CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Metals and Non Metals
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Metals
Those elements which form ions by losing electrons are called metals.

Physical properties of metals

LUSTRE MALLEABILITY

CONDUCTIVITY HIGH MP AND BP

DENSITY SOLID STATE

DUCTILITY SONOROUS

“Bahut Jaroori Table”

- Prashant Bhaiya

Properties Description/Defination

Metals have a shiny appearance, known as metallic lustre, which is due

Lustre
to the reflection of light from their surface.
Metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking.
Malleability
This property is known as malleability.
Metals are excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Silver and
Conductivity copper are particularly good electrical conductors, which is why they
are widely used in electrical circuits.

Metals can be drawn into thin wires. This property is called ductility.
Ductility Copper and aluminum are common examples, often used for electrical
wiring.

Most metals have high melting and boiling points due to the strong
High Melting and
bonding between their atoms. For example, iron and tungsten have very
Boiling Points
high melting points.
Most metals are solid at room temperature, with the exception of
Solid State
mercury, which is liquid.
Metals typically have high density, meaning they are heavy for their
Density
size.
Metals produce a ringing sound when struck, a
Sonorous property known as sonority. This is why metals like iron and
brass are used in making bells and musical instruments.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Chemical properties of metals

RXN WITH WATER RXN WITH ACIDS

RXN WITH SALTS RXN WITH

NON METALLIC ELEMENTS
RXN WITH OXYGEN

Reaction with oxygen: When metals react with oxygen, they form metal oxides.
Most metal oxides are basic in nature, meaning they can react with acids to form
salt and water.
Metals + Oxygen → Metal Oxide VIP (very import ant portion)

Potassium and sodium metals are extremely reactive, undergoing vigorous

reactions with the oxygen in the air. In the presence of air, they can
readily catch fire and burn. To prevent these reactive metals from
reacting with oxygen, moisture, and carbon dioxide in the air, they are
stored in kerosene oil. This protective measure ensures that the metals
remain stable and do not undergo combustion when exposed to
atmospheric conditions.

Reaction with Water: Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and
hydrogen gas. The reactivity with water varies among metals:
Highly reactive metals (like sodium and potassium) react vigorously with cold water.
Less reactive metals (like magnesium) react with hot water.
Least reactive metals (like iron) react with steam.

Metals + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

JOSH METER?

Reaction with Acids: Metals react with dilute acids to produce salt and hydrogen
gas. This reaction is more vigorous with more reactive metals.

Metals + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

Displacement Reaction: A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal
from its compound in solution. This is known as a displacement reaction.
Example: CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu

Reaction with Non-metals: Metals can react with non-metals to form ionic
compounds, where metals lose electrons to form cations and non-metals gain
electrons to form anions.
Example: 2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl2
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Explanation:
In this activity, metal samples are placed in cold water to
observe reactions. Reactive metals are arranged by
increasing reactivity. Fire and floating observations are
noted. Non-reactive metals with cold water are tested in
hot water and steam. The final arrangement is based on
decreasing reactivity with water, considering reactions
with hot water and steam.

Reactivity series of Metals:

The reactivity series of metals is a list that ranks
metals from most reactive to least reactive. This series
is useful for predicting how metals will react with
water, acids, and other substances, as well as in
displacement reactions.
EMA

Non-Metals
Those elements which form negative ions by gaining electrons are called
non-metals.

