PERSONAL

DEVELOPMENT
MODULE 1

PREPARED BY: Ms. Giselle De Lira

Ms. Elora Jane Autentico
 Table of Content

UNIT 1: SELF DEVELOPMENT

● Lesson1: Knowing Oneself

● Lesson 2: Developing the whole person

OBJECTIVES…………………………….

CONCEPT……………………………….

GENERALIZATION……………………….

DISCUSSION AND EXAMPLES……………..

EXERCISES……………………………..

EVALUATIONS………………………….
 ● Explain that knowing oneself can make a person accept his/her strengths and

limitations and improve his/her ways of dealing with others.

● Share his/her unique characteristics, habits, and experiences.

● Discuss the relationship among physiological, cognitive, psychological, spiritual

and social development to understand his/her thoughts, feelings, and

behaviour.

● Evaluate his/her own feelings, thoughts and behaviour.

CONCEPT
Becoming a unique person entails taking

responsibility for knowing the honest truth about oneself

and the exercising will take charge of promoting one’s

personal development.

It is no wonder that knowing oneself is not an easy matter. In other words, one’s self

is not a fixed thing, but a living, changing, and ever developing aliveness.

As you grow into your teens, enormous developments

happen on many levels or dimensions of yourself. In all

these developments, it helps to recognize how different

physiological, cognitive, psychological, spiritual and social

developments are in a dynamic relationship to one another. By recognizing such changes

you can understand and evaluate your thoughts, feelings and behavior in actual life

situations.

GENERALIZATION

● The self is a totality that is uniquely manifested in one’s behavior and

consciousness. Through knowing and understanding the self, the individual

becomes aware of his/her strengths as well as limitations and weaknesses.

● Personality refers to how an individual uniquely thinks, feels, and behaves in

different situations. One’s personality is made up of his/her traits.

 ● The Johari Window is a concept that can be used to further understand different

aspects and parts of the self. It has four components or panes: the open self, blind

self, hidden self and the shadow self.

● Traits are specific ways through which people react, think, feel, and act.

Psychologists have proposed theories and claims regarding the number and types

of traits possessed by all individuals. These includes Allport 200 traits; Cartell’s

16 source traits; and McCrae and Costa’S Big Five personality traits,also known

as OCEAN. Can be measured by one's personality type such as Myers- Briggs

Type Indicator.

● Personal development involves five aspects: physiological, emotional, social,

cognitive, and spiritual. Changes in these five aspects all affect one another and

are manifested in one’s personality and behavior.

● Albert Bandura also recognizes the role of environment and other external factors

in personal development, but also stresses the active role of humans in shaping

their lives.

● According to B.F Skinner and the behaviorists, personality and behavior develop

by responding to variables and stimuli in the environment.

● According to Piaget’s adolescents are motivated to understand their world because

doing so is biologically adaptive

DISCUSSION AND EXAMPLES

Why is knowing the self so important? What are the benefits

of knowing the self? For some, knowing the self-better would

help them grow and achieve chosen goals. It could help

people understand their strengths and weaknesses and lead

more fruitful and meaningful lives. To answer who we are, we need to understand the concept of

personality.

DEFINING PERSONALITY

What is personality?

Personality has many definitions. It is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique

characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior (Feist, Feist,

& Roberts, 2013 citing Roberts and Mroczek 2008). Psychologists who focus on the study

of personality use the term refer to “psychological qualities that contribute to an individual’s

enduring and distinctive patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving” (Cervone and Pervin, 2014,

p.8).
 KNOWING PERSONALITY OF THE SELF

In Western mainstream psychology, the self is generally defined as one’s personality or ego. The

word personality came from the Greek word persona which means mask. The term came from

Greek meaning putting up a show where actors donned masks to portray different personalities

or selves. In Asian psychology, on the other hand, the self or personality is but a frozen picture or

concept of the self from past conditioning or how one was raised in the family and community,

that may no longer be true to the evolving and wiser self in the present time.

