Unit 4, Inter, Modal Verbs

Unit 4, Doing the right thing Inter- The Third Edition
More info, visit: www.vsamoun.blogspot.com 1 Email: key2bsuccess@gmail.com

1
Modal Verbs Continued
What are Modal Verbs?
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here
are some important differences:
Common Modal Verbs
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Ought to
Shall
Should
Will
Would
They are also known as Modal Auxiliary Verbs because they help another verb.
Forms
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:
He can speak Chinese. Not: He cans speak Chinese.
She should be here by 9:00. Not: She shoulds be here by 9:00.
2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple
Past. No do, does, dont, doesnt in question or negative.
Examples:
He should not be late.
They might not come to the party.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future
tenses.......
Examples:
He will can go with us. She musted study very hard.
She musts study very hard. He will go with us.
He wills go with us. She must study very hard.
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4. They are followed by the infinitive without to except ought to
Examples:
You must go. You must to go.
I will to help you. I will help you.
You ought to see a doctor. You ought see a doctor.
5. They have no infinitives and no ing forms. Other expressions are used instead.
I would like to can ski. I would like to be able to ski.
I hate musting get up on cold, winter morning.
I hate having to get up on cold, winter morning.
6. They dont usually have past forms. Instead, we can use them with perfect
infinitives:
You shoulded tell me that you cant swim.
You should have told me that you cant swim.
You should told me that you cant swim.
You might have downloaded.
You might downloaded. You mighted download.
... was able to
managed to
could
could is used with a past meaning to talk about a general ability.
e.g. I could swim when I was six. (= general abilty)
was able to / managed to is used with a past meaning to talk
about ability on one specific occasion.
e.g. The prisoner was able to escape by climbing on to the roof of the prison.
The prisoner could escape by climbing on to the roof of the prison.
In this Unit 4, I have included some expressions which are not modal verbs including
had better, have to, be able to, have got to and be allowed to. These expressions are
closely related to modals in meaning and are often interchanged with them.

3
Extra Helps/Keys
Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to
express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility
or impossibility.
Examples:
I can ride a horse. ABILITY
We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. OPPORTUNITY
She cannot stay out after 10 PM. PERMISSION
Can you hand me the stapler? REQUEST
Any child can grow up to be president. POSSIBILITY
Using "Can" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart
below to learn how "can" behaves in different contexts.
Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to
express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility
or impossibility.
Examples:
I can ride a horse. ABILITY
We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. OPPORTUNITY
She cannot stay out after 10 PM. PERMISSION
Can you hand me the stapler? REQUEST
Any child can grow up to be president. POSSIBILITY
Using "Can" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study
the chart below to learn how "can" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Forms You can also use:
4
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
Future
1. = Present 2. = Past 3.
= Future
can
GENERAL ABILITY
1. I can speak Chinese.
2. SHIFT TO "COULD"
I could speak Chinese when
I was a kid.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE
TO"
I will be able to speak
Chinese by the time I finish
my course.
1. I can't speak Swahili.
2. SHIFT TO "COULD"
I couldn't speak Swahili.
TO"
I won't be able to speak
Swahili.
be able to
can
ABILITY DURING A
SPECIFIC EVENT
1. With a burst of
adrenaline, people can pick
up cars.
TO"
With a sudden burst of
adrenaline, he was able to
lift the car off the child's
leg.
TO"
With a sudden burst of
adrenaline, he will be able
to lift the car.
1. Even with a burst of
adrenaline, people can't
pick up something that
heavy.
TO"
Even the weight lifter,
couldn't lift the car off the
child's leg.
TO"
Even three men working
together won't be able to lift
the car.
be able to
can
OPPORTUNITY
1. I have some free time. I
can help her now.
TO"
I had some free time
yesterday. I was able to
help her at that time.
3. I'll have some free time
tomorrow. I can help her
then.
1. I don't have any time. I
can't help her now.
TO"
I didn't have time
yesterday. I wasn't able to
help her at that time.
3. I won't have any time
later. I can't help her then.
be able to
can
PERMISSION
1. I can drive Susan's car
when she is out of town.
1. I can't drive Susan's car
when she is out of town.
may
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2. SHIFT TO "BE
ALLOWED TO "
I was allowed to drive
Susan's car while she was
out of town last week.
3. I can drive Susan's car
while she is out of town
next week.
2. SHIFT TO "BE
ALLOWED TO "
I wasn't allowed to drive
Susan's car while she was
out of town last week.
3. I can't drive Susan's car
while she is out of town
next week.
can
REQUEST
Can I have a glass of water?
Can you give me a lift to
school?
REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO
THE NEAR FUTURE.
Can't I have a glass of
water?
Can't you give me a lift to
school?
REQUESTS USUALLY REFER
TO THE NEAR FUTURE.
could, may
can
POSSIBILITY,
IMPOSSIBILITY
Anyone can become rich
and famous if they know
the right people.
Learning a language can be
a real challenge.
THIS USE IS USUALLY A
GENERALIZATION OR A
SUPPOSITION.
It can't cost more than a
dollar or two.
You can't be 45! I thought
you were about 18 years
old.
THIS USE IS USUALLY A
GENERALIZATION OR A
SUPPOSITION.
could
Had Better
"Had better" is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to
express desperate hope as well as warn people.
Examples:
You had better take your umbrella with you today. RECOMMENDATION
That bus had better get here soon! DESPERATE HOPE
You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! WARNING
Using "Had Better" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart
below to learn how "had better" behaves in different contexts.
6
Use Positive Forms
= Future
Negative Forms
= Future
You can
also use:
had better
RECOMMENDATION
1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"
OR "OUGHT TO"
People should unplug
toasters before they clean
them.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD
HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO
HAVE"
You should have unplugged
the toaster before you tried to
clean it.
3. You had better unplug the
toaster before you try to clean
it.
1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"
OR "OUGHT TO"
People shouldn't clean
toasters without unplugging
them first.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD
HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO
HAVE"
You shouldn't have cleaned the
toaster without unplugging it
first.
3. You had better not clean the
toaster until you unplug it.
should,
ought to
had better
DESPERATE HOPE,
WARNING
The movie had better end
soon.
They had better be here before
we start dinner.
DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS
USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.
They had better not be late.
They had better not forget
Tom's birthday gift.
DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS
USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