Physical properties of Non-metals:

Lack of luster: Non-metals are generally not shiny.
Brittleness: Non-metals are brittle and break easily when
hammered.
Poor conductivity of heat and electricity: Non-metals do not
conduct heat and electricity well, except for graphite, which is a
good conductor of electricity.
Low Melting and Boiling point: Non-metals generally have lower
melting and boiling points than metals.
Low Density: Non-metals usually have lower densities compared to
metals.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Chemical properties of Non-metals:

Combustibility: Some non-metals, like hydrogen and carbon, can undergo combustion
reactions.
Reaction with Oxygen: Non-metals may react with oxygen to form oxides. For example,
sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide.
Acid-Base Reactions: Non-metals can react with bases to form salts. For instance,
sulfuric acid, a non-metal compound, reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium
sulfate and water.
Hydrogen Ion Formation: Non-metals may accept electrons to form negatively charged
ions (anions) in reactions with metals.
Covalent Bonding: Non-metals form covalent bonds by sharing electrons with non-metals.
Reaction with Water: Some non-metals, such as sulfur and phosphorus, react with water
to produce acids.
Reaction with Metals: Non-metals can displace less reactive metals from their salts in
solution, forming new compounds.

Metals and Non-Metals

When metals interact with non metals, they combine to create ionic compounds.
Conversely, when nonmetals engage with other nonmetals, they form covalent compounds.
Ionic compounds: Ionic compounds are chemical compounds composed of
positively charged ions (cations), usually derived from metals, and negatively charged
ions (anions), usually derived from nonmetals.
Formation: Ionic compounds are formed by transferring electrons from the metal
atom to the nonmetal atom. This transfer results in the formation of ions with
opposite charges.
Ionic Bonding: Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positively
charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). This attraction holds the
ions together in a stable compound.
Properties: 1. Ionic compounds generally have high melting and boiling points.
2. They are usually solid at room temperature.
3. They conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted, as ions are free to
move.
Examples: Common examples of ionic compounds include sodium chloride (NaCl),
potassium iodide (KI), and magnesium oxide (MgO).

Properties of Ionic Compounds:

High Melting and Boiling Points: Ionic compounds typically have high melting and
boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces holding ions together in three-
dimensional lattice.
Solubility in Water: Many ionic compounds are soluble in water because water
molecules surround and separate the ions, facilitating their movement.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Conductivity: Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or

molten, as ions become free to move and carry an electric charge.
Brittleness: Solid ionic compounds are often brittle because when force is applied,
layers of ions with like charges align, leading to repulsion and cleavage.

Occurrence of Metals
Metals are predominantly obtained from the Earth's crust, which serves as a major
reservoir for these elements.
Seawater contains soluble salts like sodium chloride and magnesium chloride.
The naturally occurring elements or compounds found in the Earth's crust are
referred to as minerals.
Minerals that can be profitably processed to extract metals are specifically termed
ores.

Extraction of metals from ores

Metallurgy: Metallurgy is the science and process of
extracting metals from their ores, refining them,
and preparing them for use.

Metal extraction methods vary depending on the

position of metals in the activity series:

Highly Reactive Metals: Metals with high reactivity, such

as Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), and
Magnesium (Mg), are typically extracted through
electrolysis. Their strong bonding with other components
prevents reduction by heating with carbon.
Moderately Reactive Metals: Moderately reactive metals
like Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Lead (Pb) are generally
extracted through reduction processes using agents like
coke (C).
Less Reactive Metals: Less reactive metals, for instance,
Copper (Cu) and Mercury (Hg), are extracted from their
oxides through heating alone, a method known as self-
reduction.
Very Less Reactive Metals: Metals with very low
reactivity, such as Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), and Platinum
(Pt), exist in nature in the metallic form and do not “Reactivity Series pakka
require extraction processes. exam me aayegi”
The concentration of ores: - Prashant Bhaiya
When metals interact with nonmetals, they combine to create ionic compounds.
Conversely, when nonmetals engage with other nonmetals, they form covalent compounds.
Gravity Separation: Using the difference in the density of ore and impurities.
Froth Flotation: Involves the separation of ore from impurities by using froth
formed
by certain chemicals.
Magnetic Separation: Used when either the ore or the impurities are
magnetic.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Extraction of Metals of LOW Reactivity:

Direct Reduction: Sulfide ores of less electropositive metals like Mercury (Hg), Lead
(Pb), and Copper (Cu) undergo self-reduction when heated in air. No external reducing
agent is used in this process.