DETERMINING PERSONALITY TRAITS

● Gordon Allport was a psychologist who espoused the uniqueness of each individual. He

identified around 200 traits that guide people's behavior (Ciccarelli & White, 2012.)Allport

categorized traits into three main dimensions: cardinal, central and secondary traits

A Cardinal Trait is a trait that defines and dominates one's personality and behavior. For

example, Oprah Winfrey's cardinal trait could be sociability. She is sometimes called

the "queen of talk" because of her extraordinary ability to talk to different kinds of people.

Central Traits refer to general characteristics that are present to some degree in almost

everyone. Example of central traits could be kindness, honesty, or friendliness.

Secondary Traits are characteristics that surface only in certain situations. Some

examples could be shyness, irritability, or anxiety.

● Raymond Cattell conducted researchers on personality traits and proposed that

personality is made up to 16 basic dimensions. Meaning, these 16 traits are the source or

core of all human personality.

EXAMPLE:
 Robert McCrae and Paul Costa (1992), narrowed down these basic 16 personality traits

into five called “BIG FIVE” abbreviated as OCEAN

Openness to experience relates to people who love to step out of their comfort zone. They

are adventurous, imaginative, original and liberal. EXAMPLE: Ariel from Disney’s Little

Mermaid can be described as someone who is highly open to experience.

Conscientiousness describes the extent to which people are orderly, controlled,

organized, ambitious, achievement-focused and self-disciplined. EXAMPLE: Hermione

Granger from Harry Potter is likely high on this personality trait.

Extraversion is innate in those who are fun, loving, sociable, active, and passionate about

everything they do.

EXAMPLE: The character of PO from Kung Fu Panda is someone who is highly

extroverted.

Agreeableness relates to people who are good-natured, trusting, generous, and lenient.

EXAMPLE: Pope Francis is someone who is highly agreeable.

Neuroticism this trait can explain those who are always anxious, emotional, vulnerable,

and self-conscious.

EXAMPLE: The character Sadness from Inside Out is someone who tends to be

vulnerable to stress related.

PERSONALITY TYPES

Aside from knowing oneself in terms of traits, psychologists have also tried to understand

personalities according to their types. A personality type can be understood as a unique collection

of several traits that tend to go together. A popular example of personality types is the MYERS-

BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI) it measures the person’s; EXTRAVERSION,

INTROVERSION, INTUITION, THINKING, FEELING, JUDGMENT AND PERCEPTION.

EXAMPLE: If one is the intellectual type or commonly referred to as the “nerdy one” then one is

expected to be generally focused on mental tasks and enjoys solving cerebral puzzles and

achieving more in the academic world than in athletic pursuits.

THE ENNEAGRAM

Another valuable lens for understanding personality types is the Enneagram, an Asian tool for

knowing oneself and one’s personality type. The Enneagram helps us to be aware of our hidden

or unconscious patterns of thoughts and behavior which tend to focus on certain aspects of an

experience while leaving other aspects in the dark.

EXAMPLE: Oscar was so into his feeling of inferiority and not being good enough which made

him quite aggressive and wanting to be superior to his classmates. This in turns drives one’s

behavior as shown by Oscar who was so driven to succeed academically but was unable to fill

his needs for friends. So while the achiever in him found satisfaction in topping tha honor, he
was still lonely. But he bravely asked for help and was able to find a happy balance by using his

intellectual abilities to also help others and gain friends.

THE JOHARI WINDOW

Probably the most basic way to know oneself is through self inquiry. This method of inquiry

considers two main players: (1) oneself and (2) other people. A model that gives a visual

representation of one’s level of self- awareness, personal development, and relationships is the

Johari Window or the disclosure/feedback model of self awareness.

Our

personal development is not only limited to the physical and intellectual aspects. It is important to

think of human development as a holistic development of the whole person, physiologically,

emotionally, cognitively, socially, and spiritually.

THE FIVE AREAS OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

Following are the different aspects of one’s personality that need to be considered for holistic and

balanced development.

1. Physiological development refers to the physical changes in the body as well as the senses

and changes in skills related to movement.

EXAMPLE: This is evident especially during the onset of puberty when there is notable

change in height, body mass, and even body hair growth.

2. Emotional development has to do with the feelings that you experience. McLaren (2010), a

social science researcher, distinguished emotions from feelings. “An emotion is a physiological

experience (state of awareness) that gives you information about the world, and a feeling is your

conscious awareness of the emotion itself.” The University of Glassgrow’s Institute of Science

and Technology conducted a research study found out that people have four basic emotions,

namely, happy, sad,afraid or surprised, and angry or disgusted (Beck, 2014).

EXAMPLE: When we are upset, it is sometimes easier to go on a shopping spree or eat a

lot of ice cream than face the issues.

3. Social development is about our identified 10 basic human values which he claimed to be

universal. As a person grows, there is the desire to be part of various groups and be recognized.

Since the social self is enriched by building and cultivating relationships, being comfortable in

relating with other people is essential in social development.

EXAMPLE: As their social circles expand, adolescents spend less time with their families
and may focus more on their peers.

4. Cognitive development refers to a person’s intellectual abilities shown her/his thoughts,

attitudes, beliefs, and values. The development of one’s mental abilities affects how one makes

decisions, remembers details, and solves problems.

EXAMPLE: Pursuits of studies, work, thinking, planning, organizing, evaluating, making

realistic decisions are ways which our cognitive abilities are maximized.

5. Spiritual development is defined as discovering oneself beyond the egoknown as the soul,

spirit, or the “inner essence” that is often disregarded or taken for granted.

EXAMPLE: People connect with a Higher Power that is called by many names like God,

Buddha, Allah etc.

Values are subjective judgments that people make about the importance of certain things or

issues.

EXAMPLE: World Vision and international humanitarian aid, is dedicated to maintaining

their core values. “We are Christian, we are committed to the poor, we value people, we

are partners, and we are responsive.”

Shalom Schwartz (2012) identified 10 basic human values which he claimed to be universal.

UNIVERSALISM, BENEVOLENCE, TRADITION, CONFORMITY, SECURITY, POWER,

ACHIEVEMENT, HEDONISM, STIMULATION AND SELF DIRECTION.

ONESELF/PERSONALITY AS AN INTERACTION OF MANY FACTORS

A social psychologist, Albert Bandura, defined personality as the interaction of many factors that

affect a person (thoughts, feelings, and body characteristics); his/her behavior; and his

environment. Bandura sees human agency or the capacity of humans to exercise control over

their own lives as the essence of humanness. He “believes that people are self

regulating,proactive,self reflective and self organizing.” Bandura’s agentic perspective on

personality is evident in his Triadic Reciprocal Causation Model that shows how personalities

are formed and their consequent behavior.

He proposes that the human person has the capacity to influence his/her environment and vice

versa.

EXAMPLE: Julie has an interest in swimming. She decides to join the swim team. Every

day, Julie now goes to the pool (a new environment) and interacts with her teammates

(new people). Her new teammates are highly motivated and encourage Julie to begin

training in her free time so she can increase her performance. After practice, Julie begins

lifting weights in the weight room with her teammates. In the mornings, Julie also begins

running before school. Due to her hard work and encouragement from teammates, she

eventually qualifies for the state championships. If Julie did not join the swim team, she

most likely would not have begun weight lifting and running, and she would not have

worked to qualify for state championships. In this case, Julie's interest in swimming led

her to seek out a new environment, which then shaped her personality and behavior

further.

SELF EFFICACY: HOW EFFECTIVE DO I SEE MYSELF TO BE?

A self-efficacious person will pursue what he/she thinks is important to achieve in his/her life.

EXAMPLE: A student who has a high level of self-efficacy in mathematics will feel

confident in their ability to do well in a tough statistics class. Even if they are not

particularly skilled at this particular type of math, their strong self-belief can help give them

the motivation and will to persist even when it’s difficult.