"Had better" is often simply pronounced as "better" in spoken English.

To be continued: .....
7
Practice:
Build up the following terms or structure into sentences.

1. to be responsible for sth/sb, doing sth ...........
.
to have responsibility for sb/sth, doing sth
.
to be incharge of sb/th, doing sth .... .
.
2. to allow sb to do sth .... .
.
to permit sb to do sth
.
to let sb do sth
.
3. to feel sorry for sb/sth ....
.
4. to break the rule .....
to break the law ...

5. pocket money /n/ (also allowance especially in AmE) a small amount of money that parents
give their children, usually every week or every month.
.
6. tough /a/ difficult or strict
7. to be allowed to do sth: .........
e.g........,.....

e.g..........

8. to get back home /v/ e.g.........

9. to worry about sb/sth = to be worried about sb/sth
10.to worry about doing sth = to be worried about doing sth
11.to pay bills /v/
e.g. ........
12. admission /n/ ~ (to sth) the act of accepting sb into an institution, organization, etc.; the right to
enter a place or to join an institution or organization.
13. to take care of sb / sth = To care for sb / sth
To take care of doing sth = To care for doing sth

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14. to be fed up with sb / sth .. .,. .........
To be bored with sb / sth =
to be tired of sth =

15. sleeve /n/ 1. a part of a piece of clothing that covers all or part of your arm (see also
SHIRTSLEEVE)
2. (-sleeved) (in adjectives) having sleeves of the type mentioned
e.g. ... (white - short - sleeved - shirt)
16. name tag /n/ a small piece of plastic, paper or metal that you wear, with your name on it

Practice
Make suggestions. Use I think/dont think.should ..
.............. ........
I thinkshould .. I dont think should .
e.g. Peters got the flu.
I think he should go to bed. I dont think he should go to work.
1. Ive lose my cheque book and credit cards.

2. Tony got his driving licence last week, and now he wants drive from London to Edinburgh.

3. My teenage daughter doesnt get out of bed until noon.

4. I never have any money.

5. Jane and Paul are only 16, but they want to get married.

6. Im really fed up my job.

7. My grandparents complain they dont go out enough.

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Advantages
For Vs Agai nst = @Pr os Vs Cons
Disadvantages
I. What is an essay?
An essay is a group of paragraphs about one subject. It contains one key idea about the
subject, which is called the thesis statement.
II. How Is an Essay Organized?
Usually, a good essay has at least three paragraphs.

Should develop three things:
a. It should establish the topic of the essay.
b. It should present the thesis statement of your essay in a way appropriate to its
intended audience.
c. It should interest your reader in your essay.
Should develop three things:

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Words Study In Use.
..... ....... ...
.... ........ .,..... ..
.. .. ..... .., ., ...

1. To yawn /v/ to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply through it, usually
because you are tired or bored
2. to behave /v/=act : to do things in a particular way
3. to shake your hand firmly /v/ to take sb's hand in a strong way and move it up and
down as a greeting or to show that you agree about sth
4. to respect /v/ to have a very good opinion of sb/sth; to admire sb/sth
5. physical contact /n/ the act of communicating with sb, or connected with a person's
body rather than their mind
6. to bow /v/ to move your head or the top half of your body forwards and downwards
as a sign of respect or as a greeting
7. chest /n/ the top part of the front of the body, between the neck and the stomach
8. to pray /v/ ~ (to sb) (for sb/sth) to speak to God, especially to give thanks or ask for
help: e.g. They knelt down and prayed. * I'll pray for you.
9. to reveal /v/ 1~ sth (to sb) to make sth known to sb
2. to show sth that previously could not be seen
10. to take off (clothes) /v/ to remove sth, especially a piece of clothing from your/sb's
body
11. to socialize /v/ ~ (with sb) to meet and spend time with people in a friendly way, in
order to enjoy yourself
12. banquet /n/ a formal meal for a large number of people, usually for a special
occasion, at which speeches are often made in honor of someone.
13. to present /v/ ~ sth (for sth) | ~ sth (to sb) to show or offer sth for other people to
look at or consider
14. duty /n/ something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal
responsibility
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A:..... B:..... C:. D:.. E:.. F....
G:... H:.. I:, J:.. K:. L:.
M:. N:...,.. O:...... P: ....

15. to place sth /v/ to put sth in a particular place, especially when you do it carefully or
deliberately
16. neatly /adv/ tidy and in order; carefully done or arranged:
a neat desk * neat handwriting * neat rows of books * She was wearing a neat black suit.
17. to press both hands together /v/to put your left and right hand together.
18. to avoid /v/ to keep away from sb/sth; to try not to do sth to be essential /adj/ e.g.
An exchange of business cards is essential for all introductions.
19. colleague /n/ a person that you work with, especially in a profession or a business
20. to smack your lips /v/ to close and open your mouth loudly to express a strong desire
to eat something you like a lot: e.g. "I adore chocolate cake, " said Susannah,
smacking her lips. e.g. It is acceptable to smack your lips when you eat.
21. to smack ones face /v/ to hit sb with your open hand, especially as a punishment
22. host /n/ OPP hostess : a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has
people staying at their house
23. raw fish /n/ uncooked fish
24. entrance /n/ a door, gate, passage, etc. used for entering a room, building or place
25. to spray ~ sth (on / onto / over sb/sth) /v/ to cover sb/sth with very small drops of a
liquid that are forced out of a container or sent through the air
26. to be modest /a/ not very large, expensive, important, etc
27. to show off sth /v, n / a person who tries to impress other people by showing how
good he or she is at doing sth:
28. sushi /n/ a type of Japanese food consisting of squares or balls of cold boiled rice,
with small pieces of other food, especially raw fish on top
29. steak /n/ a thick slice of good quality beef / a thick slice of any type of meat
30. blouse /n/ a piece of clothing like a shirt, worn by women
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
12

Being by asking students to work in pair.

1. What do you do when you meet someone new?

2. What do you do when you meet an old friend?

3. When you go to a friends home, what do you take as a gift?

4. What do you say when you leave your friends home?

5. Think of one or two of bad manner in your country. For example, in Britain it is considered
to be impolite way if we ask people How much do you earn? or How much is your
salary?

1. What advice would you give somebody coming to live and work in your country?





salary?

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salary?





5.What do you say when you leave your friends home?

6. Think of one or two of bad manner in your country. For example, in Britain it is considered to
be impolite way if we ask people How much do you earn? or How much is your salary?


14










5.What do you say when you leave your friends home?


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Unit 4, Doing the right thing Inter- The Third Edition

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