296013 50 4021 23 187.23 8 297.43 32.4088539227384 OK!! OK!! OK!!
11 186.100218487081 40 5027 23 224.78 8 320.40 29.3619114349235 OK!! OK!! OK!!
12 169.192698908777 22 9139 23 266.19 8 391.05 18.3647511422584 OK!! OK!! OK!!
12.9177000000003 155.777037438116 40 5027 23 307.58 8 320.40 35.828269194536 OK!! OK!! OK!!
- - - - - - - - - - -
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- - - - - - - - - - -

3.6 ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF WIING WALL FOOTING

3.6.1 Analysis and Structural Design of abutment footing (Flexural Reinforcement)
3.6.1.1 Calculation of Stress at for edges
σ= V/((B-2*ex)*(L-2*ey))
L= 5.00
B= 7.79
L*B= 38.95
Limit state V ex ey Stress at four edges
σ1 σ2 σ3 σ4 σmax σmin
STRENGTH I 13257.918 1.218 0.000 495.16 495.16 495.16 495.16 495.16 495.16
STRENGTH Ia 9714.643 2.133 0.000 551.27 551.27 551.27 551.27 551.27 551.27

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Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 323222 Concrete Abutment Design

STRENGTH III 13257.918 1.282 0.074 522.79 522.79 522.79 522.79 522.79 522.79
STRENGTH IIIa 9714.643 2.221 0.101 604.50 604.50 604.50 604.50 604.50 604.50
SERVICE I 10123.645 0.950 0.021 346.62 346.62 346.62 346.62 346.62 346.62

3.6.1.2 Design moment calculation

Critical Section,C=
Toe side Heel side
3.20 2.70
Stress at critical section= (σmax-σmin)*(B-T)/B+σmin
Mc=
Limit state Stress at critical section Moment
Toe side heel side σmax σmin σavg Toe side
STRENGTH I 495.16 495.16 495.16 495.16 495.16 2274.11
STRENGTH Ia 551.27 551.27 551.27 551.27 551.27 2634.47
STRENGTH III 522.79 522.79 522.79 522.79 522.79 2415.58
STRENGTH IIIa 604.50 604.50 604.50 604.50 604.50 2907.02
SERVICE I 346.62 346.62 346.62 346.62 346.62 1565.77
DESIGN MOMENT = 2907.02

3.6.2 Check Minimum Reinforcement Requirements (Toe side)

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1700 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.409417 m4
yt= 0.85 m
Mcr= 1486.60 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 1783.91 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 2907.02 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 3866.34 Knm
The cracking moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 2907.02 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
2907.02 0.90 1000 420 24 1700 75 1609
diameter of bar 32 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
734.69 mm OK !!

Assume a = 90.69 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 4,918 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 101.26 mm
Correct a

Required As = 4918 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 164 mm
Use diameter 32 mm bars c/c 120 mm
As provided = 6,702 mm2

3.6.2.1. Check for maximum reinforcement (Toe side)

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.02 fy = 420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0042 << rmax
OK !!

3.8025 290.6821125 76.065561 214.6165515

3.6.2.2 Check crack control
*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 91 21840 0.182934869072886 182.93 #DIV/0! 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 1565.77 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
1609 6.70 0.00416536005447994 0.226977283283318 365.206448802859 6.70 1244
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 1609 mm
It= 99,182,510.39 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 157.08 Mpa
Ok

3.6.2.3 Distribution Reinforcements (Art. 3.24.10.2)

As(distr.) % = 220/sqrt(S) <= 67% S in feet
Therefore, % As dist. = 121.459128928212m % ( S is in feet) where S= 1m
% As (distr.) = 0.67
As dist. = 0.67 * As provided = 4,490.38 mm2/m
spacing = 179.10 mm diam. of bar= 32 mm
Use diam. 32 mm bars c/c 170 mm (bottom - longitudinally.)

