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Chapter 1
Electric charges and fields
1.When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, glass rod becomes positively
charged and silk negative.
2.When a plastic rod is rubbed with fur, plastic rod becomes negatively
charged and fur positive.
3.When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, charges appear on both. Explain
how this observation is consistent with law of conservation of energy.
When two bodies are rubbed ,the body which loses electrons, will become
positively charged and which gains electrons becomes negatively charged.
The two bodies thus acquire equal and opposite charges . The charge is
only transformed from one form to another.
4.What do you mean by quantisation of charge
Charge of a body is always an integral multiple of one electronic charge
Q=±ne where n=1,2,3…….
5.How many electronic charges form 1 C of charge?
q=±ne,
𝑞
n=
𝑒
1
n= −19 =6.25 x1018
1.602 x 10
6.How many electrons constitute an electric charge of -16𝝁 C of charge?
q=±ne,
𝑞
n=
𝑒
−16x10−6
n= −19 =1014
−1.6 x 10
7.State coulomb’s law.
The force of attraction or repulsion between two stationery electric charges
is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them
1 q1 q2
F= 2 4πε0 r
8.What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges
2 x10-7C and 3x10-7C placed 30cm apart in air.
1 q1 q2
F= 2 4πε0 r
2 x10−7 𝑥 3 x10−7
= 9𝑥 109 = 6x10−3 𝑁
(0.3)2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seema Elizabeth, HSST physics, MARM GHSS Santhipuram
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9.A body of mass m is charged negatively. State whether the following
statements are true or false.
a)During charging, there is change in mass of body. True
b) The body can be charged to 2.5e where ‘e’ is the charge of an electron.
False
c) While charging the body by induction new charges are created in it.
False
d) The force between two charged objects is less when there is a
medium between them (than in vacuum) True
10.Define electric field.
Electric field is the region around a charge where its effect can be felt.
𝐹
E=
𝑞
11. Write the unit of electrc field.
𝑁 𝑉
or
𝐶 𝑚
12. Derive the equation for Electric field due to a point charge

1 q1 q2
By Coulomb’s law, F=
4πε0 r2
F
E=
q0
1 q
E=
4πε0 r2
13.Write any four properties of electric field lines
An electric field line is a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent to it at
each point is in the direction of the net field at that point.
▪ Electric Field lines start from positive charge, end at negative charge.
▪ Electric field lines of a positive charge are radially outwards and
that of a negative charge is radially inwards
▪ Electric field lines Do not form closed loops.
▪ Two field lines never intersect.( two directions for electric field is
not possible at a point)
14.Draw the electric field lines of a positive charge
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15.Draw the electric field lines of a negative charge

16.Draw the electric field lines of two positive charges

17.Draw the electric field lines of a dipole

18.Define Electric Flux. Write its unit.

𝜙 = ∫ 𝐸 ⋅ ⅆ𝑆
ϕ = ∫ E dS cosθ
Unit- Nm2/C
19.Define electric dipole
An electric dipole is a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a
distance

20.Define electric dipole moment. Write its unit

Electric dipole moment is the product of magnitude of one of the charges
and the distance between charges
p=q x 2a
Unit -Cm (coulomb metre)
21.Write the difference between polar and non polar molecules.
In non polar molecules the centres of positive and negative
charges coincide. Eg: CO2 , CH4 ,
In polar molecules the centres of positive and negative charges
do not coincide. Eg ∶ H2 O
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22.Derive the equation for electric field due to a dipole along the axial line

1 q
E+q = (r−a)2
-------------(1)
4πε0
1 q
E−q = (r+a)2
------------(2)
4πε0
E =E+q − E−q
𝑞 4𝑎𝑟
𝐸= [(𝑟 2 ] ------------(3)
4𝜋𝜀0 −𝑎2 )2
1 ⃗
2p
For r≫ 𝑎 ,we get ⃗E = [ 3 ] -----------(4)
4πε0 r
23.Obtain the equation for electric field due to a dipole along equatorial line