B.F SKINNER ON PERSONALITY AS THE PRODUCT OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Behavioral theories posit that people are born with a blank slate (tabula rasa). It means that they

learn their behavior from the environment. Skinner, the major behavioral psychologist, claimed

that one is the sum total of behaviors that were rewarded by his/her environment and hence were

developed through repetition and reinforcement (reward).

EXAMPLE: A student tends to complete his/her homework daily; because he/she knows

that he/she will be rewarded with a candy (action) or praise (behavior).

PIAGET’S THEORY ON COGNITIVE PROCESS

Piaget’s theory is one of the most widely discussed theory of adolescent cognitive development.

According to his theory, adolescents are motivated to understand their world because doing so is

biologically adaptive. Adolescents actively construct their own cognitive worlds; information does

not just pour into their minds from the environment. Adolescents use schemas, a mental concept

or framework that is useful in organizing and interpreting information through two processes,

assimilation is the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge, and accommodation

Adjustments of a schema to new information, while equilibration shift of thought from one state to

another.
Self- Esteem is synonymous to self worth or self image; this isa global evaluative dimension of

the self.

Self- Concept refers to domain specific evaluations of the self.

A. Exercises

Understanding Oneself

I. Put a check in the statements which describe your personality and cross if otherwise.

1. I am responsible for my own decisions.

2. I respect other people’s privacy.

3. My decisions are based on my present feelings or moods

4. I cannot accept my shortcomings or mistakes.

5. I respect the feelings or opinions of others even if it’s not the same as mine.

.6 I put my best effort in everything that I do.

7. I set realistic goals for myself.

8. In a group discussion, I always welcome the ideas of other people.

9. I get easily frustrated if my plans did not go as expected.

10. I am having a hard time accepting negative feedback from other people.

II. Which of the following behaviors have you shown in your life? Indicate by

checking your answer.

1. Express your views inside the classroom even if all your classmates had the same different

view.

2. Join your friends in drinking sessions without asking permission from your parents.

3. Were influenced by peer pressure in order to be accepted in the group.

4. Cheat during examination because you were not able to review.

5. Notified the food attendant that your change was too big.

B. ACTIVITY (HOW WELL DO I KNOW MYSELF?)

I. List down at least (5) five traits or characteristics which you can consider your

strengths and weaknesses.

MY STRENGTHS MY WEAKNESSES

II. List down the at least (5) five changes you have noticed about yourself when you were

still a child and now as a teenager, Supply your answers inside the boxes.

Physical (the Mental (the Emotional ( Spiritual Social (the

way you way you the way you (your way you
look) think) feel/ react) relationship relate with
with God) other people)
C. EVALUATION

1. The term personality comes from the Latin word persona which literally means __________.

2. The Johari Window is also known as the disclosure/feedback model of _____________.

3. Authored the 16 Personality Test. ________________

4. In the OCEAN test, the letter A stands for _____________.

5. A popular personality type test. _____________

6. Refers to how effective I see myself in what I do? ___________

7. Bandura sees _______ or the capacity of humans to exercise control over their own lives as

the essence of humanness.

8. He claimed that one is the sum total of behaviors that were rewarded by _______________

his/her environment and hence were developed through repetition and reinforcement (reward).

9. This Model shows how personalities are formed and their consequent behavior. __________

10. When we talk about human development, we really aim to develop the _____________

person?

REFERENCES…………........…………………….
● https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

● https://marisapeer.com/the-differences-between-your-conscious-and-

subconscious-mind/

● https://www.skillpacks.com/johari-window-model/

● https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Banduras-Triadic-Reciprocal-

Determinism_fig1_295257277

● https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/erikson-stages/

● https://study.com/learn/lesson/reciprocal-determinism-examples-

types.html#:~:text=An%20example%20of%20triadic%20reciprocal,in

%20physical%20fitness%20(environment).

● Personal Development (A Journey to Self- Awakening) for Senior High

School

● Maria Lourdes Llaneza-Ramos, PH.D.

● Personal Development by: Grace Ayessa C. Bernabe, RGC

● Contributor: Alice C. Sumande