Cinnabar (HgS): 2HgS (Cinnabar) + 302 (g) + heat → 2HgO (crude-metal) + 2SO2 (g)
: 2HgO (s) + heat → 2Hg (1) + O2 (g)

Copper Glance (Cu2S): Cu2S (Copper-pyrite) + 302 (g) + heat → 2Cu2O (s) + 2SO2 (g)
: 2Cu2O(s) + Cu2S (s) + heat → 6Cu (crude metal) + SO2 (g)

Galena (PbS): 2PbS (Galena) + 302 (g) + heat → 2PbO (s) + 2SO2 (g)
: PbS (s) + 2PbO (s) → 2Pb (crude metal) + SO2 (g)

Extraction of Metals of MEDIUM Reactivity:

These metals are usually preset as sulphides or carbonates in nature. The extraction
of metals of medium reactivity, such as iron, zinc, and lead, typically involves the
following steps:
These sulphides or carbonates are first converted into oxides because it is easy to
extract metals from its oxides. Sulphides are converted into oxides by roasting
and carbonates are converted into oxides by calcination.

Roasting: Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its melting point in the presence
of air or oxygen.
Example of Zinc Sulphide ore: 2ZnS (s) + 3O2 (s) → 2ZnO (s) + 2SO2 (g)
Calcination: Calcination involves thermal decomposition of carbonate ores.
Example of Zinc carbonate ore: ZnCO3 (s)​→ ZnO (s) + CO2 (g)​
The metal oxides thus obtained are then reduced to the corresponding metals by
reduction process. Depending upon the reactivity of metals, reduction is done in
different ways as:

Smelting (Reduction with Carbon): This process, the roasted or calcined ore is mixed
with suitable quantity of coke or charcoal (which act as reducing agent) and is heated
to a high temperature above its melting point.
Example of Zinc: ZnO (s) + C (s) → Zn (s) + CO (g)
Thermite process: It is the technique, to reduce metal oxide using more reactive metal
powder as fuel. Aluminium, magnesium, titanium are some metals which are used as fuel
in thermite process. In this process, a mixture of concentrated oxide ore
and metal powder (i.e., thermite) is taken in a steel crucible and kept on
sand. A mixture of magnesium powder and barium peroxide (called ignition
mixture) is used to ignite the reaction mixture. A large amount of heat is
evolved during the reaction which melts the metal.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Example: Cr2​O3 (s) ​+ 2Al (s) → 2Cr(l) + Al2​O3 (s)​

: Fe2​O3 (s)​+ 2Al (s) → 2Fe (l) + Al2​O3 (s) {Gold-Schmidt aluminothermic reduction}​
Electrolytic Reduction: Highly reactive metals like Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, etc, are reduced by
electrolysis of their respective oxides, hydroxides of chloride in molten state. On passing
electric current into the molten solution, metal is liberated at cathode while impurities are
settled down as anode mud generally.

Example: NaCl → Na+ (l) + CL- (s)​

At cathode: Na+ + e− → Na
At anode: 2Cl− → Cl2 ​+ 2e−

Refining/Purification of Metal: The reduced

metals obtained are generally impure which may
be associated with following types of impurities
as -

Uncharged (not reduce associated with following types of ore.

Other metals that are produced by simultaneous reduction of their compounds originally
present in the ore
Non-metals like silicon, carbon, phosphorous etc.
Slag, flux etc., which is present in residual condition.
These impurities can be removed by "refining of metals".

These Impurities are removed by "refining of metals" as:

JOSH METER?

Electrolytic Refining (Purification of copper): In this process, a thick block of impure metal
is used as anode and a thin strip of pure metal is used as cathode. A solution of metal salt (to
be refined) is used as an electrolyte. When electric current is passed, metal ions from the
electrolyte are reduced as metal which get deposited on the cathode. An equivalent amount
of pure metal from the anode gets oxidized to metal ion and goes into the electrolyte and
from there it goes to cathode and deposit.