1 q
E+q = ----------------(1)
4πε0 r2 + a2
1 q
E−q = ------------------(2)
4πε0 r2 + a2
E =𝐸+𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐸−𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
E =2𝐸+𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 --------------(3) ( 𝐸+𝑞 = 𝐸−𝑞 )
𝑎
Cos𝜃= 2 2 1⁄
(𝑟 +𝑎 ) 2
1 𝑞 𝑎
E =2 𝑥 𝑥 1
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 (𝑟 2 +𝑎2 ) ⁄2

For r≫ 𝑎 ,we get ⃗𝑬 = 𝟏 [ 𝒑⃗𝟑 ] ----------------(4)

𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝒓 𝟎
24.Relation connecting Axial field and Equatorial field of a Dipole
1 2𝑝
EAxial= [ 3]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1 𝑝
EEquatorial = [ ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
EAxial = 2 x EEquatorial
EAxial : EEquatorial =2:1 or EEquatorial: EAxial =1:2
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25.Two point charges q1 and q2 of magnitude 10-8C
and -10-8C respectively
are placed 0.1m apart. Calculate the electricfields at points A, B and C as
shown in figure.

At point A
E1A (to right) and E2A (to right) have same direction
EA= E1A + E2A
1 10−8 1 10−8
= +
4πε0 (0.05)2 4πε0 (0.05)2
10−8 10−8
= 9x10 x 9 + 9x109 x
(0.05)2 (0.05)2
= 3.6 x104N C-1 + 3.6 x104N C-1
= 7.2 x104N C-1
EA is directed towards the right
At point B
E1B (to left)and E2B (to right) have opposite direction
EB= E1B - E2B
10−8 10−8
= 9x109 x - 9x109 x
(0.05)2 (0.15)2
= 3.6 x104N C-1 - 0.4 x104N C-1
= 3.2 x104N C-1
EB is directed towards the left (as E1B has greater magnitude)
At point C
E1C and E2C have same magnitude.
10−8
E1C = E2C = 9x109 x = 9x103 N C-1
(0.1)2
EC = E1C cos 60+ E2C cos 60
=2 E1C cos 60
=2x 9x103 x 0.5
= 9 x103N C-1
EC is directed towards the right.
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26.What will happen when a dipole is placed in a uniform external electric
field?
In a uniform electric field there will be a net torque on the dipole, and
hence it rotates. But the net force will be zero.
27.What will happen when a dipole is placed in a non uniform external
electric field?
In a non uniform electric field the dipole experiences a net force as well as
a net torque. So there will be both translational and rotational motion.
28.Derive the expression for torque acting on a dipole placed in a uniform
external field, at an angle θ with it.

Torque, τ = one of the forces x perpendicular distance between them.

τ = qE x 2a sinθ
τ =pE sinθ
⃗ =𝐏
𝛕 ⃗ ×𝐄 ⃗
29.What is the condition for maximum torque in the above case?
Torque is maximum , when p and E are perpendicular. (θ=90)
τ =pE sin90 =pE
30.State Gauss’s theorem.
Gauss’s theorem states that the total electric flux through a closed
1
surface is equal to times the total charge enclosed by the surface.
𝜀0
q
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ dS =
ε0
31.Give proof for Gauss’s theorem
Consider a sphere of radius r enclosing a point charge q. the
electric flux through the surface dS
ϕ = ∫ E ⋅ dS
ϕ = ∫ E dS cos0 = ∫ E dS =𝐸∫ dS
ϕ = ES
1 q
ϕ = x 4πr 2
4πε0 r2
𝐪
𝛟=𝛆
𝟎
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32.Derive the equation for electirc field due to a uniformly charged
infinitely long wire

33.Derive the equation for electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet

34.Derive the equation for electric field due to a uniformly charged

spherical shell

35.Features of Gauss’s Law

• Gauss’s law is true for any surface irrespective of the size and shape.
• The charge includes the sum of all charges enclosed by the surface.
• The surface that we choose for the application of Gauss’s law is called
the Gaussian Surface.
• Gauss’s law is applicable to both symmetric and asymmetric system,
but it will be much easier if the system has some symmetry.
• Gauss’s law is based on inverse square dependence on distance
contained in the Coulomb’s law.
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36.What is meant by a Gaussian surface?
The surface which we choose for the application of Gauss’s law is called
Gaussian surface. It is an imaginary three dimensional surface enclosing the
charge.
37.The electric flux through any closed spherical surface enclosing a
𝑞
charge q is given by --------
𝜀0
38.A point charge of 2 c is placed at the centre of a cubic Gaussian
surface of side 0.5 cm. What is the next flux through the surface?
𝟐 𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝛟=
𝟖.𝟖𝟓 𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
=2.25 x106 Nm2/C
39.Imagine that a charge ‘Q’ is situated at the centre of a hollow cube.
What is the electric flux through one side of the cube?
1Q
ϕ= (cube has 6 sides)
6 ε0