3.6.2.4 Design Shear calculation

Critical Section= 3.20-d 1.50
Stress at critical section= (σmax-σmin)*(B-T)/B+σmin
Mc=
Limit state
Stress at critical section σmax σavg SHEAR
STRENGTH I 495.16 495.16 495.16 742.74
STRENGTH Ia 551.27 551.27 551.27 826.90
STRENGTH III 522.79 522.79 522.79 784.19
STRENGTH IIIa 604.50 604.50 604.50 906.75
SERVICE I 346.62 346.62 346.62 519.92
DESIGN SHEAR = 906.75

3.6.2.5. Checking of Shear Resistance

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The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv

where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
The factored longitudinal shear force at the critical section of the footing is:
Vufwmax= 906.75 Kn/m
Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [mm]
2 1 1700 1593 S5.8.3.4.1 S5.8.2.9
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
For fc' [Mpa] Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
24 1295.48 9,558.00 1295.48
The factored shear resistance is then:
fv= 0.9
Vr= 1165.93 Kn/m
Ok

3.6.2.6 Checking of Minimum Temperature and Shirinkage reinforcement (S5.7.3.2.2-1)

According to S5.10.8.1, reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near surface of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete.Footings are not exposed to daily
temperature changes and,therefore, are not checked for temperature and shrinkage reinforcement Nominal reinforcement is provided at the top of footing to arrest possible cracking during the concrete early age before the footing
is covered with fill.

3.6.2.7. Temperature and shrinkage reinforcements (Art. 8.20)

3.6.2.7.1. Checking of Minimum Temperature and Shirinkage reinforcement (S5.7.3.2.2-1)
For members less than 1.2m millimeters thick, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be spaced greater than
300mm and satisfy the lesser of As>=0.75Ag/fy or SumAb=0.0015Ag
Ag=mm2/mm fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/fy [mm2/mm] 0.0015Ag [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm]
1700 420 3.04 2.55 3.04
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the backwall
using dia= 20 mm
at a spacing s= 200 mm
As=2*bararea/S 3.14159265358979 mm2/mm
Ok

3.7.0 Check Minimum Reinforcement Requirements (Heel side)

The heel slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning over the counterforts, as in the case of stem. The heel slab is subjected to downward forces due to weight of soil plus self weight of slab and an upward force due to soil reaction.
The net force acts downward producing tension towards the earth face between the counterforts and negative moment develops at the support provided by counterforts

If P is the net downward force and L is the clear span between the counterforts the B.M. is given by:
Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16 (mid-way between counterforts towards earth face)
Maximum -ve B.M. = pl2/12 (occurring at counterforts)

The heel slab is designed as a continuous slab supported on counterforts. The downward force will be maximum at the edge of the slab where intensity of soil downward force will be maximum at the edge of the slab where intensity of soil pressure
is Minimum.

ITEM STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I

A) Downward soil weight from the back fill 573.19 424.59 573.19 424.59 424.59
B) Downward weight from the Heel Slab 161.88 116.55 161.88 116.55 129.50
C) Upward Soil Intensity Pressure at the heel end 495.16 551.27 522.79 604.50 346.62
D) Upward Soil Intensity Pressure at the heel end 495.16 551.27 522.79 604.50 346.62
NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE JUNCTION POINT
WITH WINGWALL HEEL = 239.91 -10.13 212.28 -63.36 207.47

NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE HEEL END= 239.91 -10.13 212.28 -63.36 207.47
Design Pressure Becomes= 239.91

Maximum design +ve moment occurred at counterforts becomes:-PL2/16= 160.66 KNm

Maximum design -ve moment occurred at counterforts becomes:-PL2/12= 214.21 KNm
Service design negative moment occurred at the counterfoprts becomes:- 185.25 KNm
Service design positive moment occurred at the counterfoprts becomes:- 138.94 KNm

3.7.1. DESIGN OF FLEXURE FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1700.0 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.409417 m4
yt= 0.85 m
Mcr= 1486.60 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 1783.91 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 214.21 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 284.90 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 284.90 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
284.90 0.90 1000 420 24 1700 75 1615
diameter of bar 20 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
230.00 mm OK !!

Assume a = 14.40 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 469 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 9.65 mm
Correct a

Required As = 469 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 670 mm
Use diameter 20 mm bars c/c 230 mm
As provided = 1,366 mm2

3.7.1.1 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.02 fy = 420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0008 << rmax
OK !!

3.7.1.2 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy

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n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 85 39100 0.154121280382711 154.12 #DIV/0! 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 185.25 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
1615 1.37 0.000845764612623447 0.10975861927075 177.260170122261 1.37 1438
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 1615 mm
It= 24,444,306.16 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 87.17 Mpa
Ok

3.7.1.3 Distribution Reinforcements (Art. 3.24.10.2) 29.33

As(distr.) % = 220/sqrt(S) <= 67% S in feet
Therefore, % As dist. = 121.459128928212m % ( S is in feet) where S= 1m
% As (distr.) = 0.67
As dist. = 0.67 * As provided = 915.16 mm2/m
spacing = 343.28 mm diam. of bar= 20 mm
Use diam. 20 mm bars c/c 300 mm (bottom - longitudinally.)

3.7.1.4. Design Shear calculation

Critical Section= 2.70-d 1.09
Stress at critical section= (σmax-σmin)*(B-T)/B+σmin 0.144666666666667
Mc=
Limit state
Stress at critical section σmax σmin σavg SHEAR
STRENGTH I 495.16 495.16 495.16 495.16 392.64 0.00
STRENGTH Ia 551.27 551.27 551.27 551.27 -16.58 0.00
STRENGTH III 522.79 522.79 522.79 522.79 347.42 0.00
STRENGTH IIIa 604.50 604.50 604.50 604.50 -103.70 0.00
SERVICE I 346.62 346.62 346.62 346.62 339.56 0.00
DESIGN SHEAR = 392.64
#VALUE!
3.7.1.5. Checking of Shear Resistance

Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement

Where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear strength ØVc, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy
the equation, Vu < = ØVn

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs (S5.8.3.3-1)

or
Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv (S5.8.3.3-2)
where: Vc=Shear resistance due to concret (k) Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv (S5.8.3.3-3)
Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the member is used
VS=Vu/F-Vc
bv=effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth dv as determined in (S5.8.2.9)
dv=effective shear depth as determined in S5.8.2.9 (in),it is the distance measured perpendicular to the
neutral axis between the resultants of the tensile and compressive force due to flexure.
It need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9*de or 0.72*h
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
b=factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension as specified in (S5.8.3.4)
= for nonprestressed sections, b may be taken as 2
Required transverse reinforcement from analysis
Smax=Av*fy*dv/Vs

Check the minimum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.5)

A minimum amount of transverse reinforcement is required to restrain the growth of diagonal cracking and to increase the
ductility of the section.A larger amount of transverse reinforcement is required to control cracking as the concrete strength
is increased.
where transverse reinforcement is required, as specified in S5.8.2.4, the area of steel must satisfy:
Av=0.083*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
Av=0.083*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
where
bv= width of web adjusted for the presence of ducts as specified in S5.8.2.9 (in)
Smax1=Av*fy/(0.083*sqrt(fc')*bv)
Check the maximum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.7)
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement must not exceed the maximum permited spacing,Smax,
determined as
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
If Vu < 0.125*fc' , Smax2 < = 0.8dv < =600mm (S5.8.2.7-2)
If Vu > =0.125*fc' , Smax2 <= 0.4dv <= 300mm (S5.8.2.7-2)
Sections located less than a distance d from support may be designed for the same shear as that computed at a distance d
Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement
Vu max (KN) fc' [mpa] fy [mpa] Dia.of stirup [mm] av
392.64 24.000 300.000 12.00 226.19

Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
Fv= b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [in] Vc(k) Vs
0.9 2 1.00 1700 1605.00 1305.24 0.00
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
1305.24 9630.000 1305.24
Since Vu < The Nominal Shear resistance,Transverse reinforcement is not required

