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Acids, Bases & Salts

 Rapid
Revision

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 Acid Base

Usually sour in taste. Bitter in taste and soapy to touch.

Turns blue litmus paper red. Turns red litmus paper blue.

Gives hydrogen ions in solution Gives hydroxyl ions in solution

pH < 7 pH > 7

e.g. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Acetic Acid e.g. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Calcium Hydroxide
(CH₃COOH): (Ca(OH)₂)

ANT
ORT
IMP
 INDICATORS A chemical compound that changes its colour in presence of an acid or a base.

NATURAL (found in nature) SYNTHETIC (from chemical proesses) OLFACTORY

Neutral Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction substances whose odour changes

Indicator Indicator
solution with Acid with Base with Acid with Base
in acidic or basic medium are
called Olfactory indicators.
Pale Phenolpht
Litmus purple Red Blue halein
Colourless Pink eg- Vanilla, Onion. clove oil.
(Mauve) base (no smell), acid (smell
remains)
Methyl
Red Yellow
Hydrangea Orange
Blue Blue Pink
flowers

Turmeric Yellow Yellow Red

Litmus solution is a purple dye from

lichen, used as an indicator
 Acid with Reaction Example Key Observations

H₂SO₄, HCl, HNO₃, and CH₃COOH

Hydrogen gas evolved; bubbles
Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen in soap solution ignite with a
Metal Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
Gas popping sound when a burning
candle is brought near.

Carbon dioxide turns lime

Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO₂
Metal Carbonate water milky, indicating its
Dioxide + Water + H₂O
presence.

Carbon dioxide turns lime

Metal Metal Hydrogencarbonate + Acid → Salt NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + CO₂ +
water milky, indicating its
Hydrogencarbonate + Carbon Dioxide + Water H₂O
presence.

Neutralization reaction The solution turns blue-green,

Metallic Oxide Metallic Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O indicating the formation of
basic in nature copper(II) chloride.

excess CO₂
 Reaction Type Reaction Example Key Observations

Hydrogen gas evolved;

Base with Metal Metal + Base → Salt + Hydrogen Gas Zn + 2NaOH → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ indicates a reaction with the
base.

Neutralization reaction; forms

Base with Non- Non-Metallic Oxide + Base → Salt + salt and water, indicating
CO₂ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
Metal Oxide Water acidic nature of non-metal
acidic in nature oxide.

Neutralization Reaction: when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the
combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water

Base + Acid → Salt + Water phenolphthalein test

NaOH solution pink
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O NaOH + HCl
Both acids and bases are good colorless
conductors of electricity.
 Dilution occurs when an acid or base is mixed with water, reducing the
concentration of H₃O⁺ or OH⁻ ions per unit volume, making the acid or acid is slowly added to water:
base less concentrated. adding water to a concentrated
acid releases a huge amount of
heat, which can cause an
diluted acid - small amount of acid (solute) Concentrated acid - large amount of acid explosion and acid burns
dissolved in a large amount of water (solvent) dissolved in a small amount of water.

Strength of Acids and bases: Strong acids release more H⁺

ions, while weak acids release
Strength of Acid and Base can be estimated using universal indicator. fewer H⁺ ions. The same
applies to bases.
It shows different colours at different concentrations of H+ ions in the solution.

P(potenz)H: pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

{power of hydrogen}

pH<7 { Acidic }
ph = 7 { neutral }
pH>7 { Basic }
 Importance of pH in daily life:

Digestion: The stomach uses hydrochloric acid with a pH of 1 to 3 to break down food.

Soil: Plants thrive in soil with a pH of 6.3 to 7.3. If soil is too acidic, adding lime helps; if too basic,
gypsum is added.

Tooth Decay: Bacteria in the mouth make it acidic, leading to tooth decay. Toothpaste, being basic,
balances the mouth's pH.

Blood: Blood functions best with a pH between 7.0 to 7.8.

Plants and Animals: They prefer specific pH levels, with most plants growing best in soil around pH 7.

Bee Stings: Baking soda neutralizes the acidity caused by bee stings.

Acid Rain: Pollution can cause rain to become acidic, harming fish and other animals.
 Salts
Salts are ionic compounds composed of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged
ions (anions), These ions are held together by ionic bond.
pH: strong acid + strong base are neutral (pH 7).
strong acid + weak base are acidic (pH < 7),
strong base + weak acid are basic (pH > 7).

Salt pH Reaction Origin Uses

common salt Used in food seasoning,

Sodium Chloride Found in seawater raw material for
Neutral HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
(NaCl) and rock salt deposits chemicals like NaOH,
baking soda, and more.

Sodium Used in soap making,

2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + Cl₂ + H₂ (Chlor-alkali Produced by
Hydroxide Basic paper industry, and as a
process) electrolysis of brine
(NaOH) cleaning agent.

baking soda Produced using

Sodium Hydrogen Used in baking powder,
sodium chloride,
Carbonate Basic NaCl + H₂O + CO₂ + NH₃ → NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃ antacids, soda-acid fire
water, and carbon
(NaHCO₃) extinguishers.
dioxide
 Salt pH Reaction Origin Uses

Obtained by heating
Sodium Used in glass, soap, and
sodium hydrogen
Carbonate Basic 2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O paper industries, and to
carbonate and
(Na₂CO₃) remove water hardness.
recrystallization

bleaching powder Used for bleaching in

Calcium Produced by reacting textile and paper
Oxychloride Basic Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ → CaOCl₂ + H₂O chlorine with slaked industries, disinfecting
(CaOCl₂) lime water, and as an
oxidizing agent.

Used in plaster for

plaster of paris
supporting fractured
Calcium Sulphate
CaSO₄·2H₂O (gypsum) → CaSO₄·½H₂O (Plaster Found as gypsum in bones, making toys,
Hemihydrate Neutral
of Paris) + 1½H₂O natural deposits decorations, and for
(CaSO₄·½H₂O)
making surfaces
smooth.

Used as washing soda,

Sodium washing soda
Produced by in glass, soap, and paper
Carbonate
Basic Na₂CO₃ + 10H₂O → Na₂CO₃·10H₂O recrystallization of industries, and for
Decahydrate
sodium carbonate removing permanent
(Na₂CO₃·10H₂O)
hardness of water.
 Copper(II) Sulphate
Acidic CuSO₄·5H₂O (blue) → CuSO₄ (white) + 5H₂O
(CuSO₄·5H₂O)

Are the Crystals of Salts really Dry?

Copper sulphate, contain water molecules in their crystal structure, known as water of crystallisation.
When copper sulphate crystals are heated, they lose their water of crystallisation and turn from blue to white.
Rehydration: Adding water back to the white, anhydrous copper sulphate restores its blue color.
Chemical Formula: The hydrated form of copper sulphate is represented as CuSO₄·5H₂O, indicating it has five water molecules per
formula unit..

At anode: Cl2 (uses Water

treatment, PVC, disinfectants)
At cathode: H2 gas (uses
Fuels, margarine.)
Near cathode: NaOH solution
is formed
Cl2 + NaOH-> Bleach: household
bleaches, bleaching fabrics
2NaCl + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
 [2020,2023]
Q. Which Acid is Present in a Tomato
(1) Tartaric Acid
(2) Malonic Acid
(3) Lactic Acid
(4) Oxalic Acid