40.A point charge of +10𝝁 Cis at a distance of 5cm directly above the centre
of a square of side 10cm as shown in figure. What is the electric flux
through the square?

The given charge can be imagined to be at the centre of a cube.

So electric flux through the square
1 q
ϕ=
6 ε0
1 10𝑥10−6
= 𝑥
6 8.85𝑥10−12
=1.88x105 N m2 C-1

41.A closed surface encloses an electric dipole. What is the electric flux
through the surface?
Zero
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42.Find electric field due two plane sheets of charge in regions I ,II and III
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Chapter 2
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

1 Define electrostatic potential. Write its unit

P
or V = − ∫∞ E . dr
2.One coulomb of charge initially at rest is acceleratedthrough a potential
difference of 1 volt. During this process the kinetic energy acquired by the
charge is ………………….
KE =W=qV
=1 x1 =1J

3.Express electric potential as the negative gradient of electric field

P
V = − ∫∞ E . dr
4.Define electrostatic potential between two points.
Electrostatic Potential difference between two points in an electric field is
the work done by an external force in bringing a unit positive charge from
one point to other in that field.
P
VP − VR = − ∫R E . dr

5.Obtain the equation for electric field due to a point charge.

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6) a) calculate the potential at a point P due to a charge of 4 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐂,
located 9 cm away
b) Hence obtain the work done in bringing a charge of 2 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 C from
infinity to the point P. Does the answer depend on the path along
which the charge is brought?
1 𝑄
(a) V=
4πε0 𝑟
4 𝑥 10−7
= 9 × 109 x
0.09
𝟒
V = 𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 V
(b) W= qV
= 2 𝑥 10−9 x 4 𝑥 104
W = 𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 J
No, work done will be path independent.
7.Derive the expression for potential due to an electric dipole

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
− =
𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 𝐫𝟐
𝐪 𝟐 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
V=
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫𝟐
𝟏 𝐩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐕=
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫𝟐
8.Obtain the expression for potential due to a system of charges
V = V1 + V2 + ⋯ + Vn
1 q1 1 q2 1 qn
V = + + ……………+
4πε0 r1 4πε0 r2 4πε0 rn
𝟏 𝐪 𝐪𝟐 𝐪𝐧
𝐕 =
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎
(𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐
+ ……………+
𝐫𝐧
)
𝟏
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−𝟖 −𝟖
9.Two charges 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 C and –𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 C are located 15 cm apart. At what
point on the line joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take
the potential at infinity to be zero.
Let P lies between O and A at a distance x from O,

Potential at P due to charge 3 𝑥 10−8 C

1 3 𝑥 10−8
𝑉1 =
4πε0 𝑥

Potential at P due to charge −2 𝑥 10−8 C

1 −2 𝑥 10−8
𝑉2 =
4πε0 15−x

Total potential at P , V=𝑉1 + 𝑉2 =0

1 3 𝑥 10−8 1 2 𝑥 10−8
− =0
4πε0 𝑥 4πε0 15−x
1 3 𝑥 10−8 2 𝑥 10−8
[ − ] =0
4πε0 𝑥 15−x
3 2
[ − ] =0
x 15−𝑥
3 2
=
x 15−𝑥
45-3x=2x
45=5x
x=9cm
If P lies on the extended line OA,

1 3 𝑥 10−8 1 2 𝑥 10−8
- =0
4πε0 𝑥 4πε0 x−15
3 2
=
x 𝑥−15
3x-45=2x
x=45cm
Thus, electric potential is zero at 9 cm and 45 cm away from the positive
charge on the side of the negative charge.
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10.Derive the expression for potential energy of a dipole placed in an
external field.

The workdone by the external torque

dW =τ dθ
dW= pEsinθ dθ
W=∫ pEsinθ dθ
W=− pEcosθ
W=−𝑝̅ ⋅ 𝐸̅
This work is stored as potential energy
U=−𝒑 ̅⋅𝑬 ̅
11. Define Equipotential Surfaces
An equipotential surface is a surface with a constant value of potential at all
points on the surface.
12.Write the properties of an equipotential surface
• Constant value of potential at all points on the surface.
• No work is required to move a test charge on the surface.
• Equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric field at
that point
13.The workdone to move a test charge on an equipotential surface is ……..
Zero
14.What is the amount of workdone in moving a 2C charge between two
points at 3cm apart of an equipotential surface?
Zero
15.Draw the equipotential surfaces for a single point charge
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16.Draw the equipotential surfaces for a uniform electric field.

17.Electrostatics of conductors
1.Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero
2. At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal
to the surface at every point.
3. The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static
situation.
4. Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the
conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface.
σ
5.Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor E =
ε0
18.Explain electrostatic shielding
The electric field inside a cavity of any conductor is zero. This is known as
electrostatic shielding. All charges reside only on the outer surface of a
conductor with cavity.
19.Why it is safer to be inside a car during lightning?
Due to Electrostatic shielding, electricfield E=0 inside the car.
So it is safer to sit inside a car than standing outside during lightening.
20.Define capacitance. Write its unit.
Capacitance is the ratio of charge to potential
Q
C=
V
The SI unit of capacitance is farad (F).
21. Obtain the equation for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor

22.How capacitance changes if the distance between the plates of a parallel

plate capacitor is halved?
𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝐴
C= 0 =2 0 Capacitance doubled
𝑑/2 𝑑
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23.What is the area of plates of a 0.1𝝁F parallel plate capacitor ,given that
the separation between the plates is 0.1mm

24.A dielectric slab is placed between the plates of a parallel plate

capacitor. What change will happen to its capacitance?
When dielectric medium of dielectric constant K is placed between the
plates, the capacitance ,
Kε A
Cmed = 0
d

𝐂𝐦𝐞𝐝 =K 𝐂𝐚𝐢𝐫
The capacitance increases K times, where K is the dielectric constant.
25.Define dielectric constant in terms of capacitance.
Kε0 A
Cmed d
= ε0 A =K
Cair
d
𝐂𝐦𝐞𝐝
K=
𝐂𝐚𝐢𝐫
The dielectric constant of a substance is the factor by which the capacitance
increases from its vacuum value, when a dielectric is inserted between the
plates.
26.A parallel plate capacitor with air between plates has a capacitance of
8𝛍F. What will be the capacitance if distance between the plates is reduced
by half and the space between is filled with a medium of dielectric
constant 5.
𝜀 𝐴
C= 0 = 8μF
𝑑
𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴
C’= = 2K =2 x 5 x 8μF=80 μF
𝑑/2 𝑑
27. Obtain the equation for effective capacitance when capacitors are
connected in series.

V = V1 + V2
Q Q Q
= +
C C1 C2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝐂 𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟐
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28. Obtain the equation for effective capacitance when capacitors are
connected in parallel.

Q = Q1 + Q 2
CV = C1 V + C2 V
C = 𝐂𝟏 + 𝐂𝟐
29.You are given two capacitors of 2 𝝁 F and 3 𝝁 F. What are themaximum
and minimum values of capacitance that can be obtained by combining
them?
Maximum value is obtained when capacitors are connected in parallel
Cmax = C1 +C2 =2 𝜇 +3𝜇 =5 𝜇𝐹
Minimum value is obtained when capacitors are connected in series.
𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟐 2 𝑥3 6
Cmin = = = 𝜇𝐹
𝐂𝟏 + 𝐂𝟐 2+3 5

30.Find the equivalent capacitance of capacitors given in the network

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31.Three capacitors are connected to a 12Vbattery as shown in figure.

32.Write the expression for energy stored in a capacitor

𝐐𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝐔= or 𝐔 = 𝐂𝐕 𝟐 or 𝐔 = 𝐐𝐕
𝟐𝐂 𝟐 𝟐
33.Where do capacitor store energy ?
Capacitor store energy in the electric field.

34.Obtain Write the expression for energy density of a capacitor

Energy density is the energy stored per unit volume.