SPACING
0.125*fc' Smax (mm) Smax 1 (mm) Smax 2 (mm) Spacing provided (mm)
3.000 0.000 166886.002 300 0.000

Since shear force varies linearly along the span of the counterfort, the zone of design shear reinforcement can be determined.
Let X1 be the distance from the counterfort where S.F. = 1305.24KN
X1= -3.80 m
Further in the transverse direction the S.F. decreases due to increase in the soil pressure.
Let the net down ward ultimate force/m at a distance y1 from the end to be equal to w1
Then ultimate S.F. at y1 = w1 x3.27/2 = 1.64 w1
and this must be equal to Vuc Vuc= 1305.24KN = 1.64 w1
Therfore w1= 797.50 KN/m
Now, variation of net downward force is linear having value of
Min= -63.36 KN/m
Max= 239.91 KN/m
W1 @y1= 797.50 KN/m

y1= -4.96 m
Say y1= -5.00 m

Therefore Provide Ø 12 mm 0.00 m 2-legged stirrups in heel slab for a distance of -3.80 m
-on either side of the counterfort and for a length of 5m along the length of the counterfort in the triangular portion. But from practical considerations provide the stirrups in the rectangular portion of the area with dimenstions
mentioned above.

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3.7.2 DESIGN OF FLEXURE FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1700 mm
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.409417 m4
yt= 0.85 m
Mcr= 1486.60 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 1783.91 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 160.66 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 213.67 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 213.67 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
213.67 0.90 1000 300 24 1700 75 1617
diameter of bar 16 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
199.19 mm OK !!

Assume a = 10.77 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 491 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 7.22 mm
Correct a

Required As = 491 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 409 mm
Use diameter 16 mm bars c/c 270 mm
As provided = 745 mm2

3.7.2.1. Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.03 fy = 300 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0005 << rmax
OK !!

3.7.2.2. Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 83 44820 0.148437804143577 148.44 #REF! 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 138.94 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
1617 0.74 0.000460528023614253 0.0822344692700896 132.973136809735 0.74 1484
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 1617 mm
It= 13,903,911.24 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 118.64 Mpa
Ok

3.7.2.3. Distribution Reinforcements (Art. 3.24.10.2) 29.33

As(distr.) % = 220/sqrt(S) <= 67% S in feet
Therefore, % As dist. = 121.459128928212m % ( S is in feet) where S= 1m
% As (distr.) = 0.67
As dist. = 0.67 * As provided = 498.93 mm2/m
spacing = 226.68 mm diam. of bar= 12 mm
Use diam. 12 mm bars c/c 220 mm (bottom - longitudinally.)

3.7 ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ABUTMENT COUNTERFORT

Since the active earth pressure on stem acts outward and stem is considered to be fixed at counterforts, the counterforts are subjected to outward reaction from the stem. This produces tension along the outer sloping face of the counterforts.
The inner face supporting the stem is in compression. Thus, the stem lies in the compression zone with respect to the bending of the counterforts and hence the counterforts are designed as a T-beam of varying depth.
The main steel provided along the sloping face shall be anchored properly at both ends. The depth of the counterfort is measured perpendicular to the sloping side.In order that the counterfort and stem should act as one unit, it is joined firmly to the
stem by providing ties in the horizontal plane. The base is tied with vertical ties to prevent its tendency to separate out under the action of net downward force. The provision of ties ensures transfer of forces to the counterforts.

3.7.1. unFactored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Loads and Moment

C/C SPACING BETWEEN COUNTERFORTS 3.27m
Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
PEH1' 110.88 12.08 1339.90
PEH2 596.03 5.38 3203.86
PEH3 1138.21 3.58 4078.86
PESH 38.34 14.60 559.84
PLSH 122.67 7.38 904.72
Pwsub.(longi.) 76.33 7.38 562.97

3.7.2. Factored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Loads

Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1 166.32 166.32 166.32 166.32 110.88
PEH2 894.04 894.04 894.04 894.04 596.03
PEH3 1707.32 1707.32 1707.32 1707.32 1138.21
PESH 47.93 34.51 47.93 34.51 38.34
PLSH 214.67 214.67 0.00 0.00 122.67
Pwsub.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 106.86 106.86 22.90
ΣHuL 3030.28 3016.86 2922.48 2909.06 2029.03

3.7.3. Factored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Moments

Factored Horizontal Moment
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I

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PEH1 2009.85 2009.85 2009.85 2009.85 1339.90

PEH2 4805.79 4805.79 4805.79 4805.79 3203.86
PEH3 6118.29 6118.29 6118.29 6118.29 4078.86
PESH 699.80 503.86 699.80 503.86 559.84
PLSH 1583.27 1583.27 0.00 0.00 904.72
Pwsub.(longi.) 0.00 0.00 788.15 788.15 168.89
ΣHuL 15217.00 15021.05 14421.88 14225.94 10256.07

Therfore,the design shear and moment at the bottom of the stem from horizontal loads becomes:-

Mu= 15217.00 KNm-m

Vu= 3030.28KN

NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE JUNCTION POINT WITH ABUTMENT = 239.91KN
NET DOWN WARD FORCE AT THE HEEL END= 239.91KN

Total downward force at the junction joint with Abutment Becomes:- 785.29KNm =
Total downward force at the Heel End Becomes:- 785.29KNm

As mentioned earlier the counterfort acts as a T-beam. As can be seen that the depth available is much more than required from B.M. considerations.
Even assuming rectangular section,

Effective Compression Flange Width, beff, ( AASHTO Art. 8.10.1.1)

Exterior Girder
The total width of slab effective as T-girder flange shall not exceed one-fourth of the span length of the girder. The efffective flange
width overhanging on either side shall not exceed six times the thickness of the slab or one half the clear distance to the next web.
Therefore, the effective compression flange width, beff, is the minimum of the following:
a. 1/4 span = 3.23 m L = 12.92m
b. 2*6hf+bw = 13.65 m hf = 1.10m
c. bw+2*1/2(clear spacing b/n webs ) = 3.27 m bw = 0.50m
bw+(Ext. cantilever + 1/2*clear spacing b/n girders) = 5.16 m Overhang L = 3.27m
Effective compression flange width, beff = 3.23 m Clear S b/n gir.= 2.77m

Spacing Limits for Reinforcements ( Art. 8.21.1 & 8.21.3)

i) horizontal
The clear distance between parallel bars in a layer shall not be less than 1.5 bar diameter , maximum size of aggregate or 1.1/2 inches.
1.5*diam. = 48.00mm Assume d= 32 mm
max. size of aggrergate = 1 inch = 25.40mm
1.1/2 inch = 38.10mm
Hence the minimum clear distance between parallel bars in
a layer with no lapping is = 48.00mm 0.05 m
Assuming vertical lapping of bars, one over the other,
The minimum clear distance between parallel bars in a layer is = 48.00mm
Therefore, the minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer is = 80.00mm
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer = 80.00mm
The minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap is = 112.00mm
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap = 112.00mm
ii ) Vertical
Minimum clear distance between two layers of bars is 1 inch or dia of bar = 32.00mm
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is no lap = 64.00mm
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in one of the layers= 80.00mm
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in both layers= 96.00mm
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers = 70.00mm
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in one of the layers= 90.00mm
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in both layers= 100.00mm

3.7.4) Section Capacity and Reinforcement

Mmax=The maximum design moment is: 15217.00 Cover(mm)= 50

Try No of bars Ø of bars ai di(m) ai*di As

1st row = 4 32mm 3216.99 0.078 250.93 3216.99
2nd row = 4 32mm 3216.99 0.178 572.62 652867.21
3rd row = 4 32mm 3216.99 0.278 894.32 656084.20
4th row = 2 32mm 1608.50 0.378 608.01 657692.70
5th row = 0 32mm 0.00 0 0.00 657692.70
6th row = 0 32mm 0.00 0 0.00 657692.70
7th row = 0 32mm 0.00 0 0.00 657692.70

14 11259.4680704658mm2 2325.88440427051mm2
D = 2606.46 m
d' =sum ai*di/sum ai= 0.21
d=D-d'= 2606.25 m

b= 3.23 m

For rectangular beam analysis (a < hf), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2)
For T-beam analysis (a > hf ), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
The steel area, Asf, required to balance the longitudinal compression force in the overhang
Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy
The resisting moment provided by the force Asf*fy
M1 =Asf*fy*(d - hf/2)
The remaining steel area (As-Asf), at a stress fy, is balanced by the compression in the rectangular portion of the beam.
The depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block in the zone is found from the horizontal equilibruim
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw)
An additional resisting moment, M2, is thus provided by the force (As - Asf)*fy and 0.85*fc'a*bw at lever arm of (d-a/2)
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2)
The total resisting moment, Mu, is the sum of M1 amd M2
Mu = M1 + M1
ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 )
Assume rectangular beam analysis As= ### mm2
b= 3.23 m m
r= As/bd = 0.00133775546300133 d= 2.61 m
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b) 71.78 mm fy = 420 MPa
It is rectangular beam as assumed fc' = 24 Mpa
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2) 10939.648664466 KNm bw = 0.500 m
hf = 1.24496500000001 m
The following computations for T-beam analysis do not apply Ø= 0.9
Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy = 0 mm2
M1=Asf*fy*(d-hf/2) = 0 KNm
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw) = 0 mm2
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2) = 0 KNm
Mu = M1 + M1 = 0 KNm

Ethiopian Roads Authority Roughton International In Association With Beza Consulting Engieers Plc
Nekempte - Bedele - Metu Upgrading Road Project(Section 1) 323227 Concrete Abutment Design

ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 ) = 0 KNm

There fore, the section capacity is

ØMn = 10939.648664466 KNm << Mmax= ### KNm
Revise the steel area !!

3.7.5) Checking maximum steel area

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85
= 0.0182142857142857 fc' = 24 N/mm2
rprovided = As/bd = 0.00133775546300133 << rmax fy = 420 N/mm2
OK !!

3.7.7) Check for minimum reinforcement (Section 9.4.5)

ØMn > = 1.2Mcr.
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt
fr = 0.63 * SQRT( fc' ) = 3.0863570759068 N/mm2
Centroid of cross section
y1=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) = btop= 3.22942500000007 m
Sum Ai*yi = 8.44002062864436 m3 hf= 1.24496500000001 m
Sum Ai = 4.70126647642891 m2 bw= 0.5 m
Yt=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) = 1.79526531222187 m D= 2.61 m m
Gross moment of inertia, Ig, about centroid
I1=1/12*btop*hf3 + A1*d12 = 0.662470018105022 m4
I2=1/12*bw*(D - hf )3 + A2*d22 = 0.950746767756509 m4
Sum Ig = 1.61321678586153 m4
The crackimg moment, Mcr,
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt = 2773.38564284588 KNm
1.2Mcr = 3328.06277141506 KNm
Mmax = 15216.9962925825 KNm KNm >> 1.2Mcr.
OK!

3.7.7. Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked. S 5.7.3.4
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 66 10560 0.259413088772258 259.41 8.07 8.00
service total load moment:
MubwservI= 10256.07 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
2606 11.26 0.00432018093610317 0.230612813385366 601.034458361123 11.26 2005
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 2606 mm
It= 434,557,358.93 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 378.60 Mpa
Not Ok

3.8. DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL TIES

Due to horizontal earth pressure, the vertical stem has a tendency of separating out from the counterforts, Hence it should be tied to it by horizontal ties.The direct pull by the wall on counterfort for 1 m height at base
Direct pullout at the base of the wall becomes