Cu (impure)​→Cu (pure) ​+ impurities

At cathode: Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu (pure)​

At anode: Cu (impure) ​→ Cu2+ + 2e−

Corrosion
Corrosion refers to the gradual
deterioration of a material, typically a
metal, due to the influence of moisture, air,
or chemicals in the surrounding environment.
An example is the rusting of iron.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

# TOP 7
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1) Explain why calcium metal after reacting with water starts floating on its surface.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction. Name one more metal that starts
floating after some time when immersed in water.

Solution:

When calcium metal reacts with water, it produces hydrogen gas and calcium
hydroxide. The hydrogen gas bubbles stick to the surface of the calcium, creating
buoyancy, causing calcium to float on the water's surface. The chemical equation for
the reaction is:
Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Another metal that starts floating after some time when immersed in water is sodium.

2) (a) (i) Write two properties of gold that make it the most suitable metal for
ornaments.
(ii) Name two metals which are the best conductors of heat.
(iii) Name two metals that melt when you keep them on your palm.
(iv) Explain the formation of the ionic compound CaO with an electron-dot structure.
Atomic numbers of calcium and oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively. [5M, 2020]

Solution:
(i). The property of gold used in making ornaments is ductility and
luster.
(ii). Silver are copper are the best conductors of heat.
(iii). Gallium and cesium are the metals that melt when kept on the palm.
(iv) Atomic no. of Ca - 20, Electronic Configuration 2,8,8,2. Atomic no.
of O - 8 Electronic Configuration - 2,6
3) (a)Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent to obtain Mg from MgO. Why?
(b) How is sodium obtained from molten sodium chloride? Give an equation of the
reactions.
(c) How is copper obtained from its sulfide ore? Give equations of the reactions.

Solution:
(a) Carbon and MgO:
- Carbon can't reduce MgO; Mg is more reactive.
(b) Sodium from Molten NaCl:
-Na obtained from molten NaCl by electrolysis: 2NaCl (l) 2Na (l)+Cl2(g)
 PRASHANT KIRAD
(c) Copper from Sulfide Ore:
- Copper from CuFeS2 by smelting: CuFeS2(s) + O2(g)→Cu (l)+FeO (s)+SO2(g)
4) The way, metals like sodium, magnesium, and iron react with air and water is an
indication of their relative positions in the 'reactivity series'. Is this statement true?
Justify your answer with examples.

Solution:
Yes, the statement is true. The reactivity series ranks metals based on their
tendency to undergo reactions. Metals like sodium, which reacts vigorously with both
air and water, magnesium, which burns in air and reacts with water, and iron, which
reacts with oxygen and steam, demonstrate the correlation between their reactivity
and their positions in the reactivity series.
5) A non-metal X exists in two different forms, Y and Z. Y is the hardest natural
substance, whereas Z is a good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y, and Z.
Solution:
X is carbon. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. Diamond is the hardest
natural substance, and hence Y is diamond. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity,
and hence Z is graphite.
6) What are the constituents of solder alloy? Which property of solder makes it
suitable for welding electrical wires?
Solution:
Constituents of Solder Alloy:
- Typically, tin and lead or lead-free alternatives with elements like silver, copper, or
antimony.
Property Suitable for Welding Electrical Wires:
- Low melting point of solder (below 450°F or 232°C), enabling easy melting and secure
bonding without damaging the electrical wires.
7) A metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature is obtained by heating its sulfide
in the presence of air. Identify the metal and its ore and give the reaction involved.
Solution:
Mercury is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature.
It can be obtained by heating cinnabar (HgS), the sulfide ore of mercury. We can get
metals low in activity series by heating or reducing their sulfides or oxides.

The reactions are as follows: 2 HgS + 3 O2 → 2 HgO + 2 SO2

2 HgO → 2 Hg + O2

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya