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STTN111 Hoofstuk1 Chapter1

Chapter 1 STTN111

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8 views37 pages

STTN111 Hoofstuk1 Chapter1

Chapter 1 STTN111

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Blacco Floxx
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STTN111

Hoofstuk 1: Inleiding
Chapter 1: Introduction
Hoekom Statistiek?
Why Statistics?

Statistiek in ons alledaagse lewens!


Statistics in our everyday lives!
Op jou selfoon / On your cellphone
Gewilde boeke / Popular books
Op Google / On Google
Leereenheid 1 / Study unit 1
Na voltooiing van hierdie
Upon successful completion of this
leereenheid behoort jy in staat te
study unit, you should be able to:
wees om:

die aspekte van statistiek vir die describe the aspects of statistics for
hantering van data te kan beskryf; managing data;

tussen verskillende tipes data te kan differentiate between different types of


onderskei. data.
Hoofstuk 1 / Chapter 1

1.1 Wat is Statistiek? / What is Statistics?

1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics

1.3 Verskillende tipes data / Different data types


Hoofstuk 1 / Chapter 1

1.1 Wat is Statistiek? / What is Statistics?

1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics

1.3 Verskillende tipes data / Different data types


1.1 Wat is Statistiek? / What is Statistics?
Onderwerp/
Eienskap
Subject/
Characteristic Waarnemings
-proses
Observation
Besluit- process
neming
Decision
Metings-
Kennis making proses
Knowledge Measurement
process

Data
1.1 Wat is Statistiek? / What is Statistics?

• Definisie, bl. 2: Statistiek is die wetenskap wat


bestudeer hoe kennis uit data verkry kan
word.
• Definition, p. 2: Statistics is the science of
extracting information from data, i.e., Statistics
makes sense of data.
1.1 Wat is Statistiek? / What is Statistics?
0.00 1814.4 372.7 1745.3
0.00 3043.2 350.1 2470.0
0.00 3857.1 426.0 1700.0
0.06 2447.9 628.3 1919.2
0.06 3320.9 655.0 1605.1
0.06 3387.6 700.0 2796.0
0.12 4887.8 1701.8 1929.7
0.12 5171.2 2589.4 1537.3
0.12 3370.7 1117.1 1692.7 Wat kan ons oor die data sê?
0.25 10255.6 4114.6 1149.1
0.25
0.25
9431.8
10961.2
2761.5
1975.8
743.4
948.5
Wat kan ons weet nadat ons die
0.50
0.50
14538.8
14214.3
6074.3
12273.9
4471.9
2772.1
data analiseer het?
0.50 16934.5 14240.9 5782.3
1.00 19719.8 17889.9 11588.7
1.00 20801.4 11685.7 8249.5
1.00 32740.7 11342.4 18481.5 What can we say about the data?
2.00 16453.8 11843.5 10433.5
2.00 28793.8 18320.7 8181.0 What will we know after we have
2.00 19148.5 23580.6 11104.0
4.00 17967.0 12380.0 10020.0 analysed the data?
4.00 18768.6 20039.0 8448.5
4.00 19946.9 15135.6 10482.8
Hoofstuk 1 / Chapter 1

1.1 Wat is Statistiek? / What is Statistics?

1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics

1.3 Verskillende tipes data / Different data types


1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics

Data-insameling
Data collection

Opsomming en grafiese voorstelling van data


Summarising and representing data

Metodes om gevolgtrekkings uit data te maak


Drawing conclusions from data
1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics
Data-insameling
Data collection

• Invloed op resultate / Influence on the results


• Beplanning NB! / Planning NB!
• Hoeveel data? / How much data?
• Objektief (onbetrokke) / Objective (uninvolved)
1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics
Opsomming en grafiese voorstelling van data
Summarising and representing data

bl. 3: Beskrywende Statistiek: Metodes om data te


rangskik, grafies voor te stel en op te som.
p. 3: Descriptive Statistics: Graphical and tabular
methods used to summarise and order data.
Hoeveelheid Persentasie selfone wat
Wat / What / Amount %
gebruik word / Percentage of
Samsung 1200 44% cellphones used
Iphone 800 30% 7%
19% Samsung
Huwaii 500 19% 44% Iphone
Blackberry 200 7%
Huwaii
30%
1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics

Metodes om gevolgtrekkings uit data te maak /


Methods to draw conclusions from data

bl. 4: Statistiese Inferensie: Metodes om


gevolgtrekkings oor die populasie
uit steekproefdata te maak.
p. 4: Statistical Inference: Methods used to
make conclusions about a population from
sample data.
1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics
• bl. 5 / p. 5
Hoofstuk 1 / Chapter 1

1.1 Wat is Statistiek? / What is Statistics?

1.2 Aspekte van Statistiek / Aspects of Statistics

1.3 Verskillende tipes data / Different data types


1.3.1 Meting en veranderlikes / Measurement and variables

• Hoe kry ons data?


• Deur middel van meting

Definisie, bl. 5: Meting behels die proses van


toekenning van ’n getal ten einde ’n eienskap van
’n waargenome item weer te gee.

• Getalle kan aan enige eienskap toegeken word


1.3.1 Meting en veranderlikes / Measurement and variables

• How do we get data?


• By means of measurement

Definition, p. 5: Measurement involves the process


of assigning a numerical value to a property of an
observed element.

• Numerical values can be assigned to any property


1.3.1 Meting en veranderlikes / Measurement and variables

bl. 6: Is die meting geldig?


• M.a.w. lei dit tot bruikbare inligting aangaande die
eienskap van belang?
• Keuse van meetinstrument baie belangrik
• Voorbeeld 1.2, bl. 6: Gestandaardiseerde IK-toetse

p. 6: Is the measurement valid?


• That is, does it lead to useful information concerning
the properties being studied?
• Choice of measurement instrument important
• Example 1.2, p. 6: Standardised IQ tests
1.3.1 Meting en veranderlikes / Measurement and variables

• Data bestaan gewoonlik uit veranderlikes


• Data usually consist of variables
• bl. 6: Wat is ’n veranderlike?
Geslag /
Enige eienskap van ’n waar- Sex
genome element wat kan
varieer tussen elemente. L
E
• p. 6: What is a variable? N
G
Any property of an observed T
E
element that varies from one /
element to the next. H
E Massa /
I Mass
G
H
T
1.3.1 Meting en veranderlikes / Measurement and variables

• As ’n meetproses herhaal word, kan variasie gewoonlik in


die resultate waargeneem word.
• Bv. die massa van ’n groep mense: 81kg, 65kg, 74kg, …
• Massa is hier die veranderlike, omdat dit met elke persoon
’n ander getal (’n meting) assosieer.
• If some measurement process is repeated, variation can
usually be observed in the results.
• For example, a person’s weight: 81kg, 65kg, 74kg, …
• In this case mass is the variable, since it associates a
different number (a measurement) with each person.
1.3.2 Soorte veranderlikes / Types of variables

Diskrete veranderlikes
• bl. 7: ’n Veranderlike is diskreet as die moontlike waardes wat
dit kan aanneem duidelik onderskeibaar en losstaande van
mekaar is.
• NB: Voorbeeld 1.3, bl. 7

Kontinue veranderlikes
• bl. 7: ’n Veranderlike is kontinu as die moontlike waardes nie
losstaande van mekaar is nie. Tussen twee waardes kan altyd
nog ’n waarde aangeneem word.
• NB: Voorbeeld 1.4, bl. 7
1.3.2 Soorte veranderlikes / Types of variables

Discrete variables
• p. 7: A variable is discrete if the possible values that it can take
on are clearly distinguishable and disconnected from one
another.
• NB: Example 1.3, p. 7

Continuous variables
• p. 7: A variable is continuous if the possible values are not
clearly distinguishable, i.e., between two values one can always
find another value that lies between them.
• NB: Example 1.4, p. 7
1.3.2 Soorte veranderlikes / Types of variables

Diskrete veranderlikes / Discrete variables


• ’n Veranderlike is diskreet as die moontlike waardes wat
dit kan aanneem duidelik onderskeibaar en losstaande
van mekaar is.
• NB: Voorbeeld 1.3

Kontinue veranderlikes / Continuous variables


• ’n Veranderlike is kontinu as die moontlike waardes nie
losstaande van mekaar is nie. Tussen twee waardes kan
altyd nog ’n waarde aangeneem word.
• NB: Voorbeeld 1.4
1.3.2 Soorte veranderlikes / Types of variables
1.3.2 Soorte veranderlikes / Types of variables
1.3.3 Soorte skale / Types of scales
Nominale skaal Waardes dui klasse of kategorieë aan.
Values indicate classes or categories.
Nominal scale

Waardes dui klasse of kategorieë aan wat ’n bepaalde


Ordinale skaal volgorde het.
Ordinal scale Values indicate classes or categories, but also have an
order associated with the categories.
Eienskappe van ’n ordinale skaal, maar betekenis kan aan
Intervalskaal verskille tussen waardes geheg word.
Interval scale Properties of an ordinal scale, but with meaning attached
to the differences between the values.
Eienskappe van ’n intervalskaal, maar verhoudings tussen
Verhoudingskaal waardes het betekenis.
Ratio scale Properties of an interval scale, but ratios between values
have meaning.
1.3.3 Soorte skale / Types of scales
Waardes dui klasse of kategorieë aan.
Byvoorbeeld:
Oogkleur: "blou", "grys", "groen" met die getalle 0, 1, en 2 wat met
die kleure geassosieer word.
Let op: die getalle word slegs gebruik om tussen die kleure te
Nominale skaal onderskei (enige ander toekenning is ook moontlik) en het geen
Nominal scale verdere interpretasie nie en ook nie enige wiskundige eienskappe
nie.
Ander voorbeelde: manlik/vroulik, ja/nee
Values indicate classes or categories.
For example:
Eye colour: “blue”, “grey”, “green” associated with numbers 0, 1,
and 2.
Note: the numbers are only used to distinguish between the colours
(any other allocation is also possible) and have no other further
interpretation or mathematical properties.
Other examples: male/female, yes/no
1.3.3 Soorte skale / Types of scales
Waardes dui klasse of kategorieë aan wat ’n bepaalde
volgorde het.
Byvoorbeeld:
Gesindheid = "swak", "redelik", "goed“, of "uitstekend" met
Ordinale skaal die waardes 0, 1, 2, 3.
Die getalle onderskei kategorieë van mekaar, maar daar is
Ordinal scale ook ’n volgorde daaraan verbonde.
Die verskille tussen waardes het geen betekenis nie.
Values indicate classes or categories with a specific order.
For example:
Attitude: “poor”, “reasonable”, “well”, or “excellent” with
values 0, 1, 2, 3.
The numbers distinguish the categories, but there is also an
associated order.
The differences between the values bare no significance.
1.3.3 Soorte skale / Types of scales
Eienskappe van ’n ordinale skaal, maar betekenis kan aan verskille
tussen waardes geheg word.
Byvoorbeeld:
Tyd van die dag.
Interval skaal 08:00 – 09:00 | 14:00 – 15:00 | 14:00 – 17:00
Interval scale Die nulpunt is egter arbitrêr (kan enigiets wees) en "0" beteken nie die
"afwesigheid" van tyd nie.
Ander voorbeeld: temperatuur
Properties of an ordinal scale, but meaning is assigned to differences
between respective values.
Example:
Time of day.
08:00 – 09:00 | 14:00 – 15:00 | 14:00 – 17:00
Note that the zero-point is arbitrary (could be anything) and “0” does
not imply the “absence of time” .
Other example: temperature
1.3.3 Soorte skale / Types of scales
Soos die intervalskaal, maar verhoudings tussen
waardes het betekenis.
Byvoorbeeld:
Verhoudingskaal Massa
Ratio scale Lengte
Spoed

Like the interval scale, but the ratios between the


values have meaning.
For example:
Mass
Height
Speed
1.3.4-5 Diskrete/kontinue data / Discrete/continuous data

Diskrete Grafiese
Diskrete data
veranderlikes voorstelling en
Discrete data
Discrete variables tegnieke gebruik
vir analise
verskil
Kontinue
veranderlikes
Kontinue data Graphical
Continuous data representation
Continuous variables
and analysis
techniques differ
1.3.4-5 Diskrete/kontinue data / Discrete/continuous data
• bl. 10
1.3.4-5 Diskrete/kontinue data / Discrete/continuous data
• p. 10

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