C/C SPACING BETWEEN COUNTERFORTS= 3.27m

H
Force Strength I Strength IA Strength III Strength IIIA Service I EXT.EVENT II
H/4 3.23 m 115.14 KN/m 62.32 KN/m 62.32 KN/m 140.43 KN/m 140.43 KN/m 61.71 KN/m 41.79 KN/m
H/2 6.46 m 137.52 KN/m 95.89 KN/m 95.89 KN/m 174.00 KN/m 174.00 KN/m 84.09 KN/m 75.36 KN/m
3*H/4 9.69 m 159.90 KN/m 129.46 KN/m 129.46 KN/m 207.57 KN/m 207.57 KN/m 106.47 KN/m 108.93 KN/m
H 12.92 m 706.36 KN/m 950.06 KN/m 950.06 KN/m 1021.78 KN/m 1021.78 KN/m 652.92 KN/m 924.96 KN/m

Av (Area of bar) (double Spacing(mm)

Design Force (Vs) Ø bar fy (mpa) As (required) leg) Spacing(mm) provided
140.43 KN/m 12 300 468.11 mm2 226.19 mm2 483.206007545808 300
174.00 KN/m 12 300 580.01 mm2 226.19 mm2 389.981699670999 300
207.57 KN/m 12 300 691.91 mm2 226.19 mm2 326.911154866044 300
1021.78 KN/m 12 300 3405.95 mm2 226.19 mm2 66.4116969487152 80

Therfore,Provide
0.00 m Up to 3.23m Ø 12 mm bar c/c of 300 mm
3.23 m Up to 6.46m Ø 12 mm bar c/c of 300 mm
6.46 m Up to 9.69m Ø 12 mm bar c/c of 300 mm
9.69 m Up to 12.92m Ø 12 mm bar c/c of 80 mm

3.9. DESIGN OF VERTICAL TIES

Due to net vertical down ward force acting on the base slab, it has a tendency to separate out from the counterfort This is prevented by providing vertical ties.
The maximum pull will be exerted at the end of heel slab where the net downward

Total downward force at the junction joint with Abutment Becomes:- 785.29KNm
Total downward force at the Heel End Becomes:- 785.29KNm

Ø= 20
fy= 420
At the heel End
F= 785.29KNm
Required Ast= 1869.73608581648
Av (Area of bar) (double leg)= 628.318530717959
Spacing(mm)= 336.046640744799
Spacing(mm) provided= 170 mm

Therefore,provide = Ø20 bar @ 170 mm as a verical ties

Ethiopian Roads Authority Roughton International In Association With Beza Consulting Engieers Plc
Height(Abut.Steam at bottom) = #REF!
FACTORED LOAD AT THE MID OF ABUTMENT STE
Items Shear STRENGTH I
PEH1 #REF! #REF!
PEH2 #REF! #REF!
PEH3 #REF! #REF!
PESH #REF! #REF!
PLSH #REF! #REF!
Br #REF! #REF!
Pwsup.(longi.) #REF! #REF!
Pwsub.(longi.) #REF! #REF!
Pwveh.(longi.) #REF! #REF!
Hu #REF! #REF!
Peq super #REF! #REF!
Peqsoil #REF! #REF!
Sumation Of Shear Force(at mid of stem) = #REF!
DESIGN SHEAR = #REF!

Height(Abut.Steam at bottom) = PEH1 PEH2

1

STRENGTH I
STRENGTH Ia
STRENGTH III
STRENGTH IIIa
SERVICE I
`
D AT THE MID OF ABUTMENT STEM
STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!

FACTORED LOAD AT THE MID OF ABUTMENT STEM

Shear
PEH3 PESH PLSH Br Pwsup.(longi.)

#REF!
Pwsub.(longi.) Pwveh.(longi.) Hu Peq super Peqsoil
 195 1.667 325.065
156 3 468
429 5.33 2286.57
702 4.5 3159
339.3 2.7 916.11
904.8 3 2714.4
43.68 3 131.04
79.56 3.35 266.526
7.02 3.3 23.166
339.3 3.3 1119.69
11.1 3.4 37.74
241.36 3.4 820.624
203.5 5.33 1084.655
9806.54 6.21 60898.61
298.98 7.17 2143.687
13.75 7.17 98.5875
1416.36 3 4249.08
15187.25 